Chiyambi ndi Choloŵa Chake Chokhalitsa

Chiyambi cha United States Constitution chiri pakati pa zigawo zodziŵika kwambiri m'moyo wa ndale zadziko wa America. Mawu ake makumi anayi ndi anayi akuthetsa zikhumbo za republic yatsopano ndi kupitirizabe kuumba mapangano alamulo ndi a boma a mtundu. Ngakhale kuti kuyambitsidwa kwa Chingelezi sikumapereka mphamvu kapena kukhazikitsa ufulu, malamulo ake amakhalidwe abwino amafalikira ku America. Kuyambira pa malamulo a Supreme Court mpaka ku malamulo a tsiku ndi tsiku, malingaliro a umodzi, chilungamo, bata, kutetezeredwa, ndi ufulu kuima monga zitsogozo za ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wa boma. Kuzindikira kwa Pregegay pa malamulo a American kumafunikira kupenda zonse ziŵiri za mbiri yake ndi kugwirira ntchito kwake kwamakono.

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Mawu oyamba amati:

[1] Ife anthu a United States, mwa kukhazikitsa Union yoposa, kukhazikitsa Chilungamo, kutsimikizira kutha kwa banja, kupereka chitetezo cha onse, kuchirikiza Universel, ndi kusungitsa Madalitso a Ufulu wathu ndi Mapindu athu, kuika ndi kukhazikitsa Malamulo a United States of America. [1]

Mawuwo anasankhidwa mosamalitsa ndi Komiti ya Malamulo ya Speed, imene mamembala ake anali Gouverneur Morris, James Madison, ndi Alexander Hamilton. Mawu oyambawo akuti “Ife Anthu” tinali kutha kwambiri pa Nkhani za Confederation, zimene zinayamba ndi mpambo wa maboma. Inalengeza kuti malamulo a boma anatenga ulamuliro wake mwachindunji kwa nzika, osati ku maboma. Kusintha kumeneku ku ulamuliro wotchuka kunayala maziko a chitaganya cha dziko logwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.

Chiyambi cha mawuwo chandandalika zifuno zisanu ndi chimodzi zazikulu. Zifuno zimenezi siziri chabe zolankhula; zadziŵitsa malamulo osaŵerengeka ndi zigamulo zachiweruzo zaka mazana aŵiri. National Archives [ imasunga chikalata choyambirira, ndipo kuyambitsa kwake kumakhalabe maziko a kumasulira kwa lamulo.

Mfundo za M’malamulo a Chikhomo ndi Mmene Zimakhudzira Malamulo Achibadwidwe

Pansipa, taona kuti malamulo amenewa amakhudzadi malamulo a ku America, malamulo ake ndiponso malamulo ake.

Kupanga Mgwirizano Wabwino Kwambiri

Chilengezo cha “Union yokwanira kwambiri” chinachokera ku zofooka za Zigawo za Confederation, zimene pansi pake maboma kaŵirikaŵiri anali kukhala monga odziimira okha. Malamulo anapanga dongosolo la boma limene linalinganiza ulamuliro wa dziko ndi ufulu wa boma. Malamulo ochirikiza malonda a mayiko, monga Interstate Commerce Act ya 1887 ndi Communist Claus jurisprudence yomwe inatengedwa ku [[FL:] [FL:]] MCULLOch v. Maryland [18], sonyezani cholinga chimenechi. Clausce Claus .[FLT]

M’zaka za zana la 20, New Deal authority [1] kuphatikizapo Social Security Act ndi National Labor Relations Act [1] zinalungamitsidwa monga momwe zinaliri zofunika kusungitsa mgwirizano wa zachuma. Lingaliro la “Umodzi wangwiro kwambiri” limalimbikitsanso ziphunzitso zalamulo zimene zimaletsa maboma kusiyanitsa nzika za maiko ena, monga ngati Malo Ovomerezeka ndi Anzeru a Immunonia. Lerolino, malamulo a boma akuyatsa zonse kuyambira pa miyezo ya chilengedwe kufikira pauvene kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula kufunika kwa kugwirizana kwa dziko.

Kukhazikitsa Chilungamo

Chilungamo ndi lingaliro lalikulu lakuti malamulo akupanga ntchito kupyolera m'dongosolo lachiweruzo, njira yoyenera, ndi chitetezo cholingana. Chigamulo cha boma chinapangidwa ndi Mfundo III, koma kugogomezera kwa Pregesary pa chilungamo kwasonkhezera lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe. Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964, Chikalata cha Zonulirapo za ufulu wa anthu cha mu 1965, ndi Fair Howar Act cha 1968 zonse zotsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene amakana kupatsidwa chithandizo chofanana pansi pa lamulo.

Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likugwiritsira ntchito kaŵiri lingaliro la chiweruzo pomasulira malamulo. Brown v. Board of Education (1954), khotilo linavomereza kuti kusankhana mafuko m'masukulu a boma kunaswa Excality Protection Clause, chipambano kukana “kusiyana koma chiphunzitso cholingana”. Makhoti apamwamba atchula kuyambika kwa nkhani zophatikizapo kuloŵa mu uphungu walamulo, juro, ndi chilango cholungama. Pamene kuli kwakuti Pregationyo siikulutsa kuchirikiza kulinganiza kwamakhalidwe abwino ponena za zimene chitaganya chanzeru.

Kupezerapo Vuto Panyumba

Chisungiko cha boma chimatanthauza mtendere ndi dongosolo. Pamlingo wogwira ntchito, lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limeneli limachirikiza malamulo osungitsa lamulo, chisungiko cha anthu, ndi kupondereza chipanduko. Posse Comitatus Act ndi Indurrection Act imasonyeza pamene boma lingapangitse magulu ankhondo mu United States kuti abwezeretse bata. National Guard imapangidwa nthaŵi zonse kuti apereke chithandizo chatsoka ndi chipwirikiti, machitidwe olungamitsidwa ndi “kutsimikizira kusoŵa kwa banja.

Pambuyo pa mphamvu zangozi, bata lapanyumba lasonkhezera lamulo loletsa upandu wa boma, kuphatikizapo Racketer Ifoundet and Choopt Organizations Act (RICO) ndi Walki Crime Control ndi Law Enforcement Act ya 1994. Pamlingo wa boma, malamulo alionse amasungitsa malamulo aupandu olinganizidwa kutetezera nzika ku chiwawa ndi chisokonezo. Pregedge imagwira ntchito monga chikumbutso chakuti thayo loyamba la boma ndilo ku chisungiko cha anthu ake.

Kupereka Zolakwa za Onse

Mawu akuti “kuteteza kwa anthu wamba” (olembedwa m'njira yachisanu ndi chitatu) akusonyeza kufunika kwa chitetezo cha dziko pa ziwopsezo zachilendo. Mphamvu yokweza magulu ankhondo, kusungitsa asilikali a pamadzi, ndi kulengeza nkhondo yaikidwa m'Congress pansi pa Mfundo I, Chigawo 8. Chinenero cha Pregageing chatchulidwa m'makambitsirano onena za ndalama zimene asilikali amawononga, zoyendera nkhondo, ndi ukulu wa nkhondo za Pulezidenti. Chikalata cha National Security Act cha 1947 chinapanga Dipatimenti ya Defense ndi Central Igency, kukhazikitsa kudzipereka kwa kuchirikiza kofala.

Masiku ano, malo oopsa akuphatikizapo uchigawenga, kuukira kwa pa Intaneti, ndi miliri. Bungwe la Homeland Security Act la 2002 linaphatikiza mabungwe a boma makumi aŵiri ndi aŵiri m'bungwe la Homeland Security, bungwe limene ntchito yake yakhala yochokera ku Pregedgey yomwe imayambitsa “kukhazikitsa chitetezo cha anthu onse. . . . . USA PATRIOTTT Act, itachitika pa September 11, mphamvu zoyendetsera malamulo ndiponso zoyendera malamulo, nthaŵi zinasintha mfundo zogwirizana ndi mfundo zofanana ndi zimenezi. Makhoti nthaŵi zina amatsutsa kuti njira zodzitetezera zisachotse ufulu walamulo.

Kuchirikiza Chitukuko Chachikulu

“ Gawo la Palamente . Mwina mawuwo ndi otsutsana kwambiri m'mawu a kuyambiriro. Siili kupatsa mphamvu kwa munthu mmodzi; mmalo mwake, kuyenerera kwa Congress kulipira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wa Congress mu Article I, Gawo 8, Clare 1. Pakupita kwa nthaŵi, Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira kuti “Gazerial Welfare", kulola Mabungwe kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kaamba ka zolinga za anthu. [FL:] United States v. Butler [[FFLT:] [193] [197], Bwalo linanena kuti mphamvu ya kukhoma ndi kuwonongera moyo wa anthu onse siingokwanira kutchula mfundo zoŵerengedwa m'Chigawo I, gawo la 8. Pambuyo pake.[FLT]

Bungwe la Afford Care Act ya 2010 linatsutsidwa m’khoti lamilandu, ngakhale kuti khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo la munthu aliyense monga kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokhoma msonkho. Olemba malamulo nthaŵi zonse amatchula lamulo lokhudza kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amapindulitsa mtundu wonse, monga malamulo a madzi abwino kapena mapulogalamu othandiza pa chakudya.

