Malamulo a U.S. amakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma limene limayambitsa mwachibadwa kusagwirizana pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ukulu wa lamulo la boma. Mpambo wa 11th Amendment umapereka ndi kutetezeredwa kokulira kuchokera ku milandu yaumwini, koma chikopa chimenechi chingalepheretse kusungidwa kwa ufulu walamulo. Kuchokera ku mbali ya Young chiphunzitso, chochokera ku Khoti Lapamwamba la 1908, chimagwira ntchito monga chotsutsa boma loletsa kutetezera. Chimalola anthu achinsinsi kusumira akuluakulu a boma kaamba ka kuyembekezera kuswa lamulo lolamulira lolamulira. Pambuyo pake, chiphunzitso chimenechi chimakhalabe maziko a maziko a lamulo la malamulo ndi njira yaikulu ya kuŵerengera ochitira ochitira opanga mayenero.

Kubwerera m’Malamulo: M’kakonzedwe ka Khumi ndi Gawo la Kusintha kwa Ulamuliro

Kuzindikira Chiphunzitso cha Ang’ono [[FLT: 1] Kusintha kumafuna kuyamikira nthaka yalamulo imene anaiika. Mtengo wa Khumi ndi Chigamulo unavomerezedwa mu 1795 kugwetsa Shicholm v. Georgia [Mfumu ya] (1793]), nkhani imene Khoti Lapamwamba linkasunga malamulo a bomalo ndi nzika za boma la boma la boma la boma la boma la boma la boma la Russia. Zipilala za kulemberanazo zimalimbana ndi boma la dziko lina kapena dziko lachilendo: "Iweruzo la United States silidzayesedwa kufutukula ku mayeso alionse m’lamulo kapena kuingali, kapena kutsutsa umodzi wa nzika za United States, kapena kugawaniversi ya Dziko lina, kapena ku chigawo cha Dziko lina.

Pambuyo pake Khoti Lalikulu linafutukula chitetezo chimenechi mwapadera mu . Louisiana (1890). Mu ] Hans [, Bwalo Lamilandu linavomereza kuti likhale ndi ufulu wodzitetezera ku masuti operekedwa ndi nzika zawo pansi pa lamulo la boma komanso kuti. Kumasulira kumeneku kunatanthauza kuti boma silingasunthidwe mwachindunji, ngakhale chifukwa cha kuswa malamulo, pokhapokha ngati boma linalola kapena kukhazikitsa chitetezero chovomerezeka chotetezedwa pansi pa Gawo 5 la 144. Kuletsa kumeneku kuchititsa kuti anthu ambiri azikhala ndi malire a lamulo losungidwa ndi lamulo la boma. Ngati boma lophwanya ufulu wa boma, boma silingatchulidwe monga khoti lomalamulo lomangira anthu ogwidwa mwalamulo, popanda kutuluka mwalamulo lomveka.

Mumpata umenewu unali wovuta kwambiri kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, pamene maboma anayang'anira mitengo ya njanji, magetsi, ndi ntchito zina zachuma. Anthu ndi makampani kaŵirikaŵiri analingalira kuti malamulo a boma ameneŵa anaswa Tsima la ASCENT Explot kapena Commerce Claus. Komabe Demeterment ya 11 ndi [FLT:] shans kumasulira kunawalepheretsa kufunafuna chithandizo m'boma lotsutsana ndi boma lenilenilo.

Genesis wa Chiphunzitso: Ex + Young [[FLT: 1] (1908)

Ku kuswa lamulo kumeneku kunayambitsa mlandu wa Ex paredie Young , 209 U.S. 123 (08). Mkangano unabuka kuchokera ku lamulo la ku Minnesota limene linakhazikitsa milingo ya njanji yaikulu ndi kuika zilango zowopsa, kuphatikizapo faindi ndi kumangidwa, pa njanji za sitima zimene zinalephera kutsatira. Sitima zinatsutsa lamulo, zikumati ziŵerengerozo zinali zogwirizana ndi malamulo ndi kuswa Lamulo la 14 Demection.

