Chikalata cha Good Wear Agreement (GFA), chomwe chinasainidwa pa April 10, 1998, chinasintha kwambiri m'mbiri ya Northern Ireland, ndipo chinatha zaka makumi atatu za nkhondo zachiwawa zodziŵika kuti mavuto. Pamene kuli kwakuti zipambano zake zoyambirira zinali zandale ndi zalamulo . Zopanga zake zinali zandale ndi kugaŵana kwa mphamvu, kuteteza ufulu wa anthu, ndi kuteteza malo otetezerako a anthu. Lerolino, chisonkhezero cha GFA pa thanzi la anthu chikuonekera kwambiri kuchepetsa thanzi la anthu. Malamulo audindo audindo aumoyo, kulumikizidwa, ndi kugwirizana kwawo kunayala maziko a kusintha dongosolo la zaumoyo limene linagaŵikana m'zikana, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchotsapo kuukira kwa ndale, ndi kuukira kwa ndale zandale, kupitirizabe kuukira m'dera la Bretiko, ndi kufalikira kwa kufalikira kwa kufalikira kwa zipatala.

Kumbuyo: Zaumoyo ndi Mavuto

Asanachite GFA, dongosolo la zaumoyo la Northern Ireland linaonetsa chitaganya chake chogaŵanika. Troubles (1968-1988) zinapha anthu oposa 3,500 ndi kuvulala zikwi makumi ambiri, ndi zipsera zakuya za m’maganizo. Mautumiki athanzi kaŵirikaŵiri anaperekedwa m'malo osaloledwa, ndi Aprotesitanti ndi Akatolika akuloŵa m'zipatala zosiyanasiyana kapena zipatala, nthaŵi zina chifukwa cha nkhaŵa za malo kapena zowonedwa kukhala zotetezeka. Kugaŵa kumeneku kunayambitsa kuchepa kwa moyo m'madera osauka kwambiri Akatolika omwe ali ndi zaka zisanu kumbuyo kwa zigawo zotukuka za Aprotesitanti; ziŵerengero za ana akufa zinali zokulira m'madera ogwirira ntchito m'mayiko ena; ndipo mikhalidwe yosauka yonga ngati matenda a kupuma ndi matenda a mtima inali yofala kwambiri m’madera osoŵa anthu.

Ndiponso, mkati mwa nkhondo, njira zaumoyo za anthu zinasokonezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kusadalirana kwa ndale zadziko. Kugwirizana pakati pa mabungwe a zaumoyo otumikira midzi yosiyanasiyana kunali kofooka, ndipo zoyesayesa za kuthetsa zochititsa zazikulu za thanzi lodwala / mofanana ndi umphaŵi, nyumba, ndi kutsekedwa kwa anthu. GFA inaphimbidwa ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri. GFA inafuna kusintha kuti mwa kulingana kolimba ndi kulemekezana monga malamulo a makhalidwe abwino olamulira.

Kukonzekera Zaumoyo Mkati mwa Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu

Ngakhale kuti GFA si pangano la zaumoyo, inachititsa bungwe la omanga nyumba kuti ligwirizane pa zaumoyo wowoloka. Msonkhano wa ku North- South South Auntel , womwe unakhazikitsidwa pansi pa Strand II, umaphatikizapo mbali ina ya zaumoyo. Bungweli lathandiza kuti ntchito zonse zogwirizana kuchokera ku kufufuza kwa kansa kuyankha mwamsanga zigamulidwe. Kuwonjezera apo, chigwirizano cha mgwirizano pa ufulu wa anthu ndi kufanana chinatsogolera ku kukhazikitsa Northern Ireland Rights Rights Commis, imene yasonkhezera njira zaumoyo mwa kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zosakhala zauchigaŵenga. Bungwe la za ku Northern Ireland liyang'aniranso chigamulo cha 75 cha Northern Ireland Act , chimene chikufuna kuti anthu apezere bwino ndi kulingana kwa magulu andale.

