Kumvetsetsa Madera a Electorial ndi Chiyambukiro Chawo pa Kuulutsa

Zigawo za Electoral ndizo maziko a maziko a demokrase yoimira. Voti iliyonse yoikidwa m'boma, boma, kapena m'chosankha cha kumaloko imachitikira m'dera lodziŵika limene limasankha mmodzi kapena kuposa oimira. Kaonekedwe, ukulu, ndi kupangidwa kwa madera ameneŵa kumasonyeza kuti ndi mawu a ndani amene amvedwa, amene amapanga magawo apadera, ndi mmene mphamvu imagawidwira pakati pa magulu andale. Osankha, aphunzitsi, ndi atsogoleri a boma omwe amasankhidwa mofanana, kuzindikira malungwe a masankhoti a masankho osankhidwa ndi oyenerera nkofunika kwambiri pozindikira mmene agwirizanitsira masankho m'sankho.

Kodi Madera a Electoral Nchiyani?

Zigawo za Electoral, zodziŵikanso monga ma contitue, mahatchi, kapena zipinda, ndi magawo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kusankhira oimira bungwe la malamulo. Chigawo chilichonse chinapangidwa kukhala ndi chiŵerengero chofanana cha nzika kotero kuti voti iliyonse ikhale ndi kulemera kofanana. M'zigawo chimodzi, wosankha amene amasankha mavoti ambiri amapambana malowo; m'zigawo zambiri, oimira angapo amasankhidwa kuchokera ku dera limodzilo kugwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana monga kuimira gulu kapena voti yosamutsira munthu mmodzi.

Magwero a Mbiri Yakale

Chiphunzitso cha kugawa gawo kukhala mavoti ndi mitu ya masankho nkalekale. Malamulo a m'zaka zapakati ku Ulaya anadalira pa malo oimira malo ndi malo a makoma ndi mayeso. Komabe, dongosolo lamakono linatulukira m’zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu monga madongosolo a democracy monga ofunikira kuimira koyenera. Malamulo a United States analamula kuti pakhale kugaŵidwa kwa mipando ya Nyumba pakati pa maiko ozikidwa pa anthu, ndipo lamulo la Briteni la Reformation la 1832 linayamba njira yogwiritsira ntchito kujambulanso masinthidwe a anthu. M'kupita kwa nthaŵi, mabungwe odzi apadera akhala otsimikizira kuti chigawo chikhalabe choyera ndi chooneka bwino.

Mitundu ya Madera a Electoral

Zigawo za Electoral zingagwirizanitsidwe ndi chiŵerengero cha oimira amene amasankhidwa. m'zigawo chimodzi , zogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko ambiri monga United States, United Kingdom, ndi Canada, zigawo zonse zosankhidwa ndi mmodzi, makamaka pansi pa dongosolo lapambuyo-pambuyo. [FLT:] [Magawo amodzi], Multi , wofala m'maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi Latin America, sankha aŵiri kapena kuposapo, akumagwiritsira ntchito kuimira. Madongosolo ena amaphatikiza: chitsanzo, ku Germany, kugwiritsira ntchito chitsanzo chosanganikirana pamene voti imodzi yoponya mpira pa chigawo ndi pa mpambo umodzi, ndi zipambano zoikidwa ndi zipambanitso zoyenerera.

Mbali ya Madera a Electoral mu Democracy Yoimira

Maboma a Electoral akutumikira ntchito zazikulu zingapo m'dongosolo la demokrase. Choyamba, amapereka kuimira kwa pulogalamu , kutsimikizira kuti chitaganya chilichonse chili ndi wochirikiza wodzipereka m'nyumba ya malamulo. Chachiŵiri, amakhazikitsa [ kuŵerengeka : opanga adziŵa amene ali woimira wawo ndi amene angavotere kapena kulowa mmalo mwa munthu amene wachita ntchito yake. Yachitatu, madera amalola kuti apeze nkhani za kumaloko, kuchokera ku sukulu yothandiza ntchito. Pomalizira pake, zigawo zimathandiza kulinganiza [FLT:] kugaŵanitsa ku magulu amodzi, popanda mphamvu iliyonse.

Komabe, zigawo zimene zimalemekeza malo achilengedwe ndiponso malire a anthu, zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi malamulo omvera malamulo oletsa kusiyanitsa mitundu kapena kutsalirana, anthu azilephera kuimirana ndipo anthu ena amalephera kuwakhulupirira.

