Filosofi ya Malamulo Amene Anasintha Chilamulo cha America

Kwa zaka makumi anayi, Federalist Society yakhala ikugwira ntchito monga bungwe losonkhezera kwambiri loimira boma ndi losunga mwambo ku United States. Yokhazikitsidwa mu 1982 ndi gulu laling'ono la ophunzira alamulo ku Yale, Harvard, ndi University of Chicago, chitaganya chinakula kuchokera ku gulu la magalamu a mapangano kukhala kampani yachiweruzo yomwe yasintha kwambiri bungwe la judicary. Pamtima pa kusintha kumeneku pali njira imodzi yomasulira: kuyambika kwa . Kuposa chiphunzitso cha maphunziro, chiphunzitso choyambirira chinakhala lamulo lolinganiza mbadwo wa malamulo. Kuzindikira mmene Federation , woyera, woyengedwa, ndi wochirikizidwa woyambirira amasonyezera chifukwa chake tsopano filosofi imeneyi ikulamulira Supper Court Rest jupluence ndi kuzungulira malamulo apamwamba a malamulo alamulo alamulo.

Kumvetsetsa Chiyambi cha Malemba

Mkhalidwe wa Chisangalalo

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimanena kuti tanthauzo la malembo alamulo limaikizidwa panthaŵi imene makonzedwe alionse avomerezedwa. Tanthauzo limeneli limakhalabe losasintha mpaka Konsichushoni itatha kukonzedwa mwalamulo kudzera m'Chigawo V. Ntchito ya woweruza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo lapoyera limenelo. Silikusintha malinga ndi makhalidwe a masiku ano kapena zimene munthu amakonda. Olemba Baibulo amakana lingaliro la "Malamulo Amoyo" amene amasintha mwa kumasulira kwa chiweruzo, akumati njira imeneyi imapereka mphamvu zambiri kwa oweruza osasankhidwa kuti alembenso lamulo loyambirira.

Kukonzekera Mosakhazikika Kusiyana ndi Tanthauzo Loyambirira la Anthu

Olemba oyambirira, kuphatikizapo Attorney General Edwin Meese mu 1980, kaŵirikaŵiri analankhula za kufunafuna "chifuno choyamba" cha Aframers . Koma kapangidwe kameneka kanasuliza kwambiri . "Kodi tingadziŵe bwanji cholinga cha mazana a ratifiers? Kusintha kolondola, kochirikizidwa ndi Woweruza Antonin Scalia ndi katswiri wa zamalamulo Randy Barnett, ndiko [FL:0] tanthauzo loyambirira lapoyera [[. Kulingalira kumeneku kufunsa zimene munthu wolingalira bwino pa nthaŵi ya kulinganiza kukanamvetsetsa lemba. Kupeŵa vuto la maganizo la kuzindikira ndi kusumika pa tanthauzo la mawu la m'mbiri yonga madikishona, manyuzipepala, ndi makambitsirano.

Kulemba ndi Kuyambirira

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chaikidwa pamodzi ndi malembo , njira ya kumasulira kwa malamulo imene imagogomezeranso tanthauzo lomveka la malemba. Pamene kuli kwakuti malembo amagwira ntchito ku malamulo ndi kuyambirira kwa malamulo, onse aŵiri amakana kukonza malamulo. Scalia anatsutsa motchuka kuti woweruza ndi "dzanja limene limalemba mawu" a chilamulo. Federation Society yakhala ikugwiritsa ntchito kuchirikiza njira zonse ziŵirizo monga zipangizo zothandizira kuletsa kuweruza. Woweruza Neil Gor, yemwe kale anali wolankhula chigawo cha Federalist Society, amadzilongosola yekha monga wolemba ndi woyambirira, wojambula mafilosofi ameneŵa tsopano akulimbitsa njira ina.

Mbali ya Gulu la Olinganiza Pochirikiza Unamwali

Gulu Lomwe Linachokera ku Kusakhutira ndi Zimene Ali Nazo

Kumapeto kwa 1970 ndi kumayambiriro kwa ma 1980, ophunzira a zamalamulo osunga mwambo anadzimva kukhala otsika m'masukulu apamwamba a malamulo olamulidwa ndi chiphunzitso chalamulo ndi Warren Courtism . Federalist Society adakhazikitsidwa kukhazikitsa chigawo cha malingaliro otsalirapo ndi audindo omwe sanafufuzidwe kamodzi m'kalasi. Misonkhano yoyambirira inali ndi mikangano pakati pa oyambitsa chiyambira a Scalia ndi Robert Bork ndi osuliza awo. Zochitika zimenezi zinapereka mwaŵi wa nzeru ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti amene akatsimikizira kukhala ovuta zaka makumi ambiri pambuyo pake. chitaganyachonso chinafalitsa magazini a Law & Public Policy , kupereka maphunziro oyambirira kukhala nyumba yachikhalire.

