Unansi pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi ufulu wa boma wakhala chipwirikiti chachikulu kwa alamuliridwe a America chiyambire kukhazikitsidwa. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza tanthauzo lenileni la malamulo a boma pa ulamuliro wa boma, kupenda zochitika za m'mbiri, malamulo osintha zinthu, zigamulo za khoti Lapamwamba, ndi mikangano yapanthaŵi ino imene ikupitirizabe kugwirizanitsa kugaŵidwa kwa ulamuliro ku United States.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Mafuko

Dongosolo la ku America la ulamuliro wa aŵiri linabadwa ndi kulolerana pakati pa ochirikiza dziko limene anafuna boma lalikulu ndi awo amene anawopa mphamvu zamphamvu. The Arpes of Confederation (1781-1789) inapanga boma lofooka, kusiyira ulamuliro waukulu ndi maboma. Kulephera kwake . Kulephera kwake kukhoma msonkho, kuyendetsa malonda, kapena kusungitsa gulu lankhondo loima ku Msonkhano wa Malamulo wa 1787.

Ntchito ya Malamulo

Malamulo anakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma lokhala ndi maulamuliro oŵerengerana mu limene linaperekedwa ku boma la dziko (Artle I, Chigawo 8), pamene Kusintha kwa khumi kukakhala kwa maulamuliro ena onse kapena anthu. James Madison, kulemba mu Federalist No. [45 ], anatsutsa kuti maulamuliro a boma akakhala “aaatsopano ndi ofotokozedwa, pamene kuli kwakuti maulamuliro a boma adzakhala“ achiŵerengero ndi osatha. Komabe, gululi, lakhala likutsutsana ndi kumasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito.

Vuto la Kuthetsa Matenda ndi Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni

Chitokoso choyamba chachikulu ku ulamuliro wa boma chinabwera pa nthaŵi ya Nullification Crisis ya 1832-33, pamene South Carolina inalengeza malamulo a boma a boma otha ndi opanda kanthu m'malire ake. Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson anawopseza gulu lankhondo, ndipo kulolera molakwa kunathetsa nkhondoyo , koma funso lakuti kaya maboma akanakana lamulo la boma popanda kukana mpaka nkhondo ya Civil War. Chilakiko ndi Reconmendments (ma 13th, 14 ndi 15) zinakulitsa kwambiri mphamvu ya boma, makamaka chitsimikizo cha 14th Amendment of Americanment of the trand trandment ya chitetezo ndi maprogramuction, chimene pambuyo pake chinakhala maziko a kutetezera kwambiri malamulo a Chisungiko a Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha Chisungi.

Malamulo Olamulira Ofunika Amene Anasintha Ulamuliro wa Boma

M’mbiri yonse ya America, njira zazikulu za boma zafutukula ulamuliro wa dzikolo pamene zikutulutsa kukana kuchokera ku maboma.

Kulimbana Kwatsopano ndi Magwirizano Ogwirizana

Franklin D. Roosevelt programu za New Deal . "Nkhani Yapamwamba Yoyamba Kuchoka ku Social Decurity mpaka ku National Labor Relations Act . Maboma adafunikira kuyendetsa maprogramu ambiri a boma, kaŵirikaŵiri pansi pa miyezo ya boma, m'zitsanzo zofotokozedwa monga“ boma la boma. . . Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa malamulo angapo a New Deal (m. g., [[FLT]]] Scheter Poultry v. United States, 1935), koma pambuyo pa zaka za kuphunzitsidwa kwa khoti 1937 ndi kufunkha, Bwalo linachirikiza mphamvu ya boma pansi pa Court pansi pa Cooperation . Nthaŵi imeneyi inayala maziko a boma lamakono ndi kugwirizanitsa boma la boma la boma la United States (kuyendetsa ndalama za m'makwawawawawawawa).

Lamulo la 1964 la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Chikalata cha Covil Rights Act chinachotsedwa m'mayanjano a boma. Chinaletsa tsankho m'malo ogona a boma, ntchito, ndi maprogramu oyendetsedwa ndi boma . Kuchirikiza Jim Crow m'mayiko a Kummwera. Chikalatachi chinadalira pa zonse ziŵiri Commerce Clause (Tit II) ndi Hagnerpment (Tit VI). [Kumbuyo kwa ku Atlanta Motel v. United States [1964], Khoti Yapamwamba inachirikiza Mtengo Wachiwiri, ikutsimikizira kuti Nyumba ya Mabungwe achinsinsi ingathe kulamulira mabizinesi oloŵerana malonda ogwirizana pakati pa Costation. Chigamuchigamuchichichi chapamwamba ndi malamulo okakamiza kukonza malamulo a boma. Komabe, chinayambitsanso kuipidwa mtima pakati pa ochirikiza ufulu wa maboma amene boma lina linatsutsa ufulu wa boma.