Kusunga Madalitso a Ufulu

Liberty ndilo chifuno chomalizira chondandandalitsidwa, ndipo imagwirizanitsa ena onse pamodzi. Malamulo amatetezera ufulu kupyolera mwa kuŵerengeredwa kwa ufulu, kulekana kwa maulamuliro, ndi kukhazikitsa boma. Bill of Rights . Zobwezera khumi zoyambirirazo zinawonjezeredwa mwamsanga pambuyo pa kuikidwa m’kutsimikizira kuti boma latsopano silingaswe ufulu wa munthu. Kuphatikizidwa kwa “Liberty ndi Chipulumutso chathu” kumalingalira kuti ufulu uyenera kusungidwa kaamba ka mibadwo yamtsogolo, osati kokha yamakono.

Maufulu a anthu awonjezeka kupyolera mwa kusintha ndi malamulo a lamulo: kuchotsedwa kwa ukapolo (kusinthasintha kwa malingana), chitsimikizo cha chitetezo chofanana (14th Amendment), zoyenera zovota kwa akazi (kusintha kwa madepresser), ndi kuletsedwa kwa misonkho (kuphatikiza 24 pa 24 Demendment ), ndi kuletsedwa kwaposachedwapa kwa misonkho (kusintha kwa malingana, ufulu wa mlingo, ndi ufulu wa kubala ana kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchula za kudzipereka kwa ukapolo wa ufulu. [FLT: 0] [Obergefell v. Hodge [FL:1] (2015], Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza ukwati wokhudzana monga lamulo loyenerera, kulingalira kuti ufulu wotetezedwa ndi makonzedwe a Ceclausleast kuti akwatire. Chinenero cha Progedgie chinalimbikitsa chigamu chachigamu chachikondi. Chigamu cha Chikalata chapamwamba cha pa Chikalata chokhudza mfundo chapamwamba cha pa mfundo za malamulo chapamwamba cha pa .

Mawu Oyambirira m’Kumasulira Chiŵeruzo

Pamene kuli kwakuti mawu oyamba samapereka ufulu waung'ono wa kukhazikitsa, makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito kuunikira tanthauzo la makonzedwe ena alamulo. Njira imeneyi, nthaŵi zina imatchedwa “mawu oyamba monga chithandizo kumanga,” njokhazikitsidwa bwino. Woweruza John Marshall analemba mu . Mcloch v. Mary kuti “tisaiwale, kuti tili ndi malamulo a malamulo amene timawagwiritsa ntchito [[[FLT: 3]," ndipo anayang'ana ku Preglyp kumvetsetsa ukulu wa ulamuliro wa bungwe. Nkhaniyo inakhudza Bank yachiŵiri ya United States, ndi Marshall kuti malamulowo anali“ kupirira kwa nyengo za kubwera ndi kukafika ku mavuto osiyanasiyana a anthu.

Mu Jacobson v. Massachusetts (05), Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo la katemera, kugwira mawu zolinga za Predge za “kusamalira Trancoulo" ndi“ kuyendetsa bungwe la Auvel. Khoti linaphunzitsa kuti munthu aliyense ayenera kulola nthaŵi zina thanzi ndi chisungiko cha chitaganya. Kachitidwe kameneka kali mutu wobwerezabwereza m’lamulo la malamulo, ndipo Preglyge imapereka maziko opimira ku kulinganiza kwa zikondwerero zopikisana.

Posachedwapa, mawu oyamba anatchulidwa m'malingaliro otsutsana mu NFIB v. Sebelius (202), kumene Malungamo Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, ndi Aito adatsutsa kuti Affordcable Care Arect inaposa mphamvu za Congress. Iwo analoza ku magetsi kuti Malamulo anapanga boma la mphamvu zopereŵera. Justice Ginsburg, m'kaunipt , adapemphanso Pregnie, kugogomezera “general Welvel .

