Kukula kwa malamulo a anthu ndiko njira yocholoŵana ndi yosagwirizana kaŵirikaŵiri, yopangidwa ndi unyinji wa oseŵera ndi magulu andale. Pakati pa otchuka kwambiri a ameneŵa pali magulu andale. Monga magulu olinganizidwa amene amafuna kulamulira boma ndi kupititsa patsogolo malingaliro amodzi, magulu amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pokhazikitsa malamulo, kulimbikitsa anthu kuchirikiza, ndi kutembenuza mapangano. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika zogwirizana, kuzindikira mmene magulu akugwira ntchito imeneyi n’ngofunika kuti amvetsetse mphamvu za ulamuliro wa democracy ndi chiyambi cha malamulo amene amapanga moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.

Mmene Zachilengedwe Zilili ndi Zochitika za Mapwando a Zandale

Zipani zandale siziri mabungwe andale ogwirizana a anthu; zili magulu a anthu ogwirizana ndi anthu ofufuza udzu . Kusankha akuluakulu a boma . Ogwirizana ndi nthanthi zandale zogwirizana ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Ntchito zawo zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kulembetsa ndi kutsata ofunsira, kuyambitsa gulu limene limalongosola mfundo zofunika kwambiri pa malamulo, ndi kusonkhanitsa ovota kuti apite ku masankhoti. Kusiyapo ntchito zosankhidwa zimenezi, magulu akugwira ntchito monga mlawu pakati pa anthu onse ndi boma, kukhazikitsa zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana m'makonzedwe a malamulo a boma ndi kukhazikitsa nyumba yochitiramo mgwirizano.

M'mademokrase ambiri, zipani zimasiyana kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja, ngakhale kuti malo ake enieni amasiyana ndi dziko. Ku United States, zipani ziŵiri zazikulu . . Zipani za Democratic ndi Republican . "encompass) za malingaliro osiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa kupita patsogolo mpaka pa kutsata mwambo. Kusiyana kumeneku kwa malingaliro kwa m'mipatuko kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera ku mkangano wa mkati ndi kuchirikiza mfundo za m'dziko, komanso kumalolanso magulu kukopa anthu ambiri osankha.

Masinthidwe a Gulu Monga Malamulo

Chipani chachikulu chilichonse chimapanga pulatifomu . Nthaŵi zambiri chimasinthasintha pa kachitidwe ka masankho alionse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mapulatifomu a dziko la Republica amagogomezera kwambiri misonkho yotsika, kuchotsa malamulo apamwamba, ndi kugulitsa mapuligalamu, pamene democratic progated kaŵirikaŵiri imachirikiza mautumiki ofutukuka, chitetezo cha malo okhalako, ndi kulingana kwa chuma. Mapepala ameneŵa ndi zotsatira za kukambirana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu, zikondwerero, ndi atsogoleri a maganizo, ndipo amakonza malamulo kwa zaka zambiri kuti afike.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kachipangizo Potsatira Mfundo za M’chipani Chawo

Magulu andale amachititsa kuti anthu azitsatira mfundo zosiyanasiyana za m’Baibulo.

Agenda: Kuganizira Zinthu Zofunika

Chimodzi cha zida zamphamvu kwambiri zimene gulu la zipani lili nazo ndicho kukhoza kukhazikitsa zolinga za anthu. Mwakusankha kugogomezera nkhani zina monga kusalingana kwa zachuma, chisungiko cha dziko, kapena kusintha kwa nyengo . Magawo amatsogolera chisamaliro cha ofalitsa nkhani, anthu, ndi a zandale zina. Izi zimachitidwa mwa nkhani, misonkhano yachigawo, kulengeza, ndi kuyang'anira uthenga. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa 2020 U.S. Sankhani ya democracy Party, Democratic Party inalustrated kuyang'anira zaumoyo ndi chilungamo chaufuko, pamene Republican Party inasumika pa malamulo ndi kukonzanso zinthu zachuma. Nkhani zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimalamulira nkhani zimene zimalamulira kulengeza kwa lamulo.

Kusintha kwa Kachitidwe: Njira Zothetsera Kubera

Pambuyo pa nkhani ya mfundozo, zipani zinzake zikuyesetsa kupanga mfundo zina. Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo atsogoleri a chipani, akatswiri a za malamulo, mathanki, ndi magulu achifuniro ogwirizana ndi gululo. Malamulo opanga mapepala, mapepala oyera zungu, ndi makomiti amasungidwa kukonza mfundo. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Affordble Care Act (ACA), lamulo lapadera la Democratic Party, linayambitsidwa mwa kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa Nyumba ya White, komiti za bungwe la malamulo, ndi akatswiri a za zaumoyo. Mofananamo, TCut Cuts ndi Jobs Act of 2017, chikalata cha Republican Party, chinapangidwa ndi zaka makumi ambiri za malamulo a za msonkho. Mabungwe sapanga malamulo a za za kukonza za kuchotsako misonkhoma; iwo apeza ntchito, ndi ofufuza, ndi mabungwe a bungwe la bungwe la zaungwe.

Kulimbikitsa Anthu ndi Kusokoneza Maganizo Anu

Magulu andale amawononga kwambiri kuchirikiza malingaliro a anthu kuti agwirizane ndi mfundo zawo. Zimenezi zimachitidwa mwa kuonekera kwa manyuzipepala, makampani oulutsira nkhani, maprojekiti olinganiza udzu, ndi kutsatsa malonda. Atsogoleri a gulu akugwira ntchito monga amithenga, kukonza malingaliro awo m’njira zimene zimagwirizana ndi ovota. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a ku Republican amadula msonkho monga njira yolimbitsira kukula kwa chuma ndi kupindulitsa “atuluki,” pamene Democrates apanga kuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mayanjano monga zida zochepetsera umphaŵi ndi kuchirikiza chilungamo. Mapulatifomu awo amagwiritsiranso ntchito mapulatifomu awo kusulirira zitsutso, kugawa ndi kuwonjezera zigawo zawo.

Kutsatira Lamulo: Kusintha Zonulirapo Kukhala Malamulo

Pamene gulu lilamulira nthambi za akuluakulu a boma, lili ndi mwaŵi waukulu kwambiri kukwaniritsa zolinga zake. Komabe, ngakhale kulamulira kogwirizana sikutsimikizira chipambano. Kusagwirizana kwa mkati, zopinga za prodecture, ndi malamulo a Rebiblicster zingachedwe kapena kutsekereza lamulo. Paritimes ziyenera kuyang'anira ntchito zawo, kukambirana ndi kulinganiza, ndipo nthaŵi zina kupanga kulolera kuti apeze mavoti ofunika. Kudutsa kwa ASA mu 2010 kunafunikira kuti atsogoleri a democratic Herculea agwirizane ndi gulu lopanda mphamvu, pamene kulephera kubwezeretsa ACA mu 2017 kuonetsa vuto la ulamuliro ngakhale kwa anthu ambiri ogwirizana a m'dziko. Ngati lamulo lina laperekedwa, gululo nthaŵi zambiri linkapitiriza kuyendetsa ntchito yake kudzera m'bungwe la bungwe ndi kugawawo.

Kufufuza za Chipani Chandale

Kufufuza nkhani zimenezi kumasonyeza kuti anthu amatsatira mfundo zandale ndiponso njira zina zoyendetsera zinthu.

Kubwereka kwa Boma la America ndi Kuwononga Maboma Atsopano

Chipani cha Democratic Party chotsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt chinamanga mgwirizano waukulu wa mgwirizano wa antchito, mafuko a m'matauni, Aafirika, Azungu a Kummwera kwa Dziko, ndi ophunzira kuyendetsa maprogramu a New Deal panthaŵi ya Kusoŵa Kwakukulu kwa Zachuma. Chigwirizano chimenechi, chomwe chinayambitsidwa m'mavuto, chinatulutsa malamulo osintha zinthu kuphatikizapo Social Security, Wagner Act (kuteteza ufulu wa antchito), ndi kukhazikitsa kwa Tennessee Valles Valles Authority . New Decrac si kokha inakhazikitsa ntchito ya boma la boma la boma la Democratic Party monga mphamvu yaikulu ya ndale kwa zaka makumi angapo. Ili inasonyeza mmene gulu lina lingagwiritsire ntchito vuto kuti likhazikitse ntchito lamulo lokhalitsa lokhazikitsa pangano la kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Kusintha kwa Reagan: Kusintha kwa Lamulo la Kusintha

Mu 1980, Ronald Reagan ndi Republican Party anapanga kusintha kwakukulu m'malamulo a anthu mwa kuchirikiza chuma cha dziko, kuletsa lamulo, ndi chitetezo champhamvu cha dziko. Kudula msonkho kwa Reagan, kuchotsedwa kwa mafakitale (monga ngati ndege ndi foni), ndi kukwera kwa maprogramu a anthu kunasonyeza kulinganiza kwa mwambo kwa malamulo a pa Republican. Kusintha kumeneku . Sikunachitike usiku umodzi; kunali chotulukapo cha zaka za kulinganiza kumanga makampani ndi osunga mwambo, kulingalira ngati The Heritage Foundation, ndi atsogoleri a. Masinthidwe a 1980 anachepetsa chiŵerengero cha msonkho kuchokera pa 70% mpaka 28% ndi kukambitsirana kwa dziko lonse ponena za kudalirana kwa zosunga ndalama za msonkho.

Chikalata Chothandiza Anthu Ovutika Kusamalira Nyama Monga Chikalata cha Chipani

Kupita kwa ACA mu 2010 kunaimira kutha kwa zaka makumi ambiri a kuyesayesa kwa democratic kwa inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2008, Pulezidenti Barack Obama ndi atsogoleri a Democratic mu Congress anataya mwayi wokhazikitsa kusintha kwa thanzi la anthu. Lamulo linafutukula Medicaid, kupanga misika ya inshuwalansi, ndi kuletsa okhazikitsa makampani kuti asapereke masheyansi oyendera mikhalidwe ya dziko lapansi. Ngakhale kuti pali chitsutso champhamvu cha Democratic Republic ndi kulimbana kwa boma pa chosankha cha onse, gulu logwirizana pomalizira pake kukhazikitsa malamulo a gulu lachipani. AA amakhalabe nkhani yaikulu m'ndale za ku America, ndipo amapitirizabe kupempha mavoti ake kuti ateteze ndi kukulitsa. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza mmene gulu la za ndalensi ya ndale ndi kupambana kwa ndale za ndale za ndale zadziko.

Mavuto a Chisonkhezero cha Anthu M’maboma Amakono

Ngakhale kuti ndi otchuka kwambiri pa kachitidwe ka malamulo, zipani zandale zimayang'anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu zimene zingachepetse chisonkhezero chawo. Kumvetsetsa mavuto ameneŵa nkofunika kwambiri pofufuza mtsogolo mwa kukonza malamulo a zipani.

Kusintha kwa Ndale ndi Kutsekereza

Pazaka makumi angapo zapitazo, magulu aŵiri aakulu asintha kwambiri, kuchepetsa kugawana kwa ziŵalo zoyenerera zimene zingagonjere. Kugaŵana kumeneku kwachititsa lamulo la lamulo lokhala ndi malamulo, pamene magulu safuna kudutsa panjirapo kudutsa ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa denalbuster ku U.S. Nyumba ya Malamulo yakhala yofala, kukufuna kuti pakhale lamulo lapamwamba kwambiri lopititsa patsogolo malamulo ambiri. [Pew Research Center] [Pet Center) Monga chotulukapo, ngakhale pamene gulu liyang'anira zipinda zonse ziŵiri za Congress and formage, malamulo aakulu angatsate ngati sangathe kuvotera m'ma 60. Malamulo ameneŵa amatsutsa kutembenuza malamulo awo.

Mphamvu Yomakula ya Magulu Ofuna Kupeza Chidwi ndi Opereka

Pamene kuli kwakuti mbali zidakali zotchuka, ayenera kupikisana ndi zigawo zazikulu za magulu achidwi, makomiti a ndale zadziko (PACs), ndi opereka zinthu zachuma. Akanema ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi zolinga zalamulo zimene zingawombane ndi papulatifomu ya chipani. Mwachitsanzo, National Rifle Association (NRA) yakhala ndi chisonkhezero champhamvu pa malamulo a boma a mfuti, pamene makomiti a aphunzitsi ndi magulu a chilengedwe amakakamiza Democrates m’mbali zina. Kukwera kwa APUTCS kumatsatira [[FLT: 0] Chikhoterezo cha United [[FL: 1] chili ndi chigamu chachikulu cha anthu olemera ndi mabungwe, nthaŵi zinanso kutsogolera gulu la anthu otchuka. Otsutsa gulu la otchuka. Akhozanso kugonjetsa gulu la odzilamulira, ngati alephera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo pa gulu la olengeza nkhani za nyuzi.

Kusakhutira kwa Anthu ndi Kukwera kwa Chikalata Choletsa Kusungirira Dziko

Zotsatira za kugwiritsidwa mwala ndi magulu okhazikitsidwa zakula m'mademokrase ambiri, chifukwa cha malingaliro akuti mamembala a Trump ngowonongeka, satha kuchitidwa, kapena agwidwa ndi anthu apamwamba. Zimenezi zimapangitsa magulu a populist, oyembekezera kugawana magawo achitatu, ndi andale a kunja omwe anachita ndawala yolimbana ndi chipani. Ku United States, kubuka kwa gulu la Tea Party mu 2010 ndi mchitidwe wotsatira wa Trump mu 2016 kunasonyeza kukhumudwa kwakukulu pakati pa Republican Party ndi utsogoleri wake. Maguluwa anapambana m'gulu la anthu otchuka monga malonda ndi kusamuka [1] Komanso anathandizira kusokoneza chipani chamwambo. Mofananamo, ndawala ya 2016 yomwe inasonkhezera gulu la Democratic Party. Maguluwa akuchititsa kuti likhale lolimba kwambiri kuti gulu la atsogoleri asunge mfundo za gulu la atsogoleri a gulu landale likhalenso logwirizana ndi mfundo za m’ka.