Mmene Madera a Electoral Analengedwera: Njira Yobwezeretsa Magawo

Njira yojambula mapulogalamu a pulogalamu ya chigawo imadziwika kuti kukonza malo oyenera (kapena kuchepetsa m'mayiko ena). Zimachitika nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, makamaka pambuyo pa kuŵerengera kwa dziko, kusinthana kwa anthu. Masitepe ochitidwawo amasiyanasiyana mwa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi a dzikolo koma kaŵirikaŵiri amatsatira dongosolo lofananalo.

Kuŵerenga ndi Kudya

Chidziŵitso cholondola cha anthu ndicho maziko a kugaŵa chigawo. Mayiko ambiri amachita kalembera zaka khumi zilizonse, akusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chonena za kukula kwa anthu, msinkhu, fuko, ndi nyumba. Ku United States, kuŵerengera kwa Census Bureaution kumasankha kuti ndi mampando angati a msonkhano uliwonse amene amalandira kupyolera m'njira yotchedwa kugaŵidwa. Pambuyo pa kugaŵidwa, maaudindo a boma kapena makomiti a kudziimira paokha amakokera malire a chigawo chilichonse m’boma lililonse, kutsimikizira kuti chigawo chilichonse chili ndi ziŵerengero zofanana za anthu. Lamulo la "munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi" limafuna kuti kuswa kulingana kwangwiro kulungamitsidwa ndi zikondwerero zovomerezeka zalamulo, koma makhoti atsatira miyezo yolimba, makamaka kwa zigawo za boma.

Njira Yochepetsera Malingaliro

Kuwonjezera pa kulingana kwa anthu, mabungwe opanga malo amodzi amalingalira njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira zigawo zabwino ndi zothandiza.

  • Ubongo [1]: Magawo ayenera kukhala ogwirizana m'madera osiyanasiyana, kupeŵa mawonekedwe odabwitsa amene akusonyeza kuponderezedwa.
  • Udani [1] : Mbali iliyonse ya chigawo iyenera kukhala yolumikizidwa, yopanda zisumbu zotalikirana.
  • Mapangano a Chikondwerero [[FLT: 1]: Malamulo ayenera kulemekezana m'zachuma, chikhalidwe, kapena kugwirizana kwa mayanjano, monga ngati madera a mafuko kapena madera akumidzi.
  • Kuchinjiriza Ufulu Waung’ono [[FLT:]: M'maiko ambiri, zigawo siziyenera kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuvota ya anthu a mafuko kapena a zinenero zina. Ku United States, Couting Rights Act imaletsa makonzedwe a chigawo amene mwadala kapena mwachipambano amaletsa osankha ochepa.
  • Fairness : Maiko ena amafuna kuti zigawo zisamakopeke ndi chipani chinachake kapena kukondera.

Malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsana. Mwachitsanzo, chigawo cholumikizidwa chingagawanitse chitaganya chogwirizana, pamene chigawo cholinganizidwa kugwirizanitsa chitaganya sichingakhale chogwirizana. Mabungwe okonza zinthu ayenera kulinganiza malondawa, ndipo zosankha zawo kaŵirikaŵiri zimayang'anizana ndi chitokoso cha lamulo.

Kulamulira kwa Malamulo kwa Independent Commissions

Amene amapanga malirewo ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu la chilungamo. M’mayiko ambiri, kukonzanso maulamuliro kumayendetsedwa ndi chipani cha ulamuliro m'nyumba yoyamwitsa, chimene chimayambitsa nkhondo yachibadwa ya chikondwerero. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kuyendetsa dala mizera ya zigawo kuti zikhale ndi phindu lapadera. Kulimbana ndi zimenezi, chiŵerengero chomawonjezereka cha maulamuliro chatembenukira ku [FLT: 0] ku ntchito zamwambo zothandizira anthu. Mabungwe ameneŵa, opangidwa ndi nzika kapena akatswiri amene sali oyang'anira ntchito zamakono, cholinga cha kujambula mapu ozikidwa pa mfundo za ndale popanda zotsatirapo kanthu. Zitsanzo za California . Zitsanzo za . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kusintha kwa Madera a Electoral pa Zopangapanga ndi Zosankha

Ngakhale kusintha pang’ono kwa malire a malire kungachititse kuti anthu a m’chigawocho asinthe maganizo awo pa nkhani zandale, ndipo zimenezi zingasinthe chipani kapena gulu la anthu.