Njira zimenezi zathandiza kwambiri kuyendetsa njira ya zaumoyo kuchokera ku njira ya kachitidwe ka mphamvu ya kanthire, ya tsoka kupita ku imene imaletsa ndi kulinganiza. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ya “Kupanga Moyo Wabwino” (2021-2023) imatchula mwachindunji masomphenya a GFA a chitaganya chimodzi, cholinga cha kuchepetsa mpata wa moyo pakati pa malo ambiri ndi osoŵapo ndi 50%.

Kuchepetsa Kusiyana kwa Makhalidwe a Zaumoyo

Chimodzi cha zotsatirapo zazikulu kwambiri za thanzi la anthu za GFA ndi kuchepa kwa kusagwirizana kwa thanzi pakati pa anthu a Chiprotestanti ndi Chikatolika. M’zaka makumi aŵiri zotsatira panganoli, moyo wa amuna ndi akazi omwe ku Northern Ireland unakwera ndi zaka zoposa zinayi, ndipo kusiyana pakati pa pakati pa zaka zapamwamba ndi zapamwamba kwambiri za zachuma ndi zachuma kwatsika. Kugwirizana kwa ku Northern Ireland Statistics ndi Agency (NISRA) kukusonyeza kuti pakati pa 2001 ndi 2021, kusiyana kwa moyo pakati pa zaka zambiri ndi zosakwanira pakati pa zaka zotsala pakati pa 8.4 ndi zina zosoŵa, ndi 7.1 kwa zaka 5.4 mpaka 5.4 kwa akazi.

Malamulo monga “programu ya Zaumoyo ndi Zachikhalidwe , , yomwe inayamba kuma 2000, inatsogolera zinthu zina kumadera osauka kwambiri. Malo ameneŵa "kaŵirikaŵiri amene anavutika kwambiri ndi mavuto [1] adakula ndi mautumiki oyambirira, zipatala zabwino, ndi maprogramu a zaumoyo a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuyambitsidwa kwa “Heathy Living Centrees ". m'madera onga West Belfast ndi Derry/Londonderry kunathandiza kupititsa patsogolo thanzi ndi kuyang'anira matenda osatha, kupititsa patsogolo anthu amene poyamba anali ndi mwayi wopeza chithandizo.

Chofunikanso nchakuti zopereka za zaumoyo zinawongokera. Mapilo a zaumoyo a Post-GFA, kufufuza kwa zaumoyo kunayamba kutengera chidziŵitso cha chipembedzo ndi chiyambi cha anthu, kulola opanga malamulo kuzindikira ndi kutchula bwino zinthu. Monga chotulukapo, kuloŵerera kwa ofufuza monga mapulogalamu a kusuta fodya m'malo a Akatolika a kuchuluka kwa anthu kapena kuopsa kwa mtima pofufuza m'magawo a Aprotestanti ogwira ntchito.

Kugwirizana kwa Magulu Opereka Thanzi

GFA inalimbikitsanso kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa mabungwe a zaumoyo otumikira madera osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust Trust tsopano inagawiridwa mautumiki omwe anagawidwapo kale pakati pa Royal Victoria Hospital (mwachikulu yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Akatolika) ndi City Hospital (yogwiritsiridwa ntchito mofala ndi Aprotestanti). Mautumiki apadera a kansa, karadiology, ndi chisamaliro cha kupsinjika maganizo achepetsa kujambula ndi zotulukapo zowongo za odwala. Kuchitidwa kwa ana onse kwa mtima kwa Akufa kwa Akufa m'magazi kochitidwa ku Dublin kwa odwala kuchokera ku Northern Ireland ndi Republic, kumasonyeza mmene kugwirizana kwa m'lingo kungathandizire ndi kuchepetsa ndalama.

