Chiyambukiro Chokhalitsa cha Bwalo Lamilandu pa Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Milandu ya Malamulo

Chiyambukiro cha zigamulo za khoti pa ufulu wa anthu ndi malamulo ndi maziko a dongosolo la malamulo la ku America. Kuyambira masiku oyambirira a Republic mpaka ku malamulo a Supreme Court, zigamulo za chiweruzo zaumba kwenikweni mfundo zotsogolera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, chitetezo chofanana pansi pa lamulo, ndi malamulo achilungamo. Malamulo ameneŵa samasulira kokha malire a ulamuliro wa boma, kufutukula kapena kuvomereza ufulu wa munthu mwini, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amatsogolera makhoti ang'ono, nyumba zoyamira, ndi opanga malamulo a mibadwo. Kumvetsetsa kulimba kwa malamulo ameneŵa nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuzindikira mmene malamulo onse aŵiriwo amasonyezera ndi kusintha ndi kusintha kwa malamulo. Chikalata cha judiachi chimamasulira ntchito monga zonse ziŵirizo monga galasi ndi galasi, kuvomereza masinthidwe a chikhalidwe panthaŵi yake ya kuyang'ka m’tsogolo.

Nkhani ino ikupenda chisonkhezero chachikulu ndi chamitundumitundu cha zigamulo za bwalo lamilandu zapadera pa zoyenera za anthu. Imapenda nkhani za m'mbiri zimene zigamulo zimenezi zinachokera, ikufotokoza milandu ya m'makhoti Aakulu koposa imene inalongosolanso malamulo, ndi kuyang'anira ziyambukiro zake mwa malamulo, malamulo a anthu, ndi mayanjano. Mwakuchotsa njira zimene zigamulo zachiweruzo zimaumba dziko lathu, tingayamikire bwinopo kulimbana kopitirizabe ndi mphamvu yokhalitsa ya makhoti kupititsa patsogolo zinthuzo, nthaŵi zina, kuletsa kulingana ndi chilungamo.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Kumasulira Malamulo

Kuti amvetse bwino chiyambukiro cha zigamulo za khoti pa ufulu wa anthu, munthu ayenera choyamba kumvetsetsa malo a m'mbiri amene zosankha zimenezi zimachitikira. Kuyesa kwa ku America m'kudzilamulira kwakhala kovuta nthaŵi zonse ndi kutsutsana pakati pa zolinga zake zoyambitsidwa za ufulu ndi zinthu zopanda pake. Malamulo, ngakhale kuti pepala la m’masomphenya, lokhala ndi chisalungamo chachikulu. Linali kokha mwa mpambo wa malamulo ogwirizana, malamulo a boma, ndipo, ndipo, motsutsana, matanthauzo achiweruzo, kuti lonjezo la chitetezo chofanana ndi , linayamba kukwaniritsidwa.

Nyengo Yokonzanso Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Machimo Osintha

Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ndi zotsatira zake zinatulutsa ya 13th, 14th , ndi 15 ya Masinthidwe, amene anachotsa ukapolo, ufulu waukulu ndi chitetezo chofanana pansi pa lamulo, ndi kuletsa tsankho la fuko m'kuvota, ndi kuwonjezera. Mapanganowo anaimira kusintha kwa lamulo, koma lonjezo lawo linanyalanyazidwa mofulumira. Khoti Lali, m'malamulo aung'ono ndi opapatiza mkati mwa zaka za zana la 19, anachepetsa kwambiri ukulu wawo. Chosankhachi chinali [[FLT:] [FF] [FF] [FOF:3] yosagwirizana ndi chigamulo chachi. Khoti la chikhoza kuperekedwa ndi chiwonjeko cha chiwonjeko [1] monga chigamuke cha ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu. Zifukwa za m'zingwe laku

Gulu la Zisankho za Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Kugawanika kwa Malamulo

Kulimbana kwa ufulu wa anthu kunafika pa chipwirikiti cha pakati pa zaka za zana la 20. Pamene kuli kwakuti gululo linali lamphamvu, mkupiti wosonkhezera kukana kwachiwawa, njira yake yalamulo inali yofunika mofanana. [[FLT: 0] National Association for the Advanced People (NAACP) Legin Fund [[FFFF:] [FLD , ndi Suptions] Games , zimene zinalengeza kuti m'malamulo, kumaliza m'chizindikiro [[FLT:] [[FFF:] [2]] Brown. Board of Educt. [FFFFFFF:4] ndi Suptiontions . [igne "NUM] Games Superset: [mage:]

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu Ndiponso Zotsatira Zake Zokhalitsa

Milandu ina ya Khoti Lalikulu ili ndi maziko kwakuti imakhala yofanana ndi ufulu umene imatetezera. zosankha zimenezi sizimathetsa kokha mkangano pakati pa zigawo ziŵiri; zimakhazikitsa malamulo amakhalidwe abwino amene amalamulira mtundu wonse. Kusanthula kwakukulu kwa malamulo ameneŵa kumavumbula mphamvu yaikulu ya Khotilo youmba kumvetsetsa kwathu kogwirizana kwa ufulu ndi kulingana.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Dismantling State-Sanctioned Secount

Motsimikizirika chosankha chachikulu cha ufulu wa anthu cha m'zaka za zana la 20, . Brown v. Board of Education [FLT]] adasintha chimodzi "kusintha ndi kulingana" chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa mu [[FLT:]. Ferguson[[FLT]] V. [FLT] [[FL] [FL] [F] [B] [I]]. Woweruza Wamkulu Earl War, analemba za Khoti, anatsutsa kuti kufalikira kwa onse "kudzimva kwa kutsika" pakati pa ana a ku Africa kuno "kuoneka kuti sikunasinthidwepo. Kulamulira kumene malo opatulidwa kunali kosayenerera kwa anthu onse. [F] Kusintha kwa ufulu wambiri kwachikhalidwe kutsimikizira kwachikhalidwe chachikhalidwe cha anthu onse. [F7]

Kukondana kwachikondi ndi Virginia (1967): Kuyenera kwa Kukwatira Amene Wina Amasankha

Pamene kuli kwakuti [[FLT: 0] adalemba malamulo oletsa kukwatira. Richard ndi Mildred Love, mwamuna woyera ndi mkazi wakuda, anaimbidwa mlandu ku Virginia chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo lachibadwidwe. Khoti Lalikulu linagonjetsa malamulo onse otsala oletsa ukwati, kugwiritsa ntchito zonse zotetezera Claus ndi njira yotetezera yoikidwiratu ya maukwati 14. Malamulo otchukawo amati " ufulu wa kukwatira, kapena kukwatira munthu wina, ndi kukana kulowa m'banja ndi munthu wina. Malamulo a Chilamulo cha Ufumulo anagamuletsa kusudzulidwa ndi kugamula ukwati. Malamulo otchukawo amavomereza kuti: [F]

Wade (1973): Kudzipatula, Ufulu, ndi Kuyenera Kosankha

[[NTLT: 0] . . . Wade [[FLT :2] idakali imodzi ya malamulo ogwirizana kwambiri ndi otsutsana m'mbiri ya America. Khoti, ikuvomereza kuyenera kwa lamulo la kubisala kotsimikiziridwa ndi kukhazikitsa kwa lamulo la 14 Development Ceastement , adakhulupirira kuti mkazi ali ndi kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba, kulinganiza ufulu wake ndi zikondwerero za boma m’moyo. Chigamulo chinakhazikitsa njira yochepetsera kuchotsa mimba, kupereka ufulu waukulu m'magawo oyambirira ndi ulamuliro wa pambuyo pake mu mimba. [FF.NUF], ngakhale kuti ndi kulephera kwa zigamu zaposachedwapa, kugawa kwa zigamu zachigawa za boma: [F.NUP.]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kulingana kwa Mabanja a Anthu Ofanana Ogonana

