Table of Contents
Chithandizo cha Kunja Monga Chothandizira Kukonzekera Kuloŵa M’malo Awo: Mipata ndi Mapindu
Chithandizo chakunja chakhala maziko a kupita patsogolo kwa maiko kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Maboma, mabungwe ankhaninkhani monga World Bank ndi International Monetary Fund, ndi mabungwe a boma osafika , amatumiza mazana mabiliyoni a madola chaka chilichonse ku maiko omatukuka. Pamene zolinga zenizenizo zimayendera kuchepetsa umphaŵi, kuwongolera thanzi, ndi kumanga, ziyambukiro za chithandizo za chithandizo cha boma za kumaloko ndi za mabizinesi aang'ono n’zochocholoŵana. Pamene anapangidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito molingalira bwino, chithandizo chachilendo chingapereke likulu, maphunziro, ndi kugwirizana kwa malonda kumene micronegradice, ndi mabizinesi aang'ono, ndi makampani ang'onoang'ono (MS) afunikira kupambana. Mosiyana ndi kupambana kwa , maprogramungwe operekedwa bwino a chithandizo angayambitse, malonda a malonda akumalo, ndi kusokoneza mosadziŵa bwino mzimu wa zamalonda. Nkhaniyi imalimbikitsanso kuyang'ono ndi kukonza njira za malonda za m'dziko ndi za malonda.
Kuzindikira ukulu wonse kumafuna kuyang'ana kupyola pa ziŵerengero za chithandizo. Malinga ndi OECD Development Affect Committee [1], thandizo la boma (ODA) lathunthu la pafupifupi $2022,000,000 mu 202. Mbali yaikulu imadutsa m'maprogramu opanga makampani, kuchirikiza mabizinesi aang'ono, ndi maphunziro a zamalonda. Komabe kupambana kwa mapulogalamu ameneŵa kumasiyanasiyana ndi dera, chigawo, ndi njira zoyendetsera. Magawo otsatiraŵa amafufuza njira zofunika zimene zimasonkhezera anthu amalonda a m'dzikolo, limodzi ndi zotsatira zake zongodalirana ndi zosafunidwa.
Chiyambukiro Chabwino cha Chithandizo cha Kunja pa Mabizinesi Aang’ono
Kuloŵa M’malikulu ndi Kupeza Ndalama
Imodzi ya mapindu achindunji kwambiri a chithandizo chakunja ndiyo jekeseni ya likulu la chuma chakumaloko. Mabizinesi ambiri aang'ono m'maiko otsika olandira ntchito mu “pakati” pa zandalama: ndi aakulu kwambiri kwakuti sangalinganizike ndi tizilombo tating'ono koma alibe mbiri ya zachuma yolinganiza kuti ayenerere ngongole za kubanki. Maprogramu ambiri opangidwa ndi a projective angatsekeze mpata umenewu m’njira zingapo:
- Opatula [1] – Direct, osalipidwa kaamba ka zofunika za mabizinesi monga kugula zipangizo, kufutukula ndandanda, kapena kupangidwa kwa zinthu.
- Ndalama zokongola ndi zotsika ndi zopereka zochepera kwambiri - maofesi ambiri othandiza ndi mabungwe a zachuma akwanuko kupereka ngongole zazing'ono zokhala ndi mawu abwino kwa amalonda amene akanachotsedwa.
- Likulu la kampani ndi ndalama zogwirizana -maprogramu ena amakhazikitsa ndalama zoikizira ndalama zimene zimatsatsa ziŵiya zogwirizana kukhazikitsa chiyambi cha kumaloko, kupatsa osati kokha likulu komanso chitsogozo cha ntchito.
Mwachitsanzo, Agency ya International Development (USAID) ya imachititsa ntchito zamalonda zimene zawononga ndalama zoposa $1 biliyoni ndi kupereka ndalama ku mabizinesi aang'ono ku Africa, zomwe zinachititsa kupangidwa kwa ntchito ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama. Kufufuza kwa bungwe la USAID ku Accesterentrepreneurship (PACE) kunapeza kuti makampani opanga nawo ndalama anawonjezera ndalama zawo ndi avareji ya 40% ndi kuwonjezera ntchito zawo pa 25% pa zaka ziŵiri.
Ntchito Yomanga Bwino Ndiponso Kuphunzitsa Anthu Kumanga Bwino
Maprogramu ophunzitsa anthu za malonda, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, malonda, ndi luso la zopangapanga ndizo mbali zofala za chithandizo. Maprogramu ameneŵa angakhale osintha kwambiri kwa anthu oyamba kupanga mabizinesi amene alibe maphunziro a zamalonda.