Mbali Yosintha ya Mapwando Andale m’Malamulo Ovomerezedwa ndi Anthu

Zikhoterero zingapo zingasonkhezere mmene zipani zidzayambukirira malamulo m’zaka makumi zikubwerazi, monga momwe mkhalidwe wandale umasinthira, nawonso ayenera kusintha.

Kugwirizana kwa Zipangizo Zamakono, Zoulutsira Nkhani Zamayanjano, ndi Zopanga Zolunjika

Madanga akugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zipangizo zamakono kuti apeŵe mawailesi ndi kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi ovota. Mabungwe a zaumoyo monga Twitter, Facebook, ndi TikTok amalola atsogoleri a gulu ndi oyembekezera kukhazikitsa mapulani popanda kudalira a atolankhani. Zimenezi zathandiza kuchepetsa mphamvu ya uthenga komanso kugawa madera a anthu, kutheketsa kufalikira kofulumira kwa nkhani zosocheretsedwa. Mabungwe amene amayang'anira kutsatsa malonda ndi kudziŵa zinthu zogwirizana . Zonga mkupiti wa Obama wa 2008 kapena Trump’s 2016 2016 .

Kusintha kwa Chiŵerengero cha Anthu ndi Kusintha kwa Malo

Chisankho cha dziko la United States chikusintha kukhala chosiyana kwambiri ndi mafuko, chaching'ono, ndi chakunja. Kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu kumeneku kukukakamiza onse aŵiri kupendanso kugwirizana kwawo. Democratic Party ikudalira kwambiri pa osankhidwa ndi achichepere omwe amayanja malingaliro opita patsogolo pa kusintha kwa nyengo, ngongole za ophunzira, ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo. Panthaŵiyi, Republican Party ikupitirizabe kupeza chichirikizo champhamvu kuchokera kumidzi, achikulire, ndi oyera osankhidwa, koma amalimbana ndi kukopa anthu ochepa owonjezereka. Mapangano amtsogolo adzasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi amene amagwirizana mwachipambano ndi kusinthasintha kwa nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, malingaliro a Democraticism kaamba ka kusamalira ana ndi ufulu wa pa kolejini akunja, pamene kuli kwakuti Republican pa maphunziro ndi ufulu wachipembedzo.

Zothekera za Magulu Achitatu ndi Magulu Odziimira

Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo la mbali ziŵiri likukhazikika chifukwa cha zinthu monga kupambana ndi masankho onse, pali chikondwerero chomakula cha njira zina zoloŵa mmalo. Magulu onga Green Party ndi Libertarian Party nthaŵi zina amasonkhezera malamulo amene anthu aakulu amanyalanyaza. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, kukwera kwa “Nobelts” ndi magulu ena a pulanti ayesa kuchotsa malo apakati pakati pa magulu a anthu ogwirizana. Pamene kuli kwakuti magulu atatu sapambana pa masankhoti, kukhalapo kwawo kungayambukire zotsatirapo [1] monga ngati mu 2000 pamene Nader’s Green Party inawononga Al Gore Florida . Ngati kuseketsana ndi mbali ziŵiri za dongosolo lapamwamba la kachitidwe ka zinthu kukukula, kachitidwe kake ka ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka zinthu ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kawo ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kawone ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka

Kumaliza

Zipani za ndale zadziko zidakali zofunika kwambiri popanga malamulo a anthu. Zimakhazikitsa malamulo a kutsutsana, malingaliro aumisiri a malamulo, kusonkhanitsa nzika, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito pamene ali mu ulamuliro. Chisonkhezero chawo chingawonedwe m'malamulo ndi malamulo otsatirapo a zaka za zana lapitalo . Kuyambira pa Social Security ndi New Deal ku Affordal Care Act ndi Trump Act. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, magulu akugwira ntchito pakati pa werul: kupondement, chitsenderation, chitsenderezo cha chiwongola, kukayikira kwapoyera, ndi zipinga zotsekezerapo zotchuka zomwe zingaletsenso.

Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kuphunzira ntchito ya maphwando sikuli kokha njira yamaphunziro; kuli mfungulo ya kumvetsetsa mmene madongosolo a demokrase amagwirira ntchito ndi mmene nzika zingagwiritsirire ntchito mwatanthauzo. Kuzindikira mphamvu za zipani ndi mphamvu zawo(maulamuliro) anthu kusanthula molakwika malamulo, kutenga nawo mbali m'masinthidwe, ndi kuchirikiza kusintha. Pamene mayanjano andale akupitirizabe, unansi pakati pa zipani ndi malamulo a anthu udzakhalabe maziko a maziko a utsogoleri wa ulamuliro.