Kumanga paluntha la Loval v. Virginia [1] ndi chitetezero chachikulu cha chinsinsi ndi chitetezo chofanana cha jurisprudence, Obergefell v. Hoddell v. Hoddect [[FLT]] [[FLT] [5] kuvomerezedwa ndi ukwati] kofanana. M’chigamulo cha 5-4, Woweruza Anthony Kennedy analemba kuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira kuli ufulu waukulu m’chigamu ya munthu aliyense, ndi malamulo ofanana ndi osagwirizana ndi ukwati kuswa njira za Cesagwirizana ndi kutetezera Clausstion. Pamene kuli kopanda chitetezero cha lamulo la lamulo la boma, ndi kulephera kwa anthu ena a m'malamulo. [F]

Kusintha Malamulo, Mfundo, ndi Mabungwe Othandiza Anthu

Zigamulo zimenezi sizikhudza anthu okhawo amene amaphwanya malamulo, kusonkhezera Nyumba ya Malamulo, mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo, mabungwe akuluakulu, ndiponso nkhani zapoyera.

Mmene Zigamulo za Khoti Zimasinthira Malamulo

Chigamulo cha panja kaŵirikaŵiri chimapanga chiwongola dzanja chalamulo chimene chimafuna yankho lalamulo. Pamene Khoti Lapamwamba ligamula lamulo kapena kuzindikira kuyenera kwatsopano kwa lamulo, limakakamiza opanga lamulo kuchita. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Board of Education[[FL:], Mabungwe a Malamulo [[FLT:], Malamulowo amalamulira [[FLT]], kuchirikiza malamulo a mu 1965 [FLT] [FL:5] [1]. [Momwenso, amagamula kuti apereketsepo mfundo za m’chigamu ya chisankhomo]. [FFFF:] [FLT] v.[5] [F.FFUT] ndi malamulo a m'malamulo ochirikiza lamulo laposachedwapa] [1998] [19981] [19, zimene zikugwirizana ndi kugamula kwake kwa chigamu cha chigamu cha . Chotsatira chigamu chaposachedwapa chaposachedwapa cha chigamu chaposachedwapa cha . [F.]

Milandu ya Khoti ndi Kufalikira kwa Magulu a Anthu

Chiyambukiro cha zigamulo za chiweruzo chikufika patali ndi malamulo ku malo a kusonkhanitsa ndi kudziŵitsa anthu. Chilakiko m'khoti chingayambitse kuyendayenda, kutsimikizira zolinga zake ndi kupereka mphamvu yowonjezereka. Brown [1] [ kulimbitsa mphamvu ya Chidziŵitso cha Chisungiko, pamene [[FLT:] Oberge] [[FLT] [[FLT]] wolimbikizidwa ndi LBQ+ zochirikiza zowonjezereka za lamulo, monga zotetezera zopanda lamulo m'nyumba ndi ntchito. Mosiyana, kutsutsana ndi kugamula, kutsutsana, kutsutsa kwa lamulo, zivutitso, ndi kusintha kwatsopano kwa kusintha kwa chisankho. [FLD:] [FFFFF:]

Mavuto Amakono ndi Tsogolo la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Pamene tikupita patsogolo m’zaka za zana la 21, malo alamulo akudziŵika ndi malire atsopano a mkangano ndi kupikisana kopitirizabe kwa zitsanzo zokhazikitsidwa. Khoti Lalikulu lamakono, ndi kutchuka kwake kosakhala ndi chizolowezi, lasonyeza kufunitsitsa kuchotsa zigamulo zimene zinatenga nthaŵi yaitali, kuchititsa ponse paŵiri kukayikira ndi mwaŵi wa ochirikiza zoyenera zachiŵeniŵeni.

Kuchepetsa Malamulo kwachiŵiri ndi Chitetezo cha Anthu

Khotilo laposachedwapa kufutukuka kwa ufulu wachiŵiri mu . New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2002] [2002], imene inagwetsa lamulo lapadera la ku New York lofuna kunyamula zilolezo, latulutsa chivomezo cha mtundu uliwonse wa mfuti. Chigamulo chimenechi chapanga kuyesa kwatsopano, mbiri yakale-kupimira malamulo a mfuti, kuponya malamulo a zaka za kuukira, kuletsa zida zoukira, ndi "kukhudzidwa ndi malo" kukayikira. Chiyambukiro cha kusungidwa kwa anthu onse cha mtundu wa anthu chachiwawa chayambukiridwa ndi chiwawa chasintha ndi kufalikira kwa zaka zambiri. [FFF:]