Kufutukuka kwa Maere ndi Kachitidwe Kabwino Kosamalira

Act ya Affordcuble Care (ACA) ya 2010 inachita malo atsopano. Lamulo linafuna kuti Medicaid awonjezere mphamvu ya dzikolo kufika pa 138% ya mlingo wa umphaŵi wa boma kapena kutsala pangozi yotaya ndalama zonse za boma za Medicaid. Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius (202], Khoti Lalikulu linalamula kuti chiwopsezo chimenechi chinali chosagwirizana ndi boma, chomwe chimapangitsa kuwonjezereka mwaufulu. Monga 2025, maboma khumi sanakulitse Mdid, kupanga masinthidwe aakulu a zaumoyo. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza mmene Khotilo nthaŵi zina linapimira boma posunga boma lopanda chitetezo.

Malamulo a Zachilengedwe ndi Boma Likutsutsa

Federal Fact . . . ilo ndilo lamulo la Cease Air Act , Secreat ya National Policy , National Environmental Policy Act , imene kaŵirikaŵiri imachotsa malamulo a boma. United States mofanana ndi California, i anapatsidwa ulamuliro wapadera pansi pa Ceaoc Air Act kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kutulutsa mpweya, yatsogolera njira, koma ina yatsutsa malamulo a boma. Obama-era Clean Power Plan (2015), imene cholinga chake n’kuchepetsa kutulutsa carbon kuchokera ku ziwitso za mphamvu za dziko, kuyang'anizana ndi milandu 27 isanakhazikitsidwe ndi Khoti Lapamwamba. Brump anaichotsa ndi malamulo obwezeretsako miyezo ya Bhinde. Kusintha kwa malamulo aumoyo kuwonjezera mavuto pakati pa zolinga za dziko ndi mphamvu za boma.

Lamulo la Maphunziro: Kuchokera pa Mwana Wosabadwa Kufika ku Essa

Child No Lend Bay Act (2001) chinaimira mbali yaikulu kwambiri ya boma mu K-12, kufunitsa maboma kupereka ziyeso zoyenerera ndi kukwaniritsa ziŵiya zaluso posinthanitsa ndi ndalama za boma. Maboma ambiri anadandaula za kuchenjera kwa boma ndi zifuno zosavomerezedwa. Ophunzira Onsewo anabwerera ku ulamuliro waukulu ku maiko ndi madera, kuchoka ku ku kuŵerengera kwa boma ndi kugamula mlandu. Malamulo ameneŵa amasonyeza mmene malamulo a boma angakulitsire ponse paŵiri ndi kuwonjezera ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma kudalira pa mphamvu zandale.

Chizindikiro cha Milandu Yapansi Yosonyeza Kulinganiza Mphamvu

Khoti Lalikulu latumikira monga wochirikiza ulamuliro wa boma, likumamasulira Constitution kusandutsa malire a ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma. Milandu yotsatirayi ikuimira mfundo zazikulu zosinthira.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Lingaliro la Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall linakhazikitsa malamulo amaziko aŵiri: kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo iri ndi mphamvu zoposa zimene zinatchulidwa (zochokera ku Claus Wamuukwati ndi Woyenerera), ndikuti boma silingakhoze kukhoma msonkho boma (chifukwa chakuti “mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho imaloŵetsapo mphamvu yakuwononga”). Nkhani imeneyi inachirikiza ukulu wa boma ndi kupereka mafotokozedwe aakulu a ulamuliro wa boma amene akagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Nkhani imeneyi inalongosola mphamvu ya Congress pa malonda a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, pokhulupirira kuti imakhudzanso ntchito zonse zamalonda zimene zimadutsa mizera ya boma kapena kukhudza boma lina. Chigamulocho chinachepetsa mphamvu ya sitima zamphamvu za ku New York ndi kukhazikitsa chitsanzo cha ntchito yaikulu ya zamalonda za Claus jurispulnce .

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Kwa nthaŵi yoyamba m'zaka pafupifupi 60, Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa lamulo la boma . ." Gun-Free School Zones Act . kwa kupitirira mphamvu ya Congress Communist Claus . Khoti linagamula kuti kukhala ndi mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu sikunayambukire kwenikweni malonda a dziko. Leopaz [1] (1997), imene inamenya lamulo lofuna boma ndi lamulo la kumaloko loyang’anira kuyang'anira kugula mfuti.

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202)

Monga momwe taonera, mlanduwu unachirikiza lamulo la ACA monga msonkho koma unathetsa chilango cha kufutukuka kwa Medicaid. Chigamulocho chinagogomezeranso kuti Commerce Claus samapereka chilolezo kukakamiza anthu kugula chinthu (inshuwalansi ya kuchiritsa), chimene chinali chilolezo cha boma chamtsogolo chochepa. Chigamulocho chinali kulolera kovuta kwambiri komwe kunasungitsa kusintha kwa thanzi pamene kunali kutsimikizira malamulo a boma pa kukakamiza maboma.

Shelby County v. Hoker (203)

Pa chigamulo chimene chinaperekedwa ndi bungwe la Court Court, khoti linaletsa lamulo la Court Rights Act ya 1965, lomwe linafuna kuti mayiko ena ndi madera ena akhazikike kaye kuti boma likhazikitse malamulo ovomerezeka asanasinthe malamulo ovota. Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts ananena kuti njirayi inali yozikidwa pa zinthu zakale ndipo inaphwanya “uchifumu wolingana wa maboma. Chigamulochi chinasokoneza kwambiri boma lapasadakhale ndi kuyambitsa ziletso zatsopano zopangira mavoti, kusonyeza mmene lamulo lachiweruzo lingasinthire mphamvu kwambiri ku mayikowo.

Madobs ndi mkazi wina dzina lake Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

Chigamulo cha Khotilo cha kugwetsa Roe v. Wade [FLT :1] [77] . ndi [FLT :] Parents . Casey . Casey [199] [199] anabweza lamulo la kuchotsa mimba ku maboma. Chigamulocho chinayambitsa malamulo: malamulo ena oikidwa pafupi ndi zonse zoletsa, ena amatetezera kuchotsa mimba, ndi kuchotsa mimba pa ulendo ndi mankhwala akuchotsa zikupitirizabe. MaDods a masiku ano ndi chitsanzo chamakono cha khoti lokhudza ulamuliro wa devo lokhudza nkhani yaikulu ya kuzungulira, ndi kuchuluka kwa dziko la zaumoyo wa anthu.

Kutsutsana Kopitirizabe m’Kulamulira kwa Pambuyo Pake

Kusagwirizana pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi ufulu wa boma kukupitirizabe pafupifupi pambali iliyonse ya malamulo.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Ngakhale kuti boma lakhazikitsa chida cha cannabis monga Shedynal Ine wolamulira pansi pa Chikalata Cholamulira Chachikulu, oposa maboma 20 alola kuloledwa ndi zosangulutsa za mbava, ndipo pafupifupi 40 amalola kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mankhwala. Department of Justice yalola kwambiri kutsata lamulo kupyolera mndandanda wa terranda (kuyamba ndi 2013 Cole Mee Meeting), koma mkanganowo sutha. Makampani a boma a Cannabis amayang'anizana ndi ngozi ya boma ya kutsendereza, ziletso zosunga ndalama, ndi zopinga za msonkho. Zoyesayesa zaposachedwapa za kubwezeretsa chamba (zotchulidwa ndi DEA mu 2024) zingachepetse mpata, koma mkangano waukulu wa bomawo ukupitirizabe.

Mizinda Yoyera ndi Kusamuka

Maboma ndi mizinda imene imachepetsa kugwirizana ndi maulamuliro a boma oloŵa m’dziko akhala akutsutsana ndi boma kwa zaka zambiri. Boma la Trump linayesa kukana kupereka mphatso za boma pa “maboma a boma”, koma makhoti kwakukulukulu anatsekereza zoyesayesa zimenezi. Mabungwe a Biden anathetsa malamulo ambiri osungitsa anthu koma alimbana ndi zitokoso zake za lamulo kuchokera ku maboma amene amatsutsa mfundo yakuti boma ndi boma lingatsutse ntchito ya boma, ngakhale pamene kusamuka kuli mbali ya ulamuliro wa boma.