Prime ndi Kukonzanso Bizinesi Yanu (SIYB) yoyendetsedwa ndi maboma ambiri opereka, yaphunzitsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amalonda m'mayiko oposa 100. Kufufuza kokhazikika kumasonyeza kuti opanga makampani ali 20-30% amene angapitirize kuthamanga kwa mabizinesi awo pambuyo pa zaka ziŵiri poyerekezera ndi makampani osapanga, ndiponso akuchitira lipoti phindu lapamwamba ndi njira zoyendetsera bwino za zachuma. Mofananamo, World Bank’s [FL:0] Entreneurship ndi Innovation Programme [FL:1] imapereka chithandizo chasayansi kumbuyo kwa mabwalo apamwamba a , kuwathandizanso kukulitsa mabizinesi opanga malonda ndi malonda oyenda bwino ndi kugula malonda a m'mainda za m'mayiko ambiri.
Kupita Patsogolo kwa Zinthu ndi Kupeza Malonda
Malo oyendetsera zinthu ndi amene amathandiza kwambiri pa zachuma. Makampani akunja apeza ntchito zofufuza zapamwamba monga misewu, madoko, magetsi, makompyuta a anthu olankhulana ndi anthu, ndi njira zothirira.
Mwachitsanzo, “Programu ya Infrapublicare Development ku Africa” (PIDA) imaika patsogolo njira zoyendera zomwe zimathandiza alimi aang'ono ndi amisiri kufika ku misika ya m'madera ena. Kuwongolera misewu kochitidwa ndi European Union kumpoto kwa dziko la Ghana kunachepetsa ndalama zoyendera za amalonda a m’maderawo ndi theka la 50% ndipo kunawonjezera malo awo ogulira zinthu omwe kale ankawaona kukhala ovuta kwambiri. Ku Tanzania anapeza kuti makampani aang'ono ogwirizana ndi magetsi a ku madera a ku Ulaya anapeza kuti ndalama zokwera chaka chilichonse poyerekezera ndi makampani opanga ndalama zoyendera ndalama zokwana 20%.
Kuwonjezera apo, ntchito za chithandizo [1] monga malo a pa Intaneti kapena makompyuta otsika kwambiri oyendera zinthu zamalonda kuti atenge zipangizo zamagetsi zolipirira, zoyendetsera zinthu, ndi zoyendera makampani. Ku Rwanda, kugwirizana pakati pa boma ndi bungwe la zaumoyo la SNV linathandiza anthu aang'ono ogulitsa zinthu kutenga njira zoyendera, kuwonjezera malonda awo a tsiku ndi tsiku ndi 15% ndi kuchepetsa kuba kumene kuli ndi kuwonongeka kwa ndalama zambiri.
Kusintha Kwaumisiri ndi Chichirikizo cha Kukonzanso
Mabungwe ambiri othandizira anthu a kumayiko ena amaphatikizapo zinthu monga zipangizo zamakono, mapulogalamu apamwamba, mapulogalamu a pulogalamu, kapena njira zopangira zinthu zopezeka ku makampani a m’deralo. Zimenezi zimakhudza kwambiri makampani opanga zinthu, opanga zinthu, ndi okonzanso mphamvu zamagetsi. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Japan International Cooperation Agency (JACA) lapereka zipangizo zamakono zothandizira anthu ang’onoang’ono ogwirizana ndi a mkaka ku East Africa, zomwe zawatheketsa kuti apange mkaka popanda kuwonongeka ndi kuwonongeka.
Kusintha zinthu ndi kukhazikitsa ndalama, kumene kumakhazikitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, kutsegulira maluwa apamwamba . “iHub” ku Nairobi, Kenya, analandira ndalama kuchokera kwa anthu apadziko lonse kuphatikizapo Rockefeller Foundation ndipo kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, bungwe la Asayansi la 20222 linasonyeza kuti chiyambukiro cha zinthu zothandizira anthu amakono chinapangidwa ndi ntchito zatsopano zoposa 1,500 miliyoni ndipo chinakwera ndalama zoposa 50 miliyoni kuchokera ku mayiko ena.
Mavuto Amene Amakhalapo Pothandiza Anthu Ovutika
Kudalirana ndi “Msampha Waukali”
Chimodzi cha zisulizo zopitirizabe za chithandizo chachilendo nchakuti chimapanga kayendedwe ka kudalirana, makamaka pamene unyinji waukulu wa ndalama upereka mwachindunji ku mabizinesi aang'ono popanda njira zotulukira zowonekera. Oyendetsa ntchito angapange bwino ntchito zawo kuti akwaniritse zofunika za opereka mmalo mwa kuzoloŵerana ndi mikhalidwe yeniyeni ya msika. Pamene ndalama zitha, mabizinesi ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amagwa.
Kufufuza kwa makampani aang'ono a zaulimi ku Malawi kunapeza kuti makampani olandira ndalama mobwerezabwereza kuchokera ku NGOs zapadziko lonse sanafune kubwezeretsa phindu la malonda kapena kuchulukitsa ndalama zawo poyerekezera ndi makampani amene sanalandirepo thandizo. Mmalomwake, anagaŵira ndalama zothandizira kukwaniritsa zofunika ndi kusungitsa maunansi a opereka. “msampha umenewu sumaletsa kuyambika kwa zinthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachuma zoyendetsera ntchito.
Kuvutika ndi Zofunika ndi Zofunika Pamalo Oyamba
Maprogramu othandizira anthu akutali amapangidwa ndi anthu amene sangamvetsetse mokwanira chikhalidwe cha kumaloko, maluso a malonda, kapena khalidwe la ogula. Njira imodzi yopanga mafashoni imachititsa zinthu zosagwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, maprogramu ophunzitsa opanga makampani a ku Western angachititse kugogomezera mapangano ovomerezeka ndi makampani apakati, pamene kuli kwakuti mabizinesi ambiri aang'ono amagwira ntchito mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mabizinesi amwaŵi ndi kudalirana. A m'''Aentpreneur angakane kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zida zimenezi, kutaya chuma chopereka ndi kukayikira zinthu za kunja kwa .
Mofananamo, ntchito zoyendetsa zipangizo zamakono zothandizira kuyendetsa zinthu zamakono . monga madongosolo opita patsogolo a ulimi m'madera okhala ndi zigawo zochepa ndi maluso okonza ndi angatulukepo ziŵiya zokwera mtengo zokhala dwakedwa. Kupenda kwa 2019 kochitidwa ndi Cententer ya Global Development [1] Kupeza kuti 35% ya zipangizo zaulimi zoperekedwa ndi maprogramu a chithandizo chachilendo m'zigawo za 88 Saharan Africa sikunagwiritsiridwe ntchito zaka ziŵiri pambuyo poiikapo, makamaka chifukwa chakuti maphunziro ndi kugaŵira zitsutso za mbali zina zotsala zina ananyalanyazidwa.
Kuchulukitsa Malonda Akumaloko ndi Kupotoza Mpikisano
Chithandizo chachikulu chakunja nthaŵi zina chingapondereze ogulitsa a m'dziko. Pamene mabungwe othandizira akugulitsa katundu mwachindunji kapena kukhazikitsa masitolo ogulitsidwa, angachepetse opanga ndi amalonda a kumaloko. Kuchiyambi kwa 2000, chithandizo cha chakudya chotumizidwa ku maiko angapo a Kumadzulo kwa Africa kumadera ovutika kwambiri kotero kuti alimi aang'ono sangapikisane nawo; ambiri amasiya mafamu awo. Zochita zofananazo zimachitika m'mautumiki: pamene maiko ambiri a NGO amapereka kwaulere kapena mokulira kufunsira kwa mabizinesi aang'ono, abizinesi a m'dzikolo angataye ogulitsa.
Chithandizo cha kumaiko ena chikhozanso kuthandizira makampani akuluakulu ogwirizana ndi ndale zadziko. Mapangano a zamaziko ambiri amapatsidwa makampani omanga apadziko lonse mmalo mwa omanga akumaloko chifukwa cha malamulo ochirikiza kupikisana kwakukulu kwa makampani. Zimenezi sizimangochotsa anthu amalonda a m’dzikolo ku chisonkhezero cha zachuma komanso zimawonjezera kusalingana komwe kulipo.