Funso lotsutsa lokhudza malo ndi lotsutsa amene njanjizo zingabweretse vuto lawo. Boma la Minnesota silinatengeke ndi mfundo zake pansi pa Demendment ya khumi ndi limodzi. Komabe, njanji zinaika lamulo m'khoti la boma lotsutsana ndi loya wamkulu wa boma, Edward T. Young, pofuna lamulo loletsa kukhazikitsa lamulo pa chiphunzitso chakuti lamulo losakhala la boma lili lopanda pake ndi kuti mkulu wa boma amene amayesa kukhazikitsa lamulo laupanda lamulo la boma achita zinthu popanda ulamuliro walamulo.

Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza lingaliro limeneli polingalira ndi Woweruza Rufus Peckham. Khotilo linavomereza kuti suti yotsutsana ndi nduna ya boma yolamula lamulo losaimira boma si mlandu wotsutsana ndi boma pa zifuno za Earth Amendment. Justice Peckham anagamula motchuka kuti lamulo losagwirizana ndi lamulo la boma ndi "lopanda pake" ndi kuti mkulu wa boma amene amachitapo kanthu pansi pa lamulo lotero ndi "kululuza nduna yake kapena munthu woimira" ndipo chifukwa chake amayenerera kukhala munthu mmodzi. "Nthano zachikale" zinalola khoti kugwirizanitsa chitetezero cha boma ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba wa malamulo.

Kuchokera pachiyambi chake, chiphunzitsocho chasulizidwa kukhala chosulizidwa moyenerera. Monga momwe Woweruza John Marshall Harlan ananenera motsutsana, nduna ya boma idakagwirabe ntchito pansi pa mtundu wa lamulo la boma, ndipo kulamula ofisala mwachindunji kumaletsa boma kukhazikitsa lamulo lake. Komabe, kupulumuka kwa chiphunzitsocho kumasonyeza kufunika kothandiza: popanda icho, kuswa malamulo kwa akuluakulu a boma kukanakhalabe kosaletsedwa, ndipo makhoti a boma akakhala osoŵa mphamvu ya kuumiriza Lamulo lotsutsana ndi kachitidwe ka boma.

Kugwira Chingwe

Lamulo lachikhalidwe lokhazikitsidwa mu Ex paredie Young nlomveka: Kusintha kwa khumi ndi chimodzi sikumaletsa maofesala a boma pamene chithandizo chikufunidwa chiri lamulo loletsa kuswa lamulo la boma kosalekeza kapena la mtsogolo. Kusunga kumeneku kwatsimikiziridwa ndi kumveketsedwa kwa nthaŵi zosaŵerengeka m'zaka za zana lapitalo, kulimbitsa malo ake kukhala mbali yofunika ya lamulo la American lovomerezedwa.

Mmene Chiphunzitsocho Chimagwirira Ntchito

Chiphunzitso cha Exte Young chimagwira ntchito pansi pa mpambo wa malamulo amene amasankha pamene mlandu wotsutsana ndi nduna ya boma uli wololedwa. Kumvetsetsa okonza magalimoto ameneŵa kuli kosuliza kwa oweruza ndi oweruza mofanana.

Kusiyana Koyembekezeredwa

Kulephera kwakukulu pa chiphunzitsocho kunabwera [[FLT: 0] Edelman v. Jordan [1], 415 U.S. 651 (1974). Edelman , Bwalo Lalikulu linavomereza kuti [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] mbali [[FLT]] [4] Kupatulapo] kulola [FLT Yomweyo] [FOLT [F:6]] kuipsa mtima [[FLT:]]. Kuwononga koyenera kuperekedwa kuchokera ku chuma kumaletsedwa ndi ku Khirisikiti la [1] Kusiyanitsa ulamuliro wa zachuma pamene kumalola makhoti alamulo kuletsa kuswa. Kuwomba mlandu kopitirizabe kuyenera kupitiriza.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati mkulu wa boma molakwika athetsa mapindu a Medicaid, mtsogoleri wa boma angapereke mapindu obwezeredwa kutsogolo (kupeputsa). Komabe, mtsogoleri wa bomayo sangagwiritsire ntchito mbali ya Young kupeza malipiro a kumbuyo kwa nyengo imene mapindu anakanidwa molakwa (kubwezera). Kuti apeze mpumulo wogwira mtima, woperekayo afunikira kutsimikizira kuti boma lawononga chitetezero chake kapena kuti bungwe lakhazikitsa lamulo.