Maboma Ofuna Thanzi la Onse ndi Katemera Ayamba

Mliri wa Covid-19 unasonkhezera kachitidwe ka boma kosayerekezereka . Kuchokera ku ziletso za ulendo ku majeremusi awoawo. Pamenepa maboma a Biden adakhazikitsa mphamvu zawo zaumoyo wa anthu. Muyezo wangozi wa OSHE adafuna kuti mabwana aakulu apereke mankhwala kapena kuyesedwa ugwetsedwe ndi Khoti Lalikulu ku National Federation of Independent Business v. OSA[FLT] [2022]. Maboma onga Texas ndi Florida analetsa makampani a boma kulamula kuti adziike makampani a boma aikire, ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti athetse amene amalamulira malamulo a zaumoyo. Mlikiti ya kuwonjezeka kwa bungwe la boma la United States .

Kuthamangitsidwa kwa Boma ndi Autonomy Yakumaloko

Muyalo wina wa kucholoŵana uli m'maboma. Malamulo ambiri a boma ayamba kutha kwambiri malamulo a kumaloko . "pa malipiro ochepa, kuyang'anira, kuletsa matumba apulasitiki, uyang'aniro wa apolisi, ndi kuteteza kwa boma kuti likhale lofanana. Kulimbana kumeneku nthaŵi zina kumatchedwa kuti “kutha kwa poyamba,” kumasonyeza kuti mkangano wokhudza kugaŵidwa kwa mphamvu zamphamvu sikuli chabe pa ubale wa boma koma kumaphatikizaponso mikangano ya boma. Mwachitsanzo, kuletsa kwa Missouri malamulo a boma (ochitidwa mu 2021) kuchititsa nkhondo zalamulo ndi boma kuwonjezera pa Lachiwiri Demendment.

Ntchito ya Mkulu wa Alonda a Boma

Maloya aakulu a boma akhala ochirikiza kwambiri nkhondo za boma, akumakhazikitsa milandu ya boma mochulukirachulukira pa zochita za boma. Pansi pa zonse ziŵiri boma ndi Democratic, magulu a maboma atsutsa malamulo a malo okhala, malamulo oloŵera m’dziko, malamulo a zaumoyo, ndi njira za maphunziro. Malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amatulukapo malamulo a dziko lonse amene amaletsa lamulo la boma kuletsa kugwira ntchito pamlingo wa dziko lonse.

Kuyang’ana Kutsogolo: Tsogolo la Federalism

Kulinganiza pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi ufulu wa boma sikuli kokhazikika; kumasintha ndi magulu andale osinthasintha, mapangano achiweruzo, ndi malingaliro a anthu. Zochititsa zingapo zidzayambukira kuyendetsa. Ambiri a Khoti Lapamwamba asonyeza chikondwerero m'kukhazikitsa malire a mphamvu ya boma, monga momwe kuwonekera mu West Virginia v. EPA[FLD:1] [2022], zimene zimachepetsa mphamvu ya EPA yolamulira kutentha kwa mpweya pansi pa Divior Act. Khoti ya kulandira kwa “mayo mafunso ” imafuna kuti msonkhanowo alankhule bwino pamene akukhazikitsa machitidwe aakulu a zachuma ndi zandale. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chikhoza kuwonjezera malire a bungwe la dziko m'madera ngati a Kayendedwe ndi zaumoyo.

Pakali pano, kukonzanso kwa boma kukupitirizabe kukhazikitsa njira zoyendetsera ntchito. Mayiko achititsa kuti pakhale matchuthi olipira a banja, achinsinsi a zachinsinsi (m'jere, CCPA), uchete wa ku California, ndi kutentha kwa nyengo, ndi kutha kwa maboma “maluso a demokalase". (Chiganizo cha komiti Brandeis) chidakalibe mfundo yaikulu yolimbikitsira ufulu wa boma. Komabe, otsutsa amanena kuti dongosolo logaŵanika limayambitsa madesiki, mwachitsanzo, kuti achotsere, kapena a voti apezerenti, mfundo zoyenerera za boma n’zofunika kuzifotokoza.

Funso silili lakuti kaya malamulo a boma adzayambukira ufulu wa boma, koma mmene ziyambukirozo zidzakambitsidwira. Yankho limadalira pa kumasulira kwalamulo, chifuniro cha ndale zadziko, ndi kuthetsedwa kwa zifuno za dziko losiyana. Pamene United States ikuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano . Kuchokera ku malamulo opanga luntha kufikira mliri wotsatira . Nkhani ya maziko ya ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma idzakhalabe pakati pa ulamuliro wa Amereka.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa maziko alamulo a chigwirizano, onani ndandanda ya [FLT: 0] Constitution Annoted: Demendment ya Tenuth . Kupenda zigamulo zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lalikulu pa mphamvu ya boma, Project ya chigwirizano cha boma imapereka malongosoledwe atsatanetsatane. Conference of Legastitus