Buku la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Chisonkhezero Chake Chokhalitsa pa Zikalata Zonena za Ufulu wa Anthu Padziko Lonse

Bill of Rights, inavomerezedwa mu 1791 kukhala masinthidwe khumi oyambirira a Malamulo a U.S., inakhazikitsa dongosolo lakutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense pa kuchenjera kwa boma. Chitsimikiziro chake cha ufulu wa kulankhula, kusindikiza, chipembedzo, kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida, kutetezera ku kufunafuna kopanda nzeru, ndi kuyesa koyenera kunawonongeka panthaŵiyi. M’zaka mazana aŵiri zapitazo, malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ameneŵa asonyeza kupyola malire a America, akutumikira monga chigamulo cha ziŵiya za ufulu wa anthu ndi malamulo a democracy yamakono padziko lonse. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mmene Bill of Rights Rights formation , maluso a mphamvu zake za chisonkhezero chake, ndi kuchirikiza malingaliro ake oyenera kwa anthu padziko lonse.

Mbiri Yakale ndi Zovala Zopeka

Bill of Rights inatuluka m'mikangano yaikulu pakati pa Federalist ndi Anti-Federalists mkati mwa kutsutsidwa kwa malamulo a U. Anti-Fedalist adaopa kuti boma latsopano likanapondereza ufulu wopezedwa m'nkhondo ya chisinthiko. Kutetezera, Federalistlist analonjeza chilolezo cha ufulu pambuyo pa msonkhano woyamba wa Mabungwe. James Masson, poyamba wokayikira, anakhala wolemba mapulani, wojambula pa malamulo a Chingelezi, malamulo a boma, ndi akatswiri a za kupenyeka maganizo onga John Locke ndi Montesquieu.

Zisonkhezero zazikulu zinaphatikizapo Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Oyenera kulembedwa (1776), cholembedwa ndi George Mason, amene anatetezera mwachindunji ufulu wa nyuzipepala, kuyenera kwa mlandu wa oweruza, ndi chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Magna Carta (1215) ndi Bill of Rights of 1689 zinaperekedwanso. Zosintha zinalinganizidwa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya boma ndi kusungitsa ulamuliro wa munthu aliyense payekha, lingaliro loipitsitsa m’nyengo yolamuliridwa ndi mamonarch.

Madison analinganiza kuti pakhale mpambo wautali, koma Congress inachepetsapo mapangano khumi ndi aŵiri, kutumiza ku mayiko. Pofika December 1791, khumi anavomerezedwa. Kukonza zimenezi kunathandiza kuti anthu athe kulankhula, kusonkhana, kupempha, chipembedzo, kunyamula zida, asilikali, kufunafuna ndi kulanda, njira zofunikira, kuopsa koŵirikiza, kuopsa koonekeratu, kuzenga mlandu mofulumira, kuzenga mlandu wa ajuli m’milandu, ndi mphamvu zosungidwa ku maboma ndi anthu. Kawirikawiri, kananyalanyaza, kuti ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu ena sukana ena, ndi kuti mphamvu zimene boma silinapereke kwa boma la bomalo ndi anthu.

Mfundo za Malamulo za M’Baibulo Zimene Zinapita Patsogolo Padziko Lonse

Ufulu wa Kulankhula, Kusindikiza, Msonkhano, ndi Chifuno (Kusintha Koyamba)

Chiletso cha First Amendment cha lamulo "kuletsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena wa manyuzipepala; kapena kuyenera kwa anthu kusonkhana mwamtendere, ndi kuchonderera Boma kaamba ka kubwezera milandu" lakhala maziko a lamulo la padziko lonse la ufulu wa anthu. Chikalata 19 cha Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) chikuwonjezera: "Aliyense ali ndi ufulu wa ufulu wa kuganiza ndi kulankhula; ufulu umenewu umaphatikizapo kusunga malingaliro popanda kudodometsedwa ndi kufunafuna, kulandira ndi kupereka chidziŵitso ndi malingaliro kupyolera kupyolera mwa zofalitsa ndi malire alionse. Chipangano cha International pa Chikalata cha Chigwirizano cha Chiko cha Chikomyunizimu (CICRR) chikuwonjezera mfundo iyi mu Mfundo 19, ndi ziŵili zofanana ndi pangano la Ulaya pa ufulu wa munthu (UF.91, Chikalata choteteza ufulu cha ku America (chikhalidwe ndi Chimodzi).

Chipembedzo cha Claus (Kukonzanso Malamulo)

First Amendment imaletsanso malamulo "amalemekeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa chipembedzo, kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito chipembedzo mwaufulu. Chitetezero chaŵiri chimenechi cha kusakhala ndi kukhazikitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwaulere chinasonkhezera Mfundo 18 ya UDHR (" Aliyense ali ndi ufulu wa kuganiza, chikumbumtima ndi chipembedzo) ndi zinthu zina zofanana mu bungwe la ICCPR (Article 18), Convention ya Ulaya (Artle 9), ndi la African Charter on Human and Peoples’s Rights (Artle 8).

Kuyenera Konyamula Zida (Mpambo Wosintha)

Chitsimikiziro chachiŵiri cha Kusintha kwa Malamulo cha kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida sichimafanana mwachindunji ndi zikalata zapadziko lonse. Komabe, lingaliro lenileni la kudzivulaza ndi kuyenera kwa kukana ulamuliro wankhanza likuwonekera m'malamulo a zigawo zina. Chikalata cha African Charter, mwachitsanzo, chimazindikira kuyenera kwa mtendere wa dziko ndi chisungiko cha mitundu yonse, koma sichimagwirizanitsa kukhala ndi mfuti ya munthu aliyense. ICPR ndi UDHR siilankhula pankhaniyi. Komabe, lingaliro la nzika ya nzika yamphamvu yotetezera ku boma losonkhezera malamulo a boma ankhanza m'maiko amene amatsanzira nyumba za Amereka.

Chitetezo pa Kufufuza Kopanda Nzeru ndi Kusintha (Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachitatu)

Chiyeneretso chachinayi cha Kusintha zinthu zofunikira zozikidwa pa zifukwa zomveka zasinthidwa kukhala miyezo ya mitundu yonse ya kudzibisa ndi ufulu wa munthu. Mfundo 12 ya UDHR imati: "Palibe munthu amene adzasokonezeka ndi malamulo ake, banja, nyumba kapena makalata ake. Mfundo 17 ya ICCPR imabwereza zimenezi. Mfundo 8 ya European Convention ikupereka ufulu wa kulemekeza moyo waumwini ndi wa banja, nyumba, ndi makalata, kusiyapo kokha ndi lamulo ndi kufunika kwa chitaganya cha democracy. Mfundo 11 ya American’s Convention imapereka chitetezo chofanana.

Kuyenera kwa Mlandu Wabwino (Wachisanu ndi Chisanu, Wachisanu ndi Chisanu, Wachisanu ndi Chiŵiri, ndi Wachisanu ndi Chisanu)

Malamulo oyenera a Demendment yachisanu ndi a upandu a kutetezera kwa Sixte Amendment (kuzenga mlandu kwachisanu ndi chimodzi, kukondera, kutsutsana kwa oweruza, chithandizo cha uphungu) aumba mwachindunji miyezo ya kuyesa kwa mitundu yonse. Mfundo 10 imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuyankha mlandu ndi kutsekeredwa ndi bwalo la milandu. Mfundo 14 ya ICPR imapereka mpambo wa ufulu wa kuyesa kolungama, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kuuzidwa milandu, kukhala ndi nthaŵi yokwanira yodzitetezera, kuyang'anira mwalamulo, ndi kupenda mboni. Lamulo la 8 la kuletsa kupambanitsa ndi chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo limatembenuzira ku Chigawo 5 cha UDR (kuzunza, kapena kuzunza kapena kuzunza) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Chigawo chachilango 7 cha ku Ulaya ndi Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chigawo 7 cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chigawo chakunja ndi Chigawo chakumapeto cha . Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha . Chikalata chakuphatikizanso ndi mfundo cha Chikalata cha Chikalata chaku

Zikalata Zapadziko Lonse Zopangidwa ndi Mpukutu wa Ufulu wa Anthu

Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, 1948)

UDHR, wolembedwa pansi pa utsogoleri wa Eleanor Roosevelt ndi kutsogozedwa ndi ziŵerengero zonga John Peters Humphrey (loya wa Canada amene anapanga ntchito yoyamba), adalemba kwambiri pa United States Bill of Rights . Roosevelt adalengeza kuti Chikalatacho chinali "a Magna Carta wa anthu onse" ndipo chinapereka chitsanzo cha chinenero chake pa Amereka. Maufulu a Oyamba kukonzanso zinthu amapezeka m'Machigawo 18, 19, ndi 20. Ziyeso za kuyesa mlandu mu Nkhani 10 ndi 11 zosonyezera ufulu wachisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi. Chiletsotso cha ukapolo (Ath 4) chimatchula malamulo a kuletsa kumangidwa kwa anthu opatulidwa (Article 9). The UDR inakhala maziko a ufulu wa anthu otsatira.

Pangano la Mayiko Lonena za Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Zandale (ICCPR, 1966)

ICCPR imalongosola bwino za ufulu wa UDHR ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo kwa zigamulo za boma. Nkhani zake 6, 7, 9, 14, 18, 21, 22, ndi 25 zimayenderana ndi Bill wa ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu. Mwachitsanzo, Mfundo 14 imatsimikizira kuti kuyesa kolungama ndi kudziona ngati wopanda liwongo, nthaŵi yochepa yokonzekera, ndi kulangiza mwachindunji mogwirizana ndi Malamulo a Sixtemplete. Mfundo 17 zimafanana ndi ufulu wa Kaneransi. Mfundo 18 ya ufulu wa kulingalira ndi wa chipembedzo zimafanana ndi lamulo laulerefu laulerensi. Mfundo 21 ya ufulu wa kusonkhana mwamtendere ndi Chilango 22 za kuvomerezanso malamulo Oyamba. ISGUPR imaphatikizapo mapangano opezeka kulikonse m'malamulo a ufulu, monga ngati kuti ndi ufulu wa anthu a kumanja (1) ndi ufulu wachikhalidwe chaching'ono. Mfundo 21 ili ndi ufulu woyenerera wa anthu a ku America (G.)

Msonkhano wa ku Ulaya wonena za ufulu wachibadwidwe (ECHR, 1950)

ECHR inaikidwa ndi Bungwe la ku Ulaya kuletsa kuyambikanso kwa nkhanza za Nkhondo Yadziko II. Okonza ake anayang'ana ponse paŵiri UDHR ndi Bill of Rights. Gawo 10 limatetezera ufulu wa kulankhula, kuwona kuti ingakhale yogwirizana ndi malamulo, ziletso, ndi ziletso zoikidwiratu zoperekedwa ndi lamulo ndi zofunika m'chitaganya cha democracy. Malo a Malo Oyambirira Owongolera Olamulira Oyamba ameneŵa a Chigamulo cha Chigawo cha Chipulumutso. Mfundo 6 imayang'ana kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu wachilungamo m’nthaŵi yolinga, yofanana ndi Kusintha kwa Sikisi. Mfundo 8 imateteza moyo wa munthu, nyumba, ndi kutumiza, kugwirizana ndi Demondwelo lachisanu. Mfundo 9 imateteza ufulu wa maganizo, chikumbumtima ndi chipembedzo chouziridwa ndi lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la dziko la dziko lonse la United States States E.

Chilengezo cha American Declaration of the Rights and Councies of Man (1948)

Chikalatachi chinavomerezedwa mu April 1948, American Declaration isanakhale UDHR pamiyezi isanu ndi inayi. Chinalembedwa ndi gulu la United States ndipo chinatengedwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku U.S. Bill of Rights ndi malamulo ena a dziko la America. Nkhani zake zimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa moyo, ufulu, ndi chisungiko cha munthu (Ulfle I); kufanana pamaso pa lamulo (Article II); ufulu wa chipembedzo (Article XXX); ufulu wa kulongosola (Acle XXVI); kuyenera kwa njira ndi kuyesa koyenera (Articles XVII, XXV, XXIVI); kumanja kwa katundu (Article XII). Msonkhano wa ku America pa ufulu wa anthu (1969) unakula ndi pangano logwirizana, limodzi ndi kuyesa koyenera kuchitika ndi kuyangiza kwake kwa chikalata cha 8 chikalata chotchedwa Syppective Arvement.

Tchata cha mu Afirika cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi wa Anthu (19981)

Chikalata cha Afirika, chovomerezedwa ndi bungwe la Umodzi la African Organization, chimaphatikizapo mbali za ufulu waufulu wa Kumadzulo ndi za ku Africa. Nkhani zake za ufulu wa anthu ndi zandale zimavomereza bwino Bill of Rights: Gawo 9 zikutsimikizira ufulu wa kulankhula, Mfundo 10 imatsimikizira ufulu wa kuyanjana, Mfundo 11 imatsimikizira ufulu wa kusonkhana, Mfundo 12 imatsimikizira ufulu wa kuyenda, Mfundo 7 imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kolungama, Mfundo 6 imatsimikizira ufulu ndi chisungiko cha munthu (kumangidwa ndi kumangidwa mwalamulo), Mfundo 5 imaletsa nkhanza, kusakhala yaumunthu, kapena kuchitiridwa monyoza. Komabe, Charutiyo imaphatikizaponso mathayo a banja, chitaganya, ndi boma, zimene zimatsimikizira kuyenera kwa munthu payekha kuweruza, Chigawo 6 chimatsimikizira ufulu ndi chisungiko cha Bill Digritsty.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zombo Zokopa Anthu: Mmene Nkhani Yokhudza Ufulu Wanu Inakhalira Chitsanzo cha Padziko Lonse