Chofunika Chopitirizabe

Chiphunzitsocho chimafuna kuswa lamulo la boma kosalekeza. Suti yofuna kukonza zinthu zakale, zolakwika sizimagwera mu Expate Young [[FLT:] yosiyana. Chiyeneretso chimenechi chimayenderana ndi mkhalidwe woyenerera wa mankhwala ofunidwa . Mapangano anapangidwa kuchinjiriza kuvulaza kwa mtsogolo, osati kulanga zochita zakale.

Chotero, wotsutsa wotsutsa lamulo la boma amene adachotsedwa kale kapena lamulo limene lachotsedwapo sangadalire pa [[FLT: 0] Ex paredie Young kubweretsa mlandu. Wotsutsayo ayenera kutsimikizira kuti nduna ya bomayo ikuchitapo kanthu (kapena iri pafupi kuchita) m’kuswa lamulo la boma.

Wochirikiza Woyenera

Mlandu uyenera kuperekedwa kwa mkulu wa boma amene ali ndi kugwirizana kwina ndi lamulo lotsutsidwa. Mkulu safunikira kukhala wapolisi woyang’anira boma wapamwamba koposa, koma ayenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro wa kukakamiza lamulolo. Mkate wotsutsana ndi mkulu wopanda ulamuliro wa lamulo udzachotsedwa kukhala wotchulidwa molakwika. Ndiponso, sutiyo iyenera kutchula bwana wa bomayo m’malo mwake, osati boma lenilenilo.

Zolephera ndi Zosiyana ndi Chiphunzitsocho

Pamene kuli kwakuti Exte Young imapereka chisankho chachikulu ku boma lotetezera ku kudzilamulira, ukulu wake uli ndi malire. Zoletsa zambiri zimakakamiza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake.

[[FLT: 0] Squatione Friest v Florida [1]: Kujambula kwa Masamu

[[FLT: 0] SEMINOLE FUB of Florida , 517 U.S.1996 , Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu linatsutsa kuti kumene Congress yapanga makonzedwe atsatanetsatane okhazikitsa ufulu wa boma, [[FLT:] Acteate Young [[FLT:] chiphunzitso cha Chigawo] [[FLT] [3] sichingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutsendetse malire a kalingaliridwe kameneko. Mu [FLT: 4.] Supt .Sminole , Active [FFF: 5,], Chikalata cha Indian Gamigration chinapereka njira yakuti anthu anene ndi mafuko ayese kuseŵera, ndi kumaliza khoti ya chigalamu ya chigamulo. Chigamu cha Chigamu cha Chilamulo cha Chilungamo cholakwika chochitidwa chifukwa cha kutsutsana cha lamulo, [F] Fot [1] Fot . [F] . . [1]

Kupatula kumeneku n’kochepa. Makhoti ambiri amalingalira kuti lamulo la boma silichotsa malo Ex parete Young pokhapo ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo yasonyeza bwino lomwe ndi mosabisa cholinga cha kuchita zimenezo.

[[FUL:0] Speeger

Wachichepere [[FLT: 1] chiphunzitso cha kulephera, chotengedwa ku yoswanal v. Harris[[FLT :3] (1971], amachepetsanso kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa [[FLT:] Kuphatikiza pa] Young . Pansi pa [FLT:]] wachichepere [FLT]], makhoti a boma ayenera kuletsa kukhazikitsa machitidwe aupandu, kutsendereza lamulo lachiŵeru, ndi nkhani zina zimene zimakondweretsa mkhalidwe wofunika. Chiphunzitso chachi chimasonyeza malamulo a makhalidwe abwino. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimasonyeza mapulinsipulo a kugwirizanitsa ndi ufulu wa ufulu wa makhoti a boma, chikumalamulo a ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo alamulo.

Chifukwa chakuti Exte Young [[FLT: 1] ndi mankhwala oyenera, ilo liri lokhala ndi malire osaposerapo, kuphatikizapo wachichepere chiphunzitso cha kulephera. Ngakhale ngati wotsutsa angayambitse kuswa kopitirizabe ndi nduna, khoti la boma lingalepherebe kugwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro ngati zonena za wofufuzayo zingamveke mokwanira ndi kumveka bwino m'nkhani za boma zopitirizabe.

Zitsulo Zotsutsa Malamulo a Boma ndi Makhoti

Chiphunzitso cha Exte Young[[FLT :1] chimagwira ntchito kokha ku mayeso otsutsa nthambi yopatulidwa. Akuluakulu otsutsa malamulo a boma kapena makhoti a boma kaŵirikaŵiri samaloledwa pansi pa chiphunzitso. Malingaliro ndi akuti nthano za lamulo za chiphunzitsocho sizifika ku nthambi za malamulo ndi nthambi zachiweruzo, zimene zili ndi njira zawozawo zothetsera kuswa malamulo. M’kugwiritsira ntchito, zimenezi zimatanthauza kuti zitokosokoso kukhazikitsa malamulo kapena njira za chiweruzo ziyenera kukhala nduna zoyang'anira akuluakulu a boma okhala ndi thayo la kuyang'anira kapena kuyang’anira malamulo kapena kuyendetsa malamulo kapena njira.

Chiyambukiro Chokhalitsa pa Ulamuliro wa Mfumu

Exte Young chiphunzitso chakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu ndi chokhalitsa pa lamulo la kudzitetezera kwa boma. Popanda icho, Kusintha kwa khumi ndi chimodzi kukanathandiza kwambiri kuteteza akuluakulu a boma ku mavuto onse a lamulo, kusiya anthu opanda mankhwala a kuswedwa kwa ufulu wawo.

Nthanthi Zalamulo ndi Otsutsa Ake

Kudalira kwa chiphunzitsocho pa "nthano ya boma" kwachititsa kusuliza kuchokera ku mbali zonse za malingaliro. Akatswiri a za textualist ndi oyambirira akutsutsa kuti Appendment ya 11 imanena ndendende zimene imanena: imanena kuti njotetezeka ku masuti m'khoti la boma, mosasamala kanthu kuti suti imakhala yovomerezeka motsutsana ndi boma kapena kwa mkulu wa boma kaamba ka khalidwe lochitidwa mwalamulo. Woweruza Antonin Scalia, makamaka, anatsutsa chiphunzitsocho kukhala "Wolamulira" wa Malemba a 114 Demendment.

Komabe, chiphunzitsocho chatsimikizira kukhala chokhalitsa. Khoti Lapamwamba lachitsimikizira mobwerezabwereza, kuvomereza kuti mapindu ake othandiza amaposa zofooka zake zoyerekezera. Monga momwe khotilo linanenera mu [FLT: 0] Diginia Office for Protection and Advocacy v. Stewart , 563], [2017], mbali ya Jeroupe ndi chiphunzitso "choyenera kulola khoti kutetezera ufulu wa boma."

Makhoti Opereka Mphamvu

Chiphunzitsocho chapatsa makhoti a boma mphamvu ya kusungitsa malamulo a Konsichushoni ndi a boma motsutsana ndi akuluakulu a boma m'nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Chakhala chofunika kwambiri kukulitsa ufulu wa anthu wamakono, lamulo la malo, ndi malamulo a malamulo kukhazikitsa malamulo a zachuma. Kupezeka kwa mpumulo woyembekezeredwa pansi pa Ax parepe Young yalola anthu ndi mabungwe a boma kuchititsa opanga milandu ya kuswa malamulo.

Kulinganiza Makhalidwe ndi Kuŵerengera

Chiphunzitsocho chimapanga kulinganizika kowopsa pakati pa unistrianism ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Imachitira ulemu uchifumu wa maboma mwakuletsa suti mwachindunji ku boma ndi mwa kuchepetsa mpumulo ku mankhwala oyembekezeredwa owopsa. Koma imatsimikiziranso kuti akuluakulu a boma sangagwiritsire ntchito chitetezero cha ufulu monga chitetezero kuti adziloŵetse m'khalidwe losayenera ndi kusalangidwa. Kulinganizika kumeneku kuli kwa mbali yaikulu ku kugwira ntchito kwa dongosolo la boma.

Mapulogalamu amakono a chiphunzitso Ex trapee Young

Exte Young [[FLT: 1] chiphunzitso si cholembedwa cha mbiri yakale. Chidakali chiŵiya chofunika kwambiri m'kutsutsa kwamakono m'mbali zambiri za lamulo.