Kusumika Maganizo pa Thanzi Lamaganizo

Mwinamwake palibe mbali ya thanzi la anthu yomwe inakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi GFA kuposa thanzi la maganizo. Mavuto anasiya choloŵa cha kupsinjika maganizo, ndi wachikulire mmodzi mwa asanu ku Northern Ireland amene akuvutika ndi zizindikiro za kupsinjika maganizo pambuyo pa kupsinjika maganizo (PTSD) kokhudzana mwachindunji ndi mkanganowo. Kupsinjika maganizo, nkhaŵa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa zinthu zinakula, makamaka m’madera amene anayang'anizana ndi mlingo waukulu wa chiwawa.

Pasanathe 1998, mautumiki a zaumoyo analenjezedwa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri sanafikirike, makamaka kwa awo amene anayambukiridwa mwachindunji ndi mkanganowo. Njira ya mtendere inasintha zimenezi mwa kupanga mkhalidwe wandale kumene thanzi la maganizo likakambidwa poyera. Nthaŵi yapadera inali Bamford Review ya Mental Health ndi Learning Disability [2006]), imene inavomereza kuchuluka kwa ntchito, kugogomezera chisamaliro chozikidwa pa chitaganya, kuloŵerera kwa mwamsanga, ndi kuyandikira kwa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu. Kupenda kumeneku kunatheketsedwa ndi chigwirizano cha m'magazi ndi kutsegunda ndi chiwonjeko cha GFA.

Kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama kotsatirapo kunachitikira kupangidwa kwa mautumiki operekedwa opatulidwa, monga ngati Wave Trauma Centre [1] ndi Northern Ireland Centre for Trauma ndi Chisinthiko [[FLT:]. Kumeneku, kunayambitsidwa mu 2000, kuyambitsa njira zothandizira kuyambitsa nkhondo yogwirizana ndi PTSD, yothandizira mayiko ambiri. Kuwonjezerapo, boma linayambitsa moyo Njira zotetezera kudzipha mu 2006, zimene zakonzedwanso nthaŵi zingapo ndipo tsopano zikuphatikizapo machitidwe apadera okhudza moyo wa anthu akale a m'gulu la makampani, mikhole, ndi maexvicemen, ndi mapulojekiti a mtendere.

Malo a zaumoyo a anthu awonjezeka kwambiri. Mu 2021-20222, ndalama zonse zothandizira anthu odwala matenda a maganizo ku Northern Ireland zinaposa $1 biliyoni kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, ngakhale kuti zilibe zotsika kwambiri kuposa m’madera ena a UK. Bungwe la ku Northern Ireland la Mental Health Champions Network, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 2018, likupitirizabe kulimbikitsa anthu kuti azilemekeza kwambiri maganizo awo ndi thanzi lawo.

Kudziloŵetsa m’Chigwirizano cha M’chitaganya ndi Kupititsa Patsogolo Thanzi

Malo a GFA a mgwirizano athandiza kwambiri anthu a zaumoyo. M’malo mosiya ntchito, makampani a zaumoyo amodzi, anayamba kugwira ntchito ndi anthu a m’madera akwawo komanso mabungwe odzifunira amene anachokera kwambiri. Njira imeneyi inakhala yothandiza kwambiri makamaka pankhani zaumoyo wovuta monga za kugonana, kuzindikira mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi chiwawa cha m’banja.

Mwachitsanzo, mkupiti wa “Kusintha Moyo Wanu” [FLT :1] anagwiritsira ntchito osonkhezera a kumaloko ndi ochirikiza amudzi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yathupi ndi kudya kwathanzi m'malo osakwanira, kuonetsa kufufuza kuchokera ku mbali zonse ziŵiri za chitaganya. Mofananamo, Sux Health Promotioning Straight (2008-2013) anathandiza bwino lomwe kupezerapo ntchito za kugonana kwa amuna, mathanyula, ndi mabigde der (LGB), anthu othaŵa kwawo, ndi magulu ena otchuka kwambiri.

Makonzedwe a zaumoyo oyendera limodzi anatulukiranso mwa zinthu. Magulu a Aprotesitanti ndi Akatolika amene anagawidwa m'nthaŵi ya Mavuto anayamba kugwirizana pa nkhani zaumoyo kudzera mwa Mtendere ndi Kugwirizana kwa Mabungwe . Kumpoto kwa Belfast, mwachitsanzo, magulu a akazi achiprotesitanti ndi Akatolika anagawana kansa ya maŵere, kulimbikitsa chidaliro pa kuwongolera thanzi lawo. Commony Development ndi Health Network Network [ [CDHN] yaphunzitsa zikwi za antchito a kukakhala “azemberi, odziŵa bwino kutengera anthu kuti akhale odziimira bwino.

Chiyambukiro pa Kuphunzira za Thanzi

Kuzindikira ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa chidziŵitso cha zaumoyo . Zomangira zokhala ndi magetsi zinapangidwa ponse paŵiri m'Chiairishi (Gaillege) ndi Ulster Scots, kugwirizanitsa ndi chinenero pansi pa GFA. Kulankhula kwaluso kwamwambo kumachepetsa kusokonezeka ndi kuwonjezera mautumiki otetezera monga kujambula ndi kupha majereti.

Kugwirizana kwa Magulu a Zaumoyo: Choloŵa Chokhalitsa

Strand II wa GFA inakhazikitsa Msonkhano Wautumiki Wakummwera (NSMC) , womwe umaphatikizapo mbali yodzipereka ya zaumoyo. Bungwe limeneli lathandiza kugwirizana koposa pakati pa Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ya Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland’s Department of Health. Zochita za Nthambi za Ireland zimaphatikizapo:

  • All-Ireland Cancer Network : Njira za Harmonising tresteral ndi kugawana machitidwe abwino koposa kuti apeze matenda ndi mankhwala.
  • All-Island Nursing ndi Misterry Forum [1]: Kupititsa patsogolo miyezo yaukatswiri ndi kulinganiza antchito kumalire a malire.
  • Kupeza akatemera [[[FL:1] ndi mankhwala ofunika, kuchepetsa mtengo ndi kutsimikizira kuchiritsika kwa kachilombo.
  • CAWT[[FLT :1] (Kugwirizanika ndi Kugwira Ntchito pamodzi), mgwirizano wa thanzi umene umapereka mautumiki m'madera onga ngati kusamalira okalamba, chisamaliro cha malere, ndi mwana ndi azaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 athanzi la maganizo (CAMHS).

Mliri wa COVID-19, bungwe la NSMC linatsimikizira kukhala lofunika kwambiri. Northern Ireland ndi Republic anagwirizanitsa njira zopimira, kuchuluka kwa chipatala, ndi malangizo a zaumoyo a anthu onse ngakhale kuti malamulo osiyanasiyana. Kugwirizana kumeneku kunachokera ku malo okhazikitsidwa ndi GFA.

Mavuto ndi Kupitirizabe Kulingana

Ngakhale kuti GFA ikukula kwambiri, siikulephera kuchepetsa thanzi la anthu. Kusiyana kwa thanzi, ngakhale kuti kukuchepa, kumapitirizabe. Mu 2022, anthu okhala m’madera osauka kwambiri anali othekera kutchulabe za thanzi loipa kuposa amene ali m’madera osauka kwambiri. Ndiponso, njira ya mtendere sinathetse magaŵano onse a m'chitaganya kumbali zina za Belfast, monga ngati Mater Hospital (otchuka kwambiri ndi dziko) ndi Ulster Hospital (ogwirizana ndi mgwirizano), ikali kutumikirabe kwakukulukulu kwa anthu opasuka.