Zikhalidwe za Atsamunda ndi Malonda a ku America

Pamene United States inatulukira kukhala ulamuliro wa dziko lonse m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi la 20, zikalata zake zokhazikitsidwa zinatchuka padziko lonse. Mayiko ambiri amene anapambana ufulu wa dziko la United States, makamaka ku Latin America, Africa, ndi Asia, anayang'ana ku Constitution ya U.S. ndi Bill of Rights monga njira yotetezera ufulu wa anthu pamene anali kukhazikitsa ufulu wosasinthasintha. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a boma la Philippines la 1987 anaphatikizapo malamulo aakulu a ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu otsatidwa pa U.S. Mpatuko, pamene unali kusonkhezeredwa ndi miyambo ya ku Britain, inaphatikizapo ufulu wodzilamulira (Apicles 12-35) womwe ukufanana ndi ufulu wa kukamba, kusonkhana, ndi kuteteza kwa bungwe, ndi kuyesa koyenera.

Gulu la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Anthu pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II

Nkhanza za nkhondo yadziko II zinathandiza gulu lapadziko lonse lokhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu. Tchata cha U.N. (1945) ndi Chikalata cha Universal Declaration (1948) zinakhudza nthumwi za ku miyambo yambiri yalamulo, koma nthumwi za ku America, zotsogozedwa ndi Eleanor Roosevelt ndi akuluakulu a boma, zinatsimikizira kuti Bill of Rights styrective malamulo aphatikizidwa. Mfundo zakuti U.S. Malamulo anali atasonyeza kale kuti chitetezo chotero chingakhalepo mkati mwa democracyism inapereka mphamvu ku ku kulowa kwawo. ICICPR, yolembedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma kuchokera ku malamulo ndi malamulo onse, inavomereza njira zotetezera ufulu wa anthu chifukwa chakuti adathandiza kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ufulu wa anthu.

Kuweruza ndi Ziphunzitso

Matanthauzo a Khoti Lapamwamba la Bill of Rights asonkhezeranso makhoti a mitundu yonse ndi mabungwe ogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, "kuwonekera ndi kuopsa kwapakalipa" kuchokera ku Scheck v. United States (1919) yodziŵitsidwa pambuyo pake khoti la Ulaya la ufulu wa kuletsa kulankhula. Chiphunzitso cha U.S. cha "nthaŵi, malo, ndi njira" zosonyezera mawu zasonyezedwa ndi Khoti la UST . Ziyeso zofufuzira ndi lamulo lotsegulira lamulo la [FLT:] MP. Ohioto ndi . (1961) ali ndi ziyenenezo m'mabungwe la European Courts .

Mavuto ndi Mayeso a Mlandu wa Ufulu Woyenerera

Pamene kuli kwakuti Bill of Rights yakhala yotchuka, osuliza amanena kuti kusumika maganizo kwake pa ufulu wa anthu kuli kosakwanira kaamba ka kuyang'anira ufulu wa anthu onse, chuma, chikhalidwe, ndi zoyenera za chikhalidwe, ndi zosoŵa za anthu osakhala a ku Western. UDHR ndi mapangano otsatirapo olinganiza ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wandale ndi ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu (kufunitsitsa kugwira ntchito, maphunziro, thanzi), zimene sizikupezeka pa Bill of Rights Rights. M’Afirikayo amaphatikizapo ufulu wa anthu kudzipha, kukulitsa, ndi mtendere. Akatswiri ena amaphunziro a za ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu anapangidwa m'nyengo ya ukapolo ndi ufulu wa anthu (kuchepa ndi kuchepetsa ufulu wa anthu). Chitetezo chake sichinapangirire kwa akazi, Eni America, kapena Afirika ena awonjezera kuchuluka kwa zigamu za kuchuluka kwa ziŵiro za dziko lonse. Ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake, ziwonjezo zakhala zongo zake zongo zake zachikezera zachikhalidwe chachikhalidwe chachikulu chachikulu cha dziko lonse.

Kumaliza

Boma la U.S. la Ufulu, ngakhale kuti linabadwa kuchokera ku nthaŵi yapadera ya mbiri ndi kugonja kwa ndale zadziko, linatchula mpambo wa ufulu waukulu umene unafala m'zaka mazana ambiri ndi makontinenti. Makonzedwe ake pa kulankhula, kusindikiza, chipembedzo, kufunafuna ndi kulanda, njira yoyenerera, ndi kuyesa kolungama kunakhala chigamulo cha ufulu wa anthu wa chibadwidwe ndi ufulu wandale za dziko lonse. Malamulo a mitundu yonse akupitiriza kusinthika, ngongole yake ku ku ku kuchuluka kwa ufulu wa anthu. Kuyang'ana mozama pa malemba a Bill Reformation of Rights, kuwonananso National Archives [FFF:] ndi . [0] Chingelezi: FUFULD: [UFULD]