Chiyambi

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, Indo-Paciophic yakhala bwalo lapakati la malamulo adziko la Australia. Monga mphamvu yapakati ya zachuma yoikidwa ndi malonda, makampani a Canberra, chisungiko, ndi malo apadera samadziŵika kaŵirikaŵiri ndi malingaliro okha. M’malo mwake, amaumbidwa kwambiri ndi mayanjano apamwamba, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amphamvu, zikondwerero za mabizinesi ake. Kuyambira ku mabomba achitsulo a Western Australia mpaka ku mayunivesite a Melbourney ndi maholo a Sydney, matanthauzo a malonda amagwira ntchito monga kuyendetsa zinthu zamphamvu za dziko lina. Kumvetsetsa ubale umenewu wa zamphamvu ndi wochirikiza kuyendetsa zinthu za m'dziko lina nkofunika kaamba ka mapangano a Australia, mabizinesi otchuka, ndi malo ofunika kwambiri.

Mbiri Yakale: Kusiya Kuteteza Anthu Kukaloŵa M’mavuto a Zachuma

Kusintha kwa zachuma ku Australia ndi chinthu chaposachedwapa. Ma 1980 asanafike, chuma chinali chotetezeka kwambiri, ndipo chinali ndi malamulo apamwamba komanso a zachuma. Malamulo a mayiko ena anafotokozedwa ndi chiphunzitso cha “Mabwenzi Aakulu ndi Amphamvu”. Choyamba, United Kingdom, kenako United States , ndipo nkhaŵa yaikulu yokhudza kuyandikira ku Asia.

Maboma a Hawke ndi Katmark a m'ma 1980 ndi kumayambiriro kwa ma 1990 anachotsa mbali yaikulu ya nyumba za otetezera. Kuyandama kwa dola ya Australia, kuchotsedwa kwa kampani, ndi kusweka kwakukulu kwa chuma kunakakamiza chuma kukhala cha mpikisano wa dziko lonse. Kusintha kwa zachuma kumeneku kunali ndi malamulo achilendo. Australia sanaonenso Asia monga chiwopsezo koma monga msika wake waukulu. Kupangidwa kwa Asia-Paciecial Economic Cooperation (APEC) kunali chotulukapo chachinduko chachilu cha kuwona kwa chuma kwatsopanokuyang'ana kunja kwa dziko, kochirikiridwa ndi atsogoleri a Australia ofunafuna kugwetsa dziko m'makedzana m'zo zopereka zopereka zowonjezereka za chigawo.

Boma la Howard (196-2007) linaŵirikiza kaŵiri panjira imeneyi, kusaina mapangano a malonda aulere ndi Singapore, Thailand, ndi kwakukulu koposa, United States (AUSFTA). Pofika m'chaka cha 2010, tsoka la zachuma la Australia linagwirizana ndi Asia. China inakhala mnzake wamkulu wa malonda, kugula chitsulo chachitsulo, malasha, ndi gasi wachibadwa (LNG). Zimenezi zinakhazikitsa lamulo lachilendo la pangano la kutomerana mosamalitsa, lolinganizidwa kutetezera kutsutsana ndi Beijing monga ngakhale zosamalira za kampani za ku South China ndi pa Intaneti. [FLT:] Kampala, ndi kagulu kape wa dziko lachilendo (LG. Kachilombo kamodzi ka .

Magulu Aakulu a Mabizinesi Akusokoneza Ambulera

Mfundo yaikulu ya “malonda” imaphatikizapo mbali zosiyanasiyana, iliyonse yokhala ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana za dziko. Kumvetsa zimene mafakitalewa amafunikira kumasonyeza chifukwa chake Australia amaika patsogolo maubwenzi ndi malamulo ena pa ena.

Kukumba ndi Kusintha kwa Mphamvu

Palibe mbali imene imachitira chitsanzo mphamvu za malonda a Australia m'njira yachilendo kuposa kukumba ndi chuma. Mabungwe onga BHP, Rio Tinto, ndi Fortescue amapanga ndalama mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri, makamaka kuchokera ku kutumiza ku Asia. Zokonda zawo nzowona: kusungidwa ku misika, njira zotseguka za zoyendera zoyendera zoyendera malonda, ndi malo okhazikika osungira ndalama. Mabungwe a ku Australia ndi limodzi la magulu ogwira ntchito yokopa anthu ku Asia, nthaŵi zonse amachirikiza mapangano aulere ndi malamulo oletsa kuyendetsa ntchito zamalonda ndi kutumiza malonda.

Izi zimasinthira mwachindunji ku malamulo a maiko ena. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) imachirikiza kwambiri chigawo cha migodi kudzera m'malonda. Australia-Cchina Free Trade Agreement (CHAFTA) ya 2015, imene inachotsa zigaŵenga za mphamvu ndi chuma, inali chipambano chachikulu cha ntchito ya migodi. Kuyang'ana patsogolo, “miyala yofufuza za magetsi” kuchuluka , cobaltium, dziko laling, likupanga mapangano atsopano, kuyendetsa mayanjano ndi United States, Japan, ndi South Korea kuti atetezere unyowa kuchokera ku janija wa ku China.

Zaulimi ndi Zamalonda za Agri

Ulimi wa ku Australia ndi chigawo chapamwamba, chochokera kunja chodalira kwambiri pa Indo-Packe. Beef, vinyo, balere, tirigu, ndi ubweya amatumizidwa ku misika m’chigawo chonsecho. Malamulo a dziko lachilendo limeneli amafunika kuteteza zamoyo, kukhazikitsa mapangano odzipatula, ndi kuchotsapo ubweya.

Chisonkhezero cha alimi chinasonyezedwa kwambiri m'mikangano ya malonda 2020-2023 ndi China. Pamene Beijing inaika madoko a madoko a vinyo wa Australia, barele, ndi nyama yaikazi, alimi ananyamula nthyole. Zimenezi zinachititsa chitsenderezo chachikulu cha ndale zadziko pa boma kuti athetse mikanganoyo, kusonkhezera kayendetsedwe ka Canberra ndi njira zake zokhudza Beijing. Kukakamiza kwa chigawo cha malonda kwachititsanso kutsutsana kwaposachedwapa kwa mapangano, kuphatikizapo [[FLTC:0] Australia-India Economic Cooperation and Trade Active (ACH) [FLD1].

Maphunziro a Padziko Lonse ndi Mphamvu Yochepa

Maphunziro apadziko lonse ndi ogulitsa malonda ochuluka kwambiri ku Australia, amtengo woposa $30 biliyoni pachaka. Chisonkhezero cha chigawocho pa malamulo achilendo nchosadziŵika koma nchakuya. Chimayendetsa malamulo a visa, chimalimbikitsa njira zosamukira, ndi kupanga maalmini ozungulira kupyola Indo-Pacific.

Alendo a m'mayiko otsatizana olandira mabwinja a ophunzira, ufulu wa ntchito pambuyo pa maphunziro, ndi makonzedwe abwino a kusamukira kudziko. Zimenezi zapangitsa Dipatimenti ya Nkhani za Panyumba kukhala katswiri wamkulu wa zokambirana zachuma. Ndiponso, chiyambukiro cha almni chimakhala chochititsa mphamvu yofewa kwambiri. Atsogoleri zikwi mazana ambiri a mtsogolo ochokera ku Indonesia, Malaysia, India, ndi China aphunzira ku Australia, kuyambitsa mabizinesi ndi mayanjano a ndale amene amachititsa malonda ndi malonda ambiri.

Likulu la Ndalama ndi Zamphamvu

Phanga la nyukiliya la ku Australia la $.5 biliyoni (ndalama) ndilo magwero aakulu a kufunafuna ndalama zobwezeredwa ku Indo-Pacific. Mamanejala a kampani ya kampani ya Australia ndi mabanki amafunikira malo okhazikika okhalirako okhazikika, malamulo osonyeza zinthu, ndi malamulo otsegulira ndalama.

Malamulo a kampani ya zachuma ya dziko lina amasumika maganizo pa mapangano a zandalama (Bit) ndi kugwirizana kwa mabungwe. Mabanki a Australia afutukuka kwambiri kufika ku Asia, ndipo chitetezo chawo chimadalira pa kukhazikika kwa chuma m'chigawo. Kachigawoka kamathandiza kwambiri kumanga nyumba monga ASEAN+3 Macroal Develoption Office ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a zachuma. Nthawi zambiri zolinga zake zimayendera limodzi ndi kukhazikika ndi malamulo, ndipo zimapatsa mphamvu yolimbana ndi kudalirana kwa anthu.

Makina Opangira Makompyuta Oteteza Ku matenda

Makampani oteteza anthu otere akukula kwambiri ndipo andale akuwalimbikitsa kwambiri.