Ziphuphu, Kupondereza, ndi Kugwidwa ndi Ndale
Chiwonjezeko cha ndalama zothandizira zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ziphuphu, makamaka m'mayiko amene ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa. Mabanki olinganizidwa kuti athandize amalonda angapatutsidwe kwa anthu apamwamba kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pothandiza. Ngakhale pamene ziphuphu sizikupitirira, ziphuphu zamphamvu zingachedwe kuchotsa ziphuphu ndi kuika katundu wolemera wa boma m'makampani m'makampani aang'ono. Ogulitsa ambiri amalemba kuti amawononga nthaŵi yambiri yokwanira kuwonjezera mafomu a anthu opereka zinthu kuposa kuyendetsadi mabizinesi awo. [[FLT: 0]] Kufufuza mobwerezabwereza kwagwirizana ndi chithandizo chosayenerera cha anthu olandira chithandizo chachinyengo kuwonjezeka m'maiko, kumene kumawononga osoŵa oyendetsa malonda ambiri amene alibe makampani oyendera malo oyendera malo ozungulira.
Njira Zochepetsera Kuthandiza Kwabwino kwa Aids ya M’mayiko Ena
Kukhala Mwini Nyumba Ndiponso Kupanga Gawo Lochita Ntchito
Maprogramu othandiza kwambiri ochokera kumayiko ena amayang'anira anthu amalonda osati monga ongopindula koma ogwirizana. Zopangapanga zina ndi zina . Mabungwe ang'onoang'ono a malonda, makampani, ndi akuluakulu a boma amathandiza kukhazikitsa zinthu zofunika ndi kupanga zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Imatsogolera kuloŵerera kwa chikhalidwe ndi kuyenderana ndi zinthu zenizeni zamalonda. Oyendetsa malonda akutsatira kwambiri “zopanga ndalama zimene zimatulutsidwa m'zigawo zochokera ku anthu ozifuna.
Mwachitsanzo, maprogramu a World Bank “Kulamulira ndi Moyo wa Amoyo” ku South Asia amaphatikizapo makomiti ogwirizana ndi anthu amene amatsata pamodzi makampani a microproject . Makomiti ameneŵa ali ndi udindo wosankha mabizinesi aang'ono amene amalandira ndalama ndi kuyang'anira. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti maprogramu otero ali ndi chipambano chapamwamba kwambiri m'mabizinesi ndi kukwera kwa phindu poyerekezera ndi makampani opereka ndalama zambiri.
Kufika kwa Mautumiki Andalama ndi Kumaliza Maphunziro Owonjezereka
Mmalo mopereka ndalama kapena ngongole, maprogramu othandizira kwambiri akunja amaphatikiza mautumiki a ndalama ndi chichirikizo chosafunikira chonga kuphunzitsidwa, kupatsidwa malangizo, ndi maadireshoni a msika. “kujambula”, adachita upainiya ndi BRAC ku Bangladesh ndipo tsopano ovomerezedwa ndi mabungwe monga [[FL:0] Agulu la ndalama zothandizira osauka (CGAP) , kupatsa mndandanda wotsatizana: kuchirikiza zosoŵa zazikulu, kusunga ndalama ndi maluso, kutumiza katundu, ndi kupitiriza kuphunzitsidwa. Pambuyo pa zaka 1824, otengapo okhoza “kudzisamalira okha popanda kulephera kuyendetsa. Otsatira ake okhoza kuchepetsa ntchito yolandira ndalama zambiri m'dziko la anthu 18%. Omaliza maphunzirowo anapeza kuti apeze ndalama zambiri, ndalama zofunikira ndi zoyendetsera katundu, ndipo pambuyo pa kuchepetsa ntchito yothandiza kuchepetsa ntchito yothandiza kuyendetsa ntchitoyi, ndi kuwonjezera ntchito ya zaka 50.
Malonda Ogwirizana ndi Kuloŵa M’magulu Ampatuko
Chithandizo chakunja chingakhale chogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pamene chigwira ntchito popyola [1] kuyendetsa malonda. Mmalo mwa kupereka ndalama za ndalama zapadera, mabungwe othandiza angasonkhezere kuikizira ndalama za anthu mwa kuphatikiza ndalama: kupereka zitsimikizo za ndalama, kuthandizira kwa mabanki a malonda ndi kuthandizira kwa makampani amene amatumikira amalonda a m'dzikolo. Kufikira ndalama zochepetsedwa za ndalama zothandizira kuti zipanikire m'malikulu achinsinsi ndi kutsimikizira kuti mabizinesi asankhidwa modalira pa kulinganiza kwabwino, m'malo mwa zokonda zaufulu.
USAID’SCID CreateD Authority (DCA) ndi chitsanzo chodziŵika bwino. Mwa kupereka zikalata zongongoletsa pa ngongole zimene mabungwe a zachuma apanga, DCA yasonkhanitsa ndalama zoposa $6 biliyoni m'ngongole ya mabizinesi aang'ono kumaiko oposa 70. Chitsimikizo chimathandiza kuchepetsa upandu wa mabanki, kuwatheketsa kubwereketsa amalonda amene mwina akanaonedwa kukhala oopsa kwambiri. Ndalama zokongola pa DAGANGARANTE zakhala zotsika (pansi pa 5 5,000, kusonyeza kuti malonda aang'ono angasungidwe ndipo angasungidwe pamene akonzedwa bwino.
Kulimbikitsa Mabungwe a Mabungwe a Malo ndi Othandiza Mabizinesi
Zikhalidwe za anthu oyenda bwino zimadalira pa mabungwe akwanuko amphamvu: makampani, makampani, zipinda za malonda, ndi masukulu ophunzitsa ntchito. Thandizo lakunja liyenera kulinganiza bwino kumanga mphamvu ya mabungwe ameneŵa mmalo mwa kuwanyalanyaza. Mwachitsanzo, wopereka angapereke programu ya maphunziro a zamalonda kapena kukonzekeretsa chipinda cha malonda ndi zipangizo zamakono kuti agwirizanitse ziŵalo ndi misika ndi ndalama. Njira yolimbikitsa imeneyi imathandiza kuti luso ndi ntchito zikhalebe m’dzikolo pambuyo poti ntchito yopereka chithandizo ithe.
Kufufuza, Kupima, ndi Kusintha Zinthu
Chomalizira, maprogramu a chithandizo chachilendo ayenera kuphatikizapo kuyang'anira ndi kupima (M&E) ndi njira zothandizira kuwongolera. Kawirikawiri M&E imasumika pa zotuluka (m., chiŵerengero cha ngongole zimachotsedwa) mmalo mwa zotsatirapo (m’chitsanzo, kukula kwa mabizinesi, kupangidwa kwa ntchito, kapena kuchepetsedwa kwa umphaŵi). Opereka ndi ogwiritsira ntchito anzawo ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito ziyeso zolamuliridwa mwachibadwa, kupenda kopeka, ndi njira zotsazira zokhazikika zimene zimawalola kuzungulira pamene zinthu sizikuthandiza.
Abudul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (JPAL) adachirikiza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa umboni wovuta popanga chithandizo. Kufufuza kwawo pa micredit, mwachitsanzo, kunasonyeza kuti maprogramu a microcredit anali ndi ziyambukiro zochepera pa avareji koma angawongoledwe mwa kusintha madeti a ngongole, kulipira ndandanda, ndi mindandanda ya zoikizira. Maprogramu amene anaphatikizapo umboni wozikidwa pa masinthidwe ameneŵa anawona kuwonjezeka kuŵirikiza kwa mabizinesi poyerekezera ndi aja amene sanatero.
Mapeto ake: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zina Zothandiza Anthu Achilendo
Chithandizo chachilendo sichikhala chopatsa kapena chopha kwa anthu amalonda a kumaloko. Ziyambukiro zake zimadalira kwambiri pa mapulani, kukwaniritsa, mawu apatsogolo, ndi ulamuliro. Pamene ziperekedwa mwanzeru . Kuphatikiza pa mautumiki a zachuma ndi osachita [1] mabizinesi, njira zogwirizana, mabizinesi, ndi mabungwe amphamvu a kumaloko angatsegule mphamvu ndi chuma cha mabizinesi aang'ono, kuchotsa midzi yonse muumphaŵi. Zotsatirapo zabwino kuchokera ku USAID, BRAC, World Bank, ndi ena zimasonyeza kuti chithandizo chanzeru cha maiko ena chimagwira ntchitodi.
Koma ngozi ndizo. Kudzinyenga, kupotoza, ndi ziphuphu zingapangitse thandizo kukhala chopinga. Njira ya m’tsogolo imafunika kudzichepetsa kwa opereka ndalama: kufunitsitsa kumvetsera kwa anthu amalonda, kusintha zinthu, ndi kuchepetsa kuchirikiza mabizinesi pamene makampani ayamba kudzidalira okha. Maboma, anthu opanga makampani, ndi anthu a m’dziko akugwirizana ndi mapulogalamu othandizira anthu amene akungowagwiritsa ntchito m’malo mwa kupikisana ndi dzikolo. Potsirizira pake, chipambano cha kupititsa patsogolo malonda a kampani zamakono sichidzayesedwa ndi ndalama zotha kufalikira, koma ndi mphamvu ndi kulimba kwa makampani amene akukula pambuyo potha ndalama.