Kusintha ndi Kugwirizana

Machigawo ojambula bwino amene amapanga ovota odzimva kukhala ogwirizana ndi oimira awo angawonjezere kubwerera kwawo. Pamene ogwirizanawo aona chigawo chawo monga chitaganya chogwirizana ndi zikondwerero za ena, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kutengamo mbali m'masankho ndi kulankhulana ndi woimira wawo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zigawo zopikisana kwambiri zingasonkhezere kutembenukira kwambiri chifukwa chakuti voti iliyonse imalingalira kukhala yotsimikiza, pamene kuli kwakuti zigawo zotetezeka (pamene gulu limodzi) likhoza kuchepetsa pangano. Maphunziro a [FLT: 0] Brennan Center ya Justice Yapeza kuti gerryderder imachepetsa chiŵerengero cha mipando ya mpikisano, kutsogolera ku kubweretsa chivoti chotsika.

Ubwino wa Kugaŵana ndi Kusintha

Gerrymanindering ndilo kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya chigawo. Kumatenga mitundu iŵiri yaikulu: kuyang'anira madera angapo, kutaya mavoti awo. Machenjera aŵiri amalola gulu la ochirikiza a gulu kupambana chiŵerengero cha mipando yogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, gulu limene limapambana 52% ya boma la dziko lonse likhoza kuteteza 60% wa mipando ngati mapu akukokedwa. Khoti lalikulu la United States likhoza kulola gulu la anthu kugonjetsa mavoti ofiira kupambana. Mabungwe aŵiriwa kupambana kuti apambane chiŵerengero cha mipando yogwirizana ndi kugawa. [Fod] Zigamu zake zomveka bwino. Zigamu za boma zogwirizanazo: [5]

Njira Yodziŵira ndi Yochitira Mkupiti

Kuchuluka kwa anthu m’chigawo china kumasonyeza kuti oyembekezera kulowa m'chigawocho ndi mmene angachitire kampeni. M'chigawo chachikulu cha Democratic kapena Republican, chisankho chachikulu kaŵirikaŵiri ndicho mpikisano woopsa, kukakamiza oyembekezera kufunsira ku chigawo cha mpikisano. M’chigawo cha mpikisano, oyembekezera kuyembekezera ayenera kuchepetsa mauthenga awo kuti apambane ndi osankhidwa. Malo achigawo amakhudzanso kusonkhetsa ndalama: m'mipando yotetezeka m’mipando yotetezeka angawonjezere ndalama mosavuta, pamene kuli kwakuti otsutsa m’zigawo zokwezedwa amayang'anizana ndi nkhondo yokwera chigawo. Kuwonjezerapo, redivingle zingakakamidwe m'chigawo chomwecho, kupanga nkhondo zazikulu zimene zimachepetsa mawu abwino.

Kuimira Kung’ono ndi Kusangalatsa kwa Anthu

Madera a Electoral ali ndi chiyambukiro champhamvu pa kuimira kwa fuko, fuko, ndi zinenero zaing'ono. Pansi pa Chikalata cha Zosankha, maulamuliro okhala ndi mbiri ya tsankho ayenera kuyambitsa zigawo zambiri za anthu osankhidwa ochepa ngati achuluka ndi malo ena. Machigawo ameneŵa amathandiza anthu ochepa kusankha oyembekezera kulowa m'dzikolo. Komabe, kuikizira anthu ochepa m'chigawo chimodzi kukhozanso kuchepetsa chisonkhezero chawo mwa kutaya mavoti awo amene angathandizire osankhidwa ngati oyembekezera m'chigawo chapafupi. Kulimbana pakati pa kupereka matanthauzo (otsatira a gulu la otchuka) ndi kuimira anthu otsalirapo a m'gulu la anthu osagwirizana (kusintha malamulo a m'dziko) kumakhalanso nkhani yaikulu m'malamulo osintha. [FLD: FUT]

Mavuto ndi Mabwalo a Malo a Malo Osungirako Athu

Ngakhale pansi pa malamulo abwino koposa, osankhidwa a m’chigawo amayang’anizana ndi zitokoso zosalekeza zimene zimawopseza zolinga za demokrase.

Kukwera Malo: Kudumpha ndi Kupachika

Mosasamala kanthu za malamulo ndi zigamulo za khoti, kuyendetsa kocholoŵana kukupitiriza. Kupita patsogolo m'kutumiza mapepala kumalola openda mapulaneti mamiliyoni ambiri kutsanzira mapu ndi kusankha amene amawonjezera phindu la oloŵa mmalo pamene akuwonekera kukhala wosaloŵerera. imeneyi [[FLT:] algothmaric germerming gerlming imakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kwa makhoti kuwona kutsutsa mwadala chifukwa chakuti mapu alionse angalungamidwe ndi malamulo auchete. Osintha zinthu akutsutsa a kutsutsa kuti mabungwe odziimira okha ndi miyezo yomveka bwino, yokhoza kuletsa kupotoza zimenezi.

Mavuto a M’malamulo ndi Milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu

Kusintha zolinga za kukonza malamulo kumaperekedwa mobwerezabwereza. Ku United States, 2020 mzera wa kuŵerenga anthu unakhala ndi milandu yambiri yonena za ufuko kapena kuphwanya malamulo, kuphwanya malamulo a Voting Rights Act. Khoti Lapamwamba la 2019 linagamula kuti Chiweruzo cha Chisawawa motsimikiza kuti khomo la khomo la boma litsekereze mapangano a boma, kuchotsa zikalata za boma za ufulu wa oletsa kuyendetsa, kutsegulira malo ankhondo ku khoti la boma. Makhoti ena aakulu achitapo mamepu monga kuswa malamulo a boma, kutsogolera ku ku kutsutsana kwalamulo kumene kungachedwetsa mabwalo ndi kusokoneza. M'mayiko ena odziimira, mabungwe a zandale akudziko salephera kuukira boma.

Kusintha kwa Anthu ndi Kutumizidwa ku Dziko

Kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu kwa mwamsanga kungachititse zigawo kukhala zosalingana pakati pa kuŵerenga anthu. M'mayiko amene sasintha kaŵirikaŵiri, madera a m’mizinda angachedwe kuchepa pamene madera akumidzi akusintha kwambiri. Vuto limeneli, lodziŵika monga kusagwirizana kwa munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, malire a United Kingdom amachitika zaka zisanu ndi zitatu mpaka khumi ndi ziŵiri, koma kuchedwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwachititsa kuti anthu asiyane. Maboma ena ku United States akhazikitsa lamulo lalamulo la kufiira kwa munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, malire a United Kingdom auniza kuyang'anira zaka zisanu ndi zitatu mpaka khumi ndi ziŵiri, koma kuchedwa kwachititsa kuti anthu asiyane. Mayi ena a ku United States akhazikitsa lamulo loti atsatidwe pambuyo pa masankhoti onse kuti asunge kulingana, koma zimenezi n’kasoŵa.

Kuzindikira Anthu Onse ndi Maphunziro

Ovota ambiri samadziŵa mmene malire a chigawo amakhudzira kuimira kwawo. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri a ku America sangadziŵe chigawo chawo kapena kapangidwe kake. Kusazindikira kumeneku kumapeputsa andale zadziko kuti agwiritse ntchito mapu popanda kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ena. Maprogramu a maphunziro a CBICO amene amafotokoza njira yofufuzira ndi kusonyeza mphamvu ya gegerrymerdering n’zofunika kuti apeze mapu oyenera. Mabungwe onga National Conference of Legistrations [1]

Mmene Dziko Lonse Limaonera Zinthu: Mmene Mayiko Osiyanasiyana Amasamalirira Madera a M’madera Osiyanasiyana

Ngakhale kuti mfundo yaikulu ya zigawo zosankhidwa ndi voti ili ya padziko lonse, mayiko amasiyana kwambiri mmene amafotokozera malire, amalinganiza chiŵerengero cha anthu molingana ndi mmene anthu alili ndi chitaganya, ndipo amatsimikizira kuti akuimira anthu mwachilungamo.

United States

Malamulo a boma ndi zigawo za malamulo amapangidwa ndi mabwalo a malamulo a boma m’mayiko ambiri, ngakhale kuti chiŵerengero chomawonjezereka cha anthu amagwiritsira ntchito ntchito mabungwe apadera. Njirayi njofanana kwambiri ndi yanzeru. Magawo ayenera kukhala ofanana kwambiri kwa anthu, koma kugwirizana ndi anthu a zikondwerero sizikutsata kwambiri. Chikalata cha Voting Rights Act chimafunikira chisamaliro chapadera kwa anthu a mafuko ochepa. Chotsatirachi chimakhala njira imene kaŵirikaŵiri imayambitsa tsankho lopambanitsa ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha mipando yotetezereka.

United Kingdom

United Kingdom imagwiritsira ntchito makhonsati anayi a malire (a England, Scotland, Wales, ndi Northern Ireland) kukopa mapangano a Nyumba ya Commons . Mabungwewo amatsatira malamulo a anthu ofanana, kugwirizana, ndi kulemekeza malire a kumaloko (monga ngati masunamishoni ndi zipinda). Nyumba ya malamulo iyenera kuvomereza zikalata zomalizira, koma kukanidwa nkosoŵa. Dongosololi nlochepa kwambiri kuposa ku United States, ngakhale kuti kuli kusuliza madera a mizinda.

Canada

Maboma a bungwe la osantalala a Canada, otchedwa ngolo, amakokedwanso zaka khumi zirizonse ndi maoda odziimira pa malire , opangidwa ndi woweruza ndi ziŵalo zina ziŵiri zoikidwa ndi mkulu wa osankhidwa. Makomitiwo akupereka milandu yapoyera ndipo ayenera kulingalira kulingana kwa anthu (mololera 7625% m’zochitika zapadera), midzi ya chikondwerero, ndi mbali za malo. Parsan in projective imavomerezedwa kwambiri.

Germany

Germany amagwiritsira ntchito njira ya chigawo chosanganikirana. Dzikolo limagaŵidwa kukhala magawo 299 a chigawo chimodzi, koma mpando womalizira wa mipando mu Bundestag wasinthidwa kupyolera mwa ndandanda ya magawo kuti apeze kuimira kolinganiza m'dziko lonselo. Malire a chigawo amapangidwa ndi Federal Regation Government, potengera kulingana kwa anthu, kulingana, ndi ulemu ku malire a boma. Chifukwa chakuti mipambo ya mipatuko ya malire ya chigawo, gerrydering ili ndi chiyambukiro chochepa pamlingo wa Kroset, ngakhale kuti ikhozabe kuyambukira zimene ofunsirawondawo amasankhidwa.

Tsogolo la Madera a Electoral: Zaluso ndi Kusintha

Pamene luso lopanga mapu likukula ndipo anthu akuzindikira zambiri, mkangano wonena za mmene angapangire madera osankhira zinthu mwachilungamo ukukula.

Kuchepetsa Malamulo a Aligoliti

Maalamu a kompyuta tsopano angapange mapu zikwizikwi a chigawo m'mphindi, kupanga maluso onga ngati kugwirizana, kulingana kwa anthu, kapena chilungamo. Zimenezi zimalola ochirikiza ndi ochirikiza kusonyeza kuti mapu osankhidwa ndi bungwe la malamulo ndi osakhala ndi mapulogalamu apadera / kulimba kwa mapulogalamu otsatizana kapena olakwika kwambiri kuposa ena. Makhoti ayamba kulandira umboni wosonyeza kuti munthu wadala ndi wochita pulogalamu. Komabe, maajensi ali okha ngati satenga mbali pa mfundo zawo; ngati malamulowo ali olakwika, mfundozo zidzakhalanso zoyera. Makonzedwe a magetsi ndi kufufuza kwa anthu nkofunika kwambiri.

Kusintha

Magulu owonjezereka ochirikiza kusintha kwa mabungwe kuti achepetse mphamvu ya kujambula mzera wa chigawo. Izi zimaphatikizapo:

  • Mabungwe osintha malo oikika okhala ndi zitsogozo zomveka, zokakamiza ndi zoletsa kugawana chidziŵitso.
  • [[FLT :0] Zigawo za muluti [1] kugwiritsira ntchito kuimira kwa ndandanda kapena voti yosankhidwa, zimene zingathetse kufunika kwa zigawo za chigawo chimodzi zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta.
  • Kuvota kwapadera ndi kuchuluka kwa mavoti osankhidwa (voti yokhoza kusamutsidwa yokha) imalola ovota kusanthula madeti, kutsimikizira kuti mipandoyo imasonyeza kukonda kwa osankhidwa mmalo mwa kuchuluka kwa malo a ochirikiza.
  • Kukhazikitsa lamulo la Kutulutsa Ufulu kulongosola miyezo ya ufuko ndi gawo logaŵanitsa.

Maiko ena, monga New Zealand ndi Ireland, atengera makhonsati a malire adziko ndi zigawo za madera osiyanasiyana chipambano chachikulu.

Kumaliza

Zigawo za Electoral siziri mizera yauchete pa mapu . Zida zamphamvu zimene zimapanga mphamvu ya ndale zadziko, kutomerana, ndi kuimira. Kumvetsetsa mmene madera amapangidwira, malamulo amene ayenera kuwatsogolera, ndi nkhanza zimene zingachitike nzofunika kwa aliyense wotengamo mbali mu demokrase. Monga momwe luso la zopangapanga ndi anthu limasintha, kufunika kwa madongosolo ooneka bwino, oyenera, ndi oŵerengera. Zorts, aphunzitsi, ndi opanga malamulo ayenera kukhalabe maso, kusonkhezera kukonzanso mipando imene imaika anthu patsogolo pa phindu la chisankho. Kokha mwakufuna anthu osankhidwa ndi kutsimikizira kuti mavoti onse afunikadi.