Chisonkhezero cha mbali imeneyi chimasonkhezera lamulo lachilendo ku malo otetezereka kwambiri. Imapindula ndi nkhani za ziwopsezo za madera ndi kufunika kwa kuletsa. Makampani otetezera amachititsa anthu kupanga zosankha, monga kukondera kumanga sitima zapamtunda, zimene zili ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu za makampani. Imayambitsanso chigwirizano champhamvu cha maindasitale a United States, kupanga kuchotsa kulikonse kwa Washington kopanda nzeru ya zachuma.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makina Oletsa Kusintha Zinthu

Malonda samangoloŵa m'mlengalenga; amapitira ku dongosolo mwa njira zokhazikitsidwa. “chitseko chozungulira” pakati pa boma ndi mabungwe a kampani chalembedwa bwino ku Canberra, ndipo kale atumiki amapanga makampani a kampani a kampani ya kampani ya kampani ya kampani ya ku yunivesite, ya zachuma, ndi yoteteza.

Makampani amalimbikitsa kwambiri. Bungwe la Business la Australia, Council of Commission of Commerce and Industry, ndi mapiri a chigawo monga Minerals Council akugwira ntchito yaikulu. Masewera a malonda otsogozedwa ndi nduna ndi Atumiki kaŵirikaŵiri amadzaza ndi CEOs , kusokoneza malire pakati pa ntchito za boma ndi zamalonda. Zopereka zandale, ngakhale kuti zikulamulidwa, zimapitabe kwambiri ku magulu aakulu, kutsimikizira kuti malonda aloŵe m’makhomo audindo audindo.

Kufufuza za Malo: Malonda a Kumanga Malamulo a M’mayiko Ena

Kupenda njira zachilendo zoyambira ntchito kumavumbula mbali yodziŵika ya mphamvu ya makampani.

Kulamulira Chichaina

Unansi wa ku Australia ndi China ndi chitsanzo choonekeratu cha lamulo la kumaiko ena loletsa malonda. Kwa zaka makumi aŵiri, anthu amalonda anatsogolera kukakamiza ukwati. “Australia-China Biodaal [1] inali ntchito ya kampani. Pamene chipwirikiti chapadera chinabuka chifukwa cha kuletsedwa kwa Huawei ndi kusuliza kwa China kwa kuyang'anira Chovid-19, gulu la zamalonda linkalimbikitsa kuletsa.

Komabe, pamene China anasintha kukakamiza kwa zachuma (olamulira pa vinyo, balere, nyama), malo a anthu amalonda anasinthika. Pamene kuli kwakuti akukondabe pangano la ukwati, iwo tsopano akuchirikiza “kudzitukumula kwa ” ndi“ kulimba. . [1] Lowy Institute [1] [[FLT :1] imatchula bwino kusintha kumeneku pofufuza. Lamulo lotsatirapo nlo lachisinthiko: kutetezera unansi wa zachuma pamene akumanga zipilala zoyenerera kudzera mu AUUS ndi Quad.

AUKUS ndi Mafakitale

AUKUS amafotokozedwa bwino kwambiri, koma ndi lamulo la maindasitale. Chigamulo cha kupanga sitima zapansi za nyukiliya ku South Australia ndicho chivomerezo champhamvu yokopa ya makampani otetezera ndi bungwe la maukwati, lomwe lili ndi kugwirizana kolimba pa kupanga.

Pangano likupanga madesiki ambiri, madola 300 biliyoni a programu imene imatsegulira mtokoma wa makampani. Makampani a AUS amachirikiza lamulo lolimba la China ndi madongosolo a zasayansi ozama otumiza kumaiko ena. Zimenezi zimapanga njira yamphamvu yoonera Indo-Pactial kupyolera mwa kuyang'ana mpikisano wa makampani mmalo mwa mwaŵi wa malonda, lingaliro limene nthaŵi zina limawombana ndi mbali ya kampani ya migodi ya ubwenzi wakuya.

Kukwera Kwaukulu wa Pacific

Kusintha kwa Australia ndi zisumbu za Pacific kuli kosonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi malonda. Dongosolo la Australia la Labour Moolity (PALM) ndilo maziko a lamulo limeneli, kupatsa antchito zaulimi ku Australia pamene akutumizanso chuma ku Pacific. Agrini ndi amene akuyendetsa ntchitoyi.

