Nkhani Zake Za m’mbiri ndi Kutsimikiziridwa Kochepa kwa Lamulo la 14

Demendment ya 145, yovomerezedwa pa July 9, 1868, inatuluka kuchokera ku phulusa la Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni monga mbali ya Kukonzanso Malamulo kumbali ya Malamulo a 13 ndi 15. Cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kutsimikizira ufulu wa Aafirika omasulidwa chatsopano ndi kuchepetsa ubale pakati pa boma ndi maboma. Kukonza kunali kuyankha kwachindunji kwa [FLD: 0] Malamulo a Bridge opangidwa ndi malamulo a Kummwera mu 1865 76, amene anachepetsa kwambiri ufulu wa akapolo akalewo kukhala ndi katundu wawo weniweni, kuloŵa m'mapangano, kuloŵa m’khoti, kapena kuyenda mwaufulu. Malamulowa anayesa kusunga dongosolo la kuzungulira kuzungulira kwa gulu la asilikali kudzera m'malamulo.

Congress, yotsogozedwa ndi Radical Republicans, inazindikira kuti kukonzanso kwa Chigamulo cha Ufulu wa anthu mu 1866, kumene kunapereka unziko ndi chitetezo chofanana pansi pa lamulo, kungagwetsedwe ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo yapambuyo pake kapena kumenyedwa ndi makhoti. Kukhazikitsa zitetezero zimenezi kwachikhalire, analinganiza mamendu a 144th Amendment ndi kutumiza ku mayiko a za jastrication. Zolemba zoyambirirazo zisunga buku loyambirira, limene limakhalabe lakumbuyo kwa boma la Constanton-era m'dziko la Conferation. [FLT:]

Zipilala Zitatu: Unzika, Ntchito Yotsatira, ndi Chitetezo Cholingana

Unzika wa Claus

Chigawo 1 cha Kusintha kwa 14 ndi Chigawo cha Chigawo chimayamba ndi Chikalata cha Chigawo: "Anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States, ndi olamulidwa ndi iwo, ndi nzika za United States ndi Boma. Chigawochi chinachotsa mwachindunji unzika wa mbiri yoipa Ded Scott v. Sandford [[FLD:1] [1857] chosankha, chimene Chilungamo chachikulu Roger Taney chakhala cholengeza kuti Aafirika sanali kudzakhala U. Nzika za U. Mwa kukhazikitsa unziri, kutsimikizira kuti aliyense wobadwa pa dziko la America, fuko, kapena kholo, chipatso chachi, chigamulo cha nzika cha ufulu wonse ndi mwaŵi. Lamulo limeneli lakhalanso mobwerezabwereza, kufalikira kwa ana ambiri. Mwakukhazikitsa ufulu wa kusamukira m'dziko ndi kufalikira kwa chidziŵitso cha Chidziŵitso cha Malamulo cha Chidziŵitso cha Malamulo. [5]

Makonzedwe a Claus

Chikalata cha Act Claus Century chinati: "Kunanso Boma lililonse lidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Poyambirira, Bill of Rights (zoyamba khumi zosintha) analetsa boma la boma. Mchitidwe umenewu unayamba ndi cholinga cha [[FFL:2]. [FFFF:3] [FFFF:]. Founce : "NUF: ". [FFUP] [10] SuperF:] [194] [19] [194], umene Khoti Lonje linagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri mapangano la Boma la Boma la Boma la Boma la Boma la Boma la Boma la Boma la Boma la ufulu. [FUFUM].[10]

Kuteteza Claus Molingana

Chitetezo Cholingana ndi Claus chimalamula: "Kupanda kukana munthu aliyense m'ulamuliro wake chitetezo chofanana cha malamulo . Mawu ameneŵa analinganizidwa kuletsa maboma kugawana gulu lirilonse. Komabe, kumasulira kwake koyambirira kunali kochepetsa. [[FLT: 0] . Ferguson [[FLT]] [1869]] [186], Khoti Lapamwamba linalamulira kuti fuko linali logwirizana ndi malamulo a fuko kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwambiri monga momwe kuliri kulili kofanana ndi malo ake a fuko, koma kuwonjezera, kupendedwa kwa mitundu ina, kupendedwa kwa mitundu, kuwonjezereka kwa . [FF4]: "[5]

Chizindikiro cha Milandu Yapansi Yoposa Milandu ya Khoti ndi Chiyambukiro Chake

Mpando wa 14 Demendment wakhala mbali yaikulu ya zigamulo zambiri zofunika za Khoti Lalikulu. Tebulo lotsatira likutchula milandu yaikulu kupyola pa mpambo wa nkhani yoyambirira, kusonyeza kuchuluka kwa kukonzanso:

Milandu Yosasintha

  • .[FLT .1] Gitlow v. New York [FLT :2] (25) [1] [1] - Ufulu wolankhulirana ndi maboma kudzera m'Cend Claus wotsatira, kutsegula khomo la chitsimikizo cha pafupifupi Bill wa ufulu.
  • [[FLT .1] Mapp v. Ohio [FLT :2] (1761] [1] – Yofutukuka ya lamulo la Four Conference Reference Referenceptary (umboni wopezedwa mwalamulo sungathe kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'khoti la boma) ku maboma, kutsimikizira njira yolungama.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) [1] – maboma ofunidwa kupereka uphungu kwa ozengedwa milandu amene sangathe kulipira loya, kutsimikizira kuyenera kwa mlandu wachilungamo.
  • [FLT :1] Mira v. Arizona[FLT :2] (1966 [1] – kukhazikitsa chiyeneretso chakuti apolisi adziŵitse kukayikira zoyenera zawo (kuyenera kukhala chete, kuyenera kwa loya) asanaimbidwe mlandu, kuchokera pa mfundo yachisanu yachigamulo chotsutsana ndi kudzisinthanitsa yolembedwa mpaka 145.

Milandu Yotetezera Yofanana

  • [FLT .[FLT]BN v. Board of Education (1954) [1] [1] [1] [1] Mowolowa manja anagonjetsa tsankho la fuko m'masukulu a anthu onse, kukana "kugaŵana koma kulingana" chiphunzitso. Chigamulochi chinakhala maziko alamulo a Chigwirizano cha ufulu wa anthu.
  • . [FLT .[FLT .] Virginia [1] (1967) [1] – malamulo a boma oletsa maukwati a mafuko, polingalira kuti ziletso zotero zimaswa zonse ziŵiri Chitetezo cha Apulogalamu ndi Programme Claus . Chigamulocho chinalimbikitsa kuti maunansi aumwini amatetezeredwa ku chigamulo cha boma.
  • [FLT .[FLT] v. Reed [FLT :2] (1971 [1] [[FLT ] – Chowonekera nthaŵi yoyamba Khoti Lalikulu linaswa lamulo lozikidwa pa tsankho la amuna ndi akazi pansi pa chinjirizo la Claus wolingana, kutsegula njira kaamba ka nkhani za kufanana kwa kugonana.
  • San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1] (1973] [1] [1] [1] - Hedenti kuti Chitetezo Cholingana Claus sichimafuna kulingana kotheratu m'malipiro a sukulu, koma amalola maboma kutsutsa malamulo.
  • [[FLT :0] bergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015 - Anazindikira kuyenera kwa lamulo la ukwati wa kugonana pansi pa Curve Proces and Examime ques , kufutukula zoyenera zazikulu ku LGBTQ+ mabanja m'dziko lonse.

Kusintha Kosadziŵika Bwino

  • Griswold v. Connecticut [FLT :2] (65) [1] – adakhazikitsa kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi, kuswa lamulo loletsa kuletsa kulera kwa okwatirana. Zimenezi zinayala maziko kaamba ka malamulo apatsogolo.
  • [FLT .[FLT] . .[FLT :2] [[FLT] ] – kugwiritsira ntchito Sex Procession Claus kuzindikira kuyenera kwa mkazi kusankha kuchotsa mimba mkati mwa kuchotsa koyamba. (Note: Khoti lilamulira Roe mu [FLT:]] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [[FLT:]] (2022]), kubwerera ku kuletsa kutaya mimba ku zigamu.)
  • [FLT]Lawrence v. Texas [FLT :2] (2003) [1] – Malamulo a Sodomase, kutsimikizira ufulu wa achikulire kuloŵa m'makhalidwe a kugonana aumwini pansi pa Claus Century.

Mpumulo wa 14 ndi Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

During the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, the Fourteenth Amendment served as both a legal sword and shield. Activists and lawyers from the NAACP Legal Defense Fund—most notably Thurgood Marshall—used the Equal Protection Clause to dismantle segregation in public schools, transportation, and public accommodations. The strategy was deliberate: chipping away at Plessy by proving that segregated facilities were inherently unequal. Brown v. Board of Education was the crowning achievement, but it was preceded by cases like Missouri ex rel.Games v. Canada[[FLT : 0] (1938) ndi [[FLT :2] Sweatt v. Painter [[FLT :] [[FLT:] [1950].

Kukonzanso kokhazikitsa malamulo aakulu a gululo. Civil Rights Act ya 1964 inadalira pa Commerce Claus ndi Kutetezera Kofanana Claus kuletsa tsankho m'malo a anthu onse ndi ntchito. [[FLT:] Kuvomereza zoyenera za Ufulu wa anthu pa 1965 [[FLT: 3], kumene kunachotsa kuyesa kulemba ndi zopinga zina za Black Coversion Commergate, kunakhazikitsidwa mu Demendment , komanso kunalimbitsa Demendment of 147 Development kutsimikizira chitetezero chofanana. Malo a Washington mu 1963 adatsimikizira dziko ndi kupanga mphamvu za ndale za ndale za malamulo ameneŵa, koma malamulo anamangidwa pa KGBPGPGPT. [FF] Programmenti: [FF]

Zionetsero zopanda chiwawa . monga Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956), zigawenga za pa madanga a chakudya chamasana ku Greensboro (1960), ndi Selma ku Montgomery, ndi Selma ku maulendo a Montgomey (65) adakakamiza dzikolo kuyang'anizana ndi mpata pakati pa malonjezo a kukonza ndi kukhalako. Kusintha kwachisanu ndi chiŵiri kunalibe kunali chiŵiya chalamulo; kunali kulira kwa makhalidwe koperekedwa ndi Martin Luther King Jr. mu "Letter ku Birmingham Jail" ndi "I Ndilota Lalota". Mfumu inatsutsa kuti kumbuyo kunaimira pepala "proschory" limene America adapanga kulephera, ndi gulu loyendetsera ndalama.

Mapulogalamu a Masiku Ano ndi Nkhani Zotsutsana

M’zaka za zana la 21, pafupifupi mkangano uliwonse waukulu wa ufulu wachibadwidwe udakali chikalata cha moyo cha 14 Demendment.

Ntchito Yotsimikizira

Chiyambire 1970, Chitetezo cha Kulingana ndi Claus chakhala chochititsa mkangano wonena za kuvomereza mchitidwe wa maphunziro ndi ntchito. Mu [FLT: 0] [FLT]] [FT:1] Regents za University of California v. Bakke. Bollinger[[FLT:] [FLT]] [1978] [2] [197] [2] [2], Khoti Lapamwambalo linachirikiza kulingaliridwa kwa fuko monga chinthu chimodzi choloŵa m’mafuko, pamene linasiya kusiyanitsa mafuko. [FFF:] [FFF:] [4].FFFFFF.[10]

Kuvomereza Ufulu

Chikalata cha 14 Demendment Secument's Secument Expandel Claus chagwiritsidwa ntchito kutokosa malamulo osankha, kuphatikizapo zofunikira za voti, gerrymandering, ndi felony dicencranchisement. Shelby County v. Hanger [[FLT]] [3] [3] [2013]] [3]), Khoti linachotsa lamulo lalikulu la Voting Rights Act, kutsutsa kuti njira yoperekera yozikidwa pa madata 1960 inali yachikale. Chigamulo chololedwa chigamulo chatsopano popanda malamulo a boma, kutsogolera kuwonjezereka kwa ku k'imbidwa pansi pa KGenepymergalamu. Chotsatira chofanana ndi: [FFF] [5]