Kachitidwe Kotsimikizira ndi Kulingana kwa Maphunziro

Mu [FLT]] Otsatira mayunivesite amene analola mayunivesite kulingalira za mtundu umodzi pakati pa ambiri m’kupanga bungwe la ophunzira osiyanasiyana . Harvard , chomwe chimadalira pa kuŵerenga Kote ya Claus, chakakamiza makampani apamwamba kuphunzira kuti asinthe njira zina zothandizira. Chiyambukiro cha mwamsanga chinali chochepa kwambiri m'kulembetsa ophunzira ochepa pa masukulu otchuka. Chigamulochi chachititsanso kupendanso zoyesayesa zosiyanasiyana za ntchito ndi kuvomereza kuti chisonyezero cha Boma lapamwamba lakutsatira malamulo a boma lotsutsa lamulo la boma.

Luso, Kudzipatula, ndi Malo Atsopano a Kumasuka kwa Anthu a M’dzikolo

Maluso opanga zinthu zatsopano amene akupereka zitokoso zowonjezereka zimene mosapeŵeka zidzakhala zogwirizana ndi lamulo. Mafunso okhudza zachinsinsi zachinsinsi, kukondera, kuyang'ana nkhope, ndi kuyang'anira boma akuperekedwa ku makhoti mobwerezabwereza. Nkhani zonga ngati malamulo a geoge - gene la khoti, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa AI m'chiweruziro chaupandu, ndi malamulo a masiteshoni a za makampani a zachikhalidwe a anthu pansi pa Kukonza Malamulo kwa Kuyamba, ndi malo onse ogwirira ntchito zolimba. Malamulo a Khoti m'mabwalo a ufulu waumwini ndi mphamvu za boma m'nyengo ya . Ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu, funso lotsutsa liri ngati malamulo a pa malamulo anayi opanga malamulo (kufufuza ndi kubisa ndi kuteteza) ndi otetezera (kuteteza) a 14 detimenti (yekha) adzagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenerera kuteteza mitundu yatsopano ndi kuchepetsa njira zamakono.

Kumaliza

Chiyambukiro cha zigamulo za khoti pa ufulu wa anthu ndi zitsanzo zalamulo n’zokulira ndipo n’zosiyana kwambiri. Kuchokera ku choloŵa cha mdima cha Pnety v. Ferguson ku lonjezo losintha la [ Brown v. . . . . . . . FLD [[FFF] [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [B] .BM. . . . . . [2] Kukula kwa ufulu wa maphunziro [[FLT] [[FLT] [[F:] [7] [7], ndi kuwonjezera kwa , khoti la m'moyo wa ku America. Zosankhazosazochitika zawo za mbiri yakale, zopangidwa ndi zisonkhetso za za zandale, zomwe zimapanga ziwonekedwe, zogwirizana ndi kuchirikiza chitukuko cha m'dziko.

Komabe nyengo yamakono ndi imodzi ya kusakhazikika kwakukulu. Kusintha kwa Roe , kutsekerezedwa kwa ntchito yovomereza, ndi kufutukuka kwa ufulu wa mfuti kukusonyeza chisonyezero champhamvu chimene chikukhazikitsanso maziko. Kusintha kumeneku kumagogomezera chowonadi chotsutsa: palibe chilakiko cha lamulo chokhalitsa, ndipo palibe chitsanzo chimene chiri chotetezerekadi ku kugonjetsedwa. Nkhondo zopitirizabe za ufulu wa kuvota, ufulu wakubala, LBTQ, ndi chinsinsi cha wailesi zimasonyeza kuti nkhondo ya ufulu wa kuyenera kwa anthu siike ntchito yotha, koma njira yopitirizabe yomasulira, ntchito, ndi kubwereranso. Kwa ophunzira, ophunzira, ochirikiza, ndi nzika, ndi nzika, maphunziro ofunika kwambiri si lamulo la moyo koma ayenera kuchirikiza ndi kuchirikiza malamulo aunika.