Ndiponso, makampani a ku Australia onga Telstra akupikisana ndi makampani a ku China kaamba ka mapangano a kulankhulana m'chigawochi. Bungwe la Australian Infraclaclare Financic Fanial for Pacific (AIFFP) lalinganizidwa kupereka njira ina ku ngongole za boma la China, kutsegula zitseko za uinjiniya wa Australia ndi makampani omanga. Lamulo lakunja ndilo, kuwonjezera mwachindunji kwa malonda ndi Beijing kaamba ka chisonkhezero m'deralo.

Umphaŵi ndi Kuwonongeka kwa Chisonkhezero

Kulimbana kwambiri ndi malonda ndi mayiko ena n’kovuta kwambiri. Anthu otsutsa amanena kuti ufulu wa anthu umaikidwa pa mlandu. Boma la Australia lakhala likunamizidwa kuti likupeputsa kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa ufulu wa anthu ku China, Myanmar, ndi Cambodia kuti liteteze ndalama zoyendetsera malonda ndi zosungira ndalama.

Dongosolo la malo okhala ndi malo ozungulira ndilo chinthu china chachikulu. Australia ndi imodzi ya ogulitsa zinthu zotsala za pansi panthaka padziko lonse. Mphamvu yosonkhezera ya makampani a gasi ndi malasha yapangitsa maboma kukhala ovuta kutengera malamulo a zanyengo yamphamvu. Zimenezi zawononga kaimidwe ka Australia ndi maiko a ku Pacific Island, amene ali ndi ziwopsezo zazikulu kuchokera ku kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kusuliza Canberra chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa chigawocho. Kulinganiza pakati pa phindu la zachuma ndi malamulo achilendo kudakali vuto lalikulu, losathetsedwa.

Tsogolo la Maboma a Zachuma

Malo a Indo-Packe akusintha, ndipo ntchito za malonda za Australia zikusintha. Kukwera kwa chuma cha Net Zero kukuyambitsa maindasitale atsopano (miyala yofufuza, hydrogen yobiriŵira, carbon loni) pamene akuwopseza akale (malasha otentha, gasi).

Kugawanika kwa maunyolo a dziko lonse ndi chinthu china chofunika kwambiri. Nkhani ya pakati pa “kulephera ” (malonda opezeka ndi China) ndi“ kuteteza” (kutsala pang'ono kulowa m’manja, kutumizana) idzalongosola malamulo achilendo a ku Australia kwa zaka khumi zotsatira. Mawu a mabizinesi adzakhala ofunika kwambiri pa mkanganowu. Anthu a m'migodi angakakamize kuti apitirize kugwirizana ndi Asia, pamene oteteza ndi a zaumisiri a ku United States.

za pangano la zamalonda ku Australia zisonyezanso zinthu zofunika kwambiri za bizinesi. Zochita ndi India, UK, ndi EU zikufunidwa mwamphamvu kutumiza malonda kunja. Masomphenya a Prime Diogn White Pappole a “Secrec, otseguka, ndi otukuka [1] Ndi aja amene malonda a Australia angachirikize mokulira, koma kumasulira kwa“ chiyero” ndi“ chigawo .

Kumaliza

Lamulo lakunja la Australia mu Indo-Paciac likhoza kumvedwa popanda kuŵerengera chisonkhezero chachikulu ndi chosatha cha ntchito za m'makampani a m'banja. Kuchokera ku kusintha kwa mbiri yakale kulinga ku ku kutsagana kwa Asia m'ma 1980 kufika ku kachitidwe kamakono ka kulinganiza pakati pa China ndi United States, makampani ayamba kulinganiza zinthu za dziko. Unansi umenewu suli woipa mwachibadwa; uli mbali yachibadwa ya demokrase ya ufulu ndi chuma chogulitsidwa ndi malonda. Komabe, umabwera ndi malonda aakulu ndi mikangano, makamaka ponena za zoyenera za anthu ndi kusungika kwa chilengedwe.

Kwa ophunzira a maunansi a mitundu yonse, mlandu wa ku Australia umapereka phunziro lomveka bwino: kayendetsedwe ka chuma kamachititsa khalidwe labwino. Lamulo la tsogolo lachilendo lidzagamulidwa osati ndi ziwopsezo ndi zigwirizano, koma ndi zosoŵa zotha ntchito za chitsulo, wogulitsa malonda, woyendetsa kampani wa yunivesite, ndi woteteza. Kumvetsetsa nexus imeneyi n’kofunika kwambiri poyendetsa malo ozungulira a zachuma.