Kusakhazikika kwa ndale zadziko kwalepheretsanso lamulo la zaumoyo. Chigawo cha Northern Ireland chaletsedwa kambirimbiri kuyambira 1998, kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2020, pamene bajeti yaikulu ya zaumoyo inaumitsidwa ndi njira zanthaŵi yaitali. Vuto la kudikirali ndi anthu oposa 3500,000 amene akudikira kuikidwa m’chipatala. Kuwonjezera apo, kuchoka kwa UK Union kwa Ulaya kwayambitsa kusatsimikizirika kwatsopano kwa ntchito zaumoyo, makamaka poyembekezera kuikidwa kuchipatala.

Kuphatikizanso apo, “kugawa kwa mtendere” sikunagawidwe. Madera ena amene anakumana ndi chiwawa choipitsitsa, monga mbali za kumadzulo kwa Belfast ndi kumpoto kwa Derry, aona kuti zotsatirapo za thanzi zapita patsogolo pang’onopang’ono. Trauma idakali mtolo wobisika; chiŵerengero cha kudzipha ku Northern Ireland chawonjezeka kuyambira 1998, ndipo tsopano pali chiŵerengero chapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa anthu a ku UK.A kaŵirikaŵiri amene amakumana ndi mavuto a ku mavuto a zachuma ophatikizapo mavuto a zachuma.

Chiyambukiro cha Nthaŵi Yaitali ndi Njira Yake Mtsogolo

Kuyang’ana kumbuyo zaka zoposa 25, Good Lachisanu Agreement inasintha kwambiri mkhalidwe wa umoyo wa anthu ku Northern Ireland. Inachititsa mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko kumene kulingana, ufulu wa anthu, ndi kugwirizana zinakhala malamulo otsogolera pa kachitidwe ka zaumoyo. Kuchepetsedwa kwa kusiyana, kuwonjezereka kwa mautumiki a zaumoyo, ndi kukula kwa mapangano onse onse kumasonyeza umboni wa dongosolo la mtendere.

GFA inalimbikitsanso chikhalidwe cha kuchititsa maphunziro ozikidwa pa umboni, kutheketsa mabungwe ofufuza monga Queen . . . . . . ndi Ulster University [1] [ kuchititsa maphunziro osokoneza nthaka pa nkhani zaumoyo zogwirizana ndi nkhondo, kusonkhezera chidziŵitso cha padziko lonse. Mayanjano apadziko lonse, monga [[FLT:] ndi bungwe la zaumoyo wa dziko lonse kudzera mwa pulogalamu ya zaumoyo , athandiza kugaŵana zokumana nazo ndi zigawo zina zothandizira. [FLD:6] Adformactive Health [FF:]

Komabe ntchitoyo siinathe. Kufikira kulinganiza kwa thanzi lowona m'chitaganya chimene chidakalipo kumafuna chitsimikizo cha ndale zadziko chochirikizidwa, ndalama zochirikizidwa, ndi kupitirizabe kudalirana kwa chigawo chotsatizana. Kubwera Health ndi Social Care (Reform ) Bill[FLD:1], poyang'aniridwa ndi Msonkhano, cholinga cha kukonzanso mautumiki kuti agwirizane bwino. Kupambana kwake kumadalira pa kaya mzimu wa GFA_VLER, ulemu, ndi cholinga chimodzi cha wotsogolera kuyendetsa zinthu.

Pomalizira pake, pangano la Good Lachisanu Agreement linasonyeza kuti mtendere sunali chabe kusoŵa chiwawa, koma kukhalako kwa chilungamo ndi mwaŵi . M'thanzi la anthu onse, zimenezo zikutanthauza kutsimikizira munthu aliyense ku Northern Ireland / "kupanda malire a moyo wa kumbuyo(-kanga ali ndi moyo wautali, wathanzi. Masomphenya amenewo, obadwa mu 1998, amakhala ofunika kwambiri kuposa kale. Departland ya Zaumoyo ku Northern Ireland akupitirizabe kugwira ntchito ku cholinga chimenechi, ngakhale m'malo ovuta ndi osintha.

Kuŵerenga Kowonjezereka