Makhoti a boma amatchulanso mawu a Pregist. Khoti Lapamwamba la California, mu Serrano v. Wansembe [771], anakhulupirira kuti njira ya ndalama ya sukulu ya kuthandizira dziko inaswa chitetezo chofanana, powona kuti kutsegulira kwa Malamulo a California [1] kunasonyezedwa ndi boma monga chonulirapo chachikulu. Malamulo ambiri a boma ali ndi mawu omveka omveka bwino, ndi oweruza mofananamo kugwiritsira ntchito njira zofananazo zomasulira.

Malamulo Oyambirira ndi Audongo Lerolino

Chisonkhezero cha Preventive ndi Afford Care Act [1] Sikungoyambira m'makhoti. Mu Congress, opanga malamulo nthaŵi zonse amatchula mawu oyamba poyambitsa ngongole kapena pokambirana mfundo. Mwachitsanzo, mawu oyamba a Pateent Protection ndi Affordal Care Act Anayamba: “Act ... kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa onse. [Imodziyo ndi yoona poyambitsa Kuteteza ndi Kulimbitsa America mwa Kupereka Zida Zofunika Kuikirira ndi Ob Reformal Territoal Act [PAFFF:3], amene dzina lake lonse limatchula za cholinga cha kuteteza. Lamulo lolinganizidwa kuteteza fuko kapena kuteteza malo otsegulirapo ndi “chigawo chaku

Malamulo a akuluakulu ndi malamulo a mabungwe amatchulanso mawu a kuyambika kwa. Pulezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson adakonza maprogramu a “Great Society” monga kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa onse ndi kusungitsa ufulu. Zilengezo za pulezidenti pa Tsiku la Chilamulo kapena Tsiku la Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwira mawu mawu oyamba kukumbutsa nzika za mapangano awo onse. Motero chikalatacho chimagwira ntchito monga chiphunzitso cha dziko, mawu a kulakalaka amene akupitiriza kusonkhezera kachitidwe ka lamulo.

Chaka chilichonse, ana a sukulu amakumbukira mawuwo ndipo mapulogalamu a maphunziro a boma amaphunzitsa kuti mfundo zoyamba za m’bukuli zimasonyeza kuti anthu a ku America amatsatirabe mfundo zachikhalidwe cha anthu wamba.

Zolephera ndi Kutsutsana

Ngakhale kuti mfundoyi imakhudza zinthu zambiri, mfundo zachiyambi zili ndi malire ake. Choyamba, sizipatsa mphamvu boma la boma. Maulamuliro a Congress, Pulezidenti, ndi makhoti amatchulidwa m’mbali zina m’Malamulo. Pregedge siingagwiritsidwe ntchito monga maziko alamulo. Chachiwiri, mawu a Pregegedge ndi osamveka bwino. “General Welfaretion” ndi“ Madalitso a Ufulu” angafotokozedwe m’njira zosiyana, kuchititsa mikangano ya ndale m’malo mwa malangizo omveka bwino a lamulo.

Akatswiri ena amanena kuti mawu oyambira m’bukuli agwiritsidwa ntchito mopambanitsa ngati ongopeka.

Chisulizo china nchakuti lonjezo la Woyamba la ufulu silinatchulidwe ndi Aamereka ambiri. Malamulo oyambirira anachirikiza ukapolo, ndi “Ife Anthu” sitinapereke kwa akazi, Eni America, kapena Aafirika. Kokha pokha pambuyo pake kusinthika ndi kulimbana kolimba ndi maso ake oyambitsidwawo anatheratu. Motero, Malo a Pregedge anali ponse paŵiri ngati ntchito yokwaniritsa ndi ntchito yosatha.

Kumaliza

Chiyambi cha Malamulo a United States si chiyambi cha kukongola chabe. Chaumba malamulo a dziko la America mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo otsogolera, mfundo zachiweruzo, ndi nkhani yapoyera. Kuyambira pa New Deact mpaka pa War on Terror, kuyambira pa ufulu wa anthu mpaka ku thanzi la anthu, zolinga zisanu ndi chimodzi, chilungamo, kutha mphamvu, kuteteza, ndi ufulu wa mtundu wa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti alibe mphamvu ya lamulo lokwaniritsa, ulamuliro wake wa makhalidwe abwino umapitirizabe. Pamene Khoti Lapamwamba likumasulira malamulo alamulo, ndi monga ntchito zatsopano za bungwe la Congresstion, Pregailge idzakhalabe site ya zimene anthu a ku America, m’nthaŵi zawo zabwino, zokhumba kukwaniritsa pamodzi.