LGBTQ+ Ufulu

Demendment ya 14 ndi maziko a kufutukuka kwa ufulu wa LGBTQ+ munthu mmodzi. Obergefell v. Hoddell . Hodonges (20] Ukwati wovomerezedwa ndi lamulo limodzimodzi, koma kuchepetsako kumatetezeranso ntchito (monga momwe zimachirikizidwa ndi [FLT]]BOC] Bostock v. County [FLT:][FLT]] [2]] [2]] [2020]) pansi pa Zigawo VII) ndipo zingafutukule kumadera ena monga nyumba ndi thanzi. Mayi ambiri ayesa kuchepetsa malamulo a mpikisano kapena kuloŵerera m’maseŵera, ndi kutsutsa malamulo aulimi, ndipo amatsutsa malamulo a Classic. [FU:]

Kusamukira ku Dziko Lina ndi Kubadwa Koyenera

Chigawo cha Thungwe Claus chidakalibe malo odziŵirapo anthu oloŵa m'mantha. Andale ena alamula kuti athetse ufulu wa ana a anthu osamukira kudziko lina, akutsutsa kuti mawu akuti "kugonjera ku ulamuliro wake" amachotsa awo amene sali pansi pa ulamuliro wa U.S. . Komabe, kumasulira kwalamulo, kochirikizidwa mu [FLT] [[1] United States] v. Wong Kim Arks [1] [18], kutsimikizira kuti aliyense anabadwa ku U.S.

Mavuto Amene Akupitirizabe Ndiponso Nkhani Zomasulira

Ngakhale kuti pali tanthauzo lake lokhalitsa, Kusintha kwa 14th Amendment sikuli ndi mkangano. Akatswiri a maphunziro a m'Chipangano Chatsopano amanena kuti tanthauzo la kusintha liyenera kutsimikiziridwa kumvetsetsa kwa oimba ake mu 1868, zimene zingachepetse kugwira ntchito kwake ku nkhani zamakono monga ukwati wa kugonana kapena kuvomereza. Kumbali ina, akatswiri a malamulo amatsutsa kuti kusintha kwa chinenero chakuya cha Chingelezi , "kuyambika," "kutetezereka" kuyenera kuchitika ndi kusintha kwa kulingana kwa anthu. Kusintha kwa malingaliro a Khoti Lalikulu kumatanthauza kuti chitetezocho chingakulitse kapena kudalira pa kulembedwa kwa Khotilo.

Mkangano wina umakhudza ukulu wa zochita za boma. Mpando wa 14 . Kusintha kwa 14 kumangoletsa state (boma]), osati tsankho laumwini. Kusiyanitsa kumeneku kunakhala kowopsa mu [[FLT]] . Kraemer [1] [FLT] [198], kumene kunachititsa kuti makhoti asamagwiritsitse ntchito yoletsa mapangano a nyumba chifukwa chakuti zimenezo zingaphatikizepo kachitidwe ka boma. Koma mzera pakati pa anthu onse ndi kaunyinji umakhala wosamveka, makamaka m’madera ngati malo ogona anthu onse ndi maphunziro.

Ndiponso, lonjezo la kulinganiza silinakwaniritsidwe. Kusalingana kwa chuma, kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri, ndi kugaŵana kwa anthu m’chuma ndi thanzi kukupitirizabe. Otsutsa amanena kuti makhoti akhala ozengereza kuswa malamulo amene amatsutsa kwambiri magulu a anthu popanda umboni woonekeratu wa cholinga cha kulingana. Chiphunzitso cha "kusintha kwa zinthu", chimene chikalola mavuto ozikidwa pa kusiyanitsa zinthu, aikidwa ndi Khoti m’nkhani ngati . . Dhyning. v. Davis . [6] [7]

Kumaliza

Chisinthiko cha 14 ndi choyenera kuchitidwa ndi lamulo lotetezera ufulu wa anthu ku United States. Kuchokera ku chiyambi chake m'kukonzanso ndi ntchito yake mu Civil Rights Movement ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake ku nkhani zamakono monga LGBTQ + kulingana, kuvomereza, ndi kuvota, kukonza kwakhala mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri ya chilungamo. Malamulo ake achinjiriza, Battlement , ndi Sexmentimential Procestion , ndipo mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kutsutsana ndi tanthauzo lake. Pamene kuli kwakuti kutha kwa masinthidwe sikunachotse mitundu yonse ya tsankho, kumapereka maziko amphamvu a kusalungama. Kumvetsa mbiri yake ndi kumasulira kwake nkofunika kwa aliyense wodzipereka pa kulimbana ndi kulingana kwa kulingana kwa lamulo.