Kutsutsa Ufulu wa Anthu Onse (Kugaŵidwa mu 1983)

Chiphunzitsochi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popereka ufulu wachibadwidwe pa 42 U.S.C. . Oyang'anira boma nthaŵi zonse amapita ku ukaidi wa boma . Oyang'anira ndende, apolisi, ndi akuluakulu a bungwe . Kutsutsa malamulo kapena zochita za boma. Mwachitsanzo, akaidi angasunge akuluakulu a ndende chifukwa cha kuswa malamulo a boma, monga ngati kulephera kusamalira bwino kapena mikhalidwe yoipa. Chiphunzitsocho chimalola masuti ameneŵa kutsata akuluakulu a boma m'malo awo a kuthandizira anthu popanda kuyendetsa fomu ya kukonzanso Kombo.

Chilamulo cha Malo Okhala

Magulu a malo okhala ndi nzika zaumwini kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito chiphunzitsocho kusungitsa malamulo a boma otsutsana ndi mabungwe a boma. Mwachitsanzo, ngati bungwe la boma lotetezera malo okhala lilephera kugwirizana ndi Chilamulo Chabwino cha Madzi kapena Deseat Air Act, wotsutsa angasunge mkulu wa bungwe pansi pa Kuchotsapo Young kukakamiza kugonjera. Chiphunzitsocho chimatsimikizira kuti mabungwe a boma satha kuthaŵa mlandu wa kuswa malamulo a boma mwa kungokhazikitsa chitetezero cha ufulu wa dziko.

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Medicaid

Osamalira zaumoyo ndi odwala agwiritsira ntchito chiphunzitsocho kutokosa malamulo a Medicaid omwe amaswa lamulo la boma. Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma lichepetsa ndalama zoperekedwa ndi Medicaid popanda kutsata chidziŵitso ndi zonena za boma, opereka angapereke mlandu kwa mkulu wa boma Medicaid pansi pa Ex pate Young kuchepetsa liŵirolo. Mofananamo, zovuta za kukhazikitsa ziletso za kuchotsa mimba, zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimaloŵetsamo mamembala a boma kapena akuluakulu a za zaumoyo, kudalira pa chiphunzitsochokhazikitsa ulamuliro m'bwalo la boma.

Lamulo la Chisankho ndi Kupatsa Ufulu

M'lamulo la chisankho, chiphunzitsocho chimalola ovota ndi oweruza kutsutsa malamulo oletsa kuvota, mapu otsimikizira, kapena zofunikira za ovota. Asuti abweretsedwa kaŵirikaŵiri molimbana ndi akuluakulu a chisankho, monga mlembi wa boma, amene ali ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malamulo otsutsidwa. Chiphunzitsocho chimapereka njira yopezera chithandizo cha mwamsanga kuti apeŵe kuvulazidwa ndi ovota asanasankhe chisankho.

Kumaliza

Chiphunzitso cha Exte Young ndi maziko a lamulo la malamulo a America. Ngakhale kuti chimakhala chozikidwa pa mfundo zopeka zalamulo, chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri: chimatsimikizira kuti lamulo loletsa kulanda malamulo a boma silikhala chopinga chenicheni ku kusungidwa kwa lamulo la boma. Mwa kulola suti ya kuyembekezera kutha mphamvu kwa boma motsutsana ndi akuluakulu a boma, chiphunzitsocho chimagwirizanitsa miyezo yopikisana ya ulamuliro ndi ukulu wa boma. Chimakhazikitsa makhoti a boma kugamula ozetsa otsutsa malamulo oletsedwa, kutetezera ufulu walamulo ndi kusunga malamulo m'dongosolo la boma. Monga momwe akuluakulu a boma amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zimene zingaswe malamulo, chiphunzitsocho chidzakhalabe chiŵiya chofunikira cha kuŵerengera mlandu ndi kuweruza.

Kuti muŵerengenso, fufuzani malingaliro a mlanduwo ku [FLT: 0] Oyz: Ex parete Young , [[FLT:] Cornell Legal Information Institute's of Ex parate Young , ndi chigamulo cha pambuyo pake mu [[FLT:] Edelman v. Jordan kaamba ka kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa chipukutidwa kwa ufulu wochitapo kanthu. Kuwonjezerapo, mlandu wa [FLT:]VGirginia yotetezera ndi Adcondation .[FLD] [FLD]