Zithunzi Zazikulu ndi Chisonkhezero Chake

Woweruza Antonin Scalia anali katswiri wotchuka kwambiri wa kuyambika kwa zinthu. Nkhani zake, nkhani, ndi zosiyana, zolembedwa m’njira yowala, yokongola, anapanga mlandu wa tanthauzo loyambirira kwa ophunzira alamulo ndi anthu onse mofanana. Woweruza Clarence Thomas, woikidwa mu 1991, anatenga njira yoposa yoyambirira yosalolera, kaŵirikaŵiri anatsutsana ndi mafotokozedwe akuti ngakhale a Scalia kapena oweruza ena amwambo. Woweruza Robert Bork, ngakhale kuti sanatsimikizidwe ndi khoti Lapamwamba, analemba ntchito zotchuka ngati [[FLT: 0] Kupeputsa kwa America . Zomwe zinafotokoza za kuopsa kwa ntchito yoweruza. Posachedwapa, Jasiti Bret Kavalutu ndi Jasimey Barnett adalemba ponse paŵiri pa chisonyezero chake choyambirira, chisonyezero chake chosonyeza mphamvu.

Makina Oyenera ndi Mapangano Oweruza

Federalist Society siivomereza oyembekezera kapena olandira mwalamulo kaamba ka kuikidwa kwachiweruzo, koma imatumikira monga dziŵe la matalente. Mapulani kuchokera kwa Ronald Reagan kupyolera mwa Donald Trump adadalira pa kuvomereza kwa Federalist Society posankha oweruza pamiyezo yonse ya ben sin. Njira ya bungwe yopanga imathandiza kudziŵa manyunee amene ali odzipereka ku ku kuyambirira ndi kulembedwa kwa malemba. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa ndandanda ya Supreme Court, yomwe pomalizira pake inatulutsa Justice Gor Gorath, Kavaugh, ndi Barrett. Kapalet imeneyi inatsimikizira kuti filosofi yoyambirira idzakhala yolembedwa m'zaka makumi ambiri.

Pambuyo pa kuikidwa, programu ya olankhula a chitaganya imabweretsa akatswiri a zamalamulo m'masukulu alamulo m'dziko lonselo. Zochitika zimenezi zimakopa ophunzira ku filosofi kuyambira m'maphunziro awo alamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri kuwatembenuza iwo ku njira. Ambiri a ophunzirawo pambuyo pake amalemba oweruza oyambirira kapena kugwirizana ndi mabungwe alamulo osunga mwambo, kupanga kayendedwe ka kudziŵerengera okha.

Malo Audindo a Sosaite ya Federal Social Social

Mawu a chitaganya a mapulinsipulo amagogomezera "lamulo, kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, chigwirizano, ndi ufulu wa munthu mmodzi. Chiphunzitso chachibadwidwe chimayenerera mwachibadwa mkati mwa dongosolo limeneli chifukwa chakuti chimachita ndi Konsichushoni monga chikalata chalamulo chogwirizana mmalo mwa chikalata chosinthika cha mayanjano. chitaganyacho chimanena poyera kuti "siimakhala ndi malo apamwamba pa milandu yakutiyakuti kapena lamulo," koma misonkhano yake ndi zofalitsa zake nthaŵi zonse zimapereka zigomeko zoyambirira. Kusintha kwanzeru kumeneku kwapangitsa chitaganya kukhala mphamvu yodalirika m'lamulo, kubweretsa ulemu kwa ngakhale kwa osuliza amene amatsutsa ndi zotulukapo zake.

Chiyambukiro pa Filosofi Yachiweruzo ndi Kupanga Zosankha

Kulangana ndi Nzeru ya Kuweruza

Chiyambukiro chachikulu kwambiri cha kuyambika kwa zinthu, monga momwe chinachirikizidwa ndi Federalist Society, ndicho kukakamiza koyambirira kwa oweruza. Oweruza a m'Chipangano ayenera kusunga zigamulo zawo m'zochitika za m'mbiri(zotsutsa, kuyambitsa machitidwe a boma, kuyambika kwa machitidwe a boma (kuyambirapo) kuposa zimene amakonda. Chilango chimenechi n’choonekera makamaka m’milandu yokhudza Second Conflist Amendment, kumene kupenda koyambirira kunatsogolera Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLT: 0] Diver of Columbia v. Heller . (2008) kuzindikira kuyenera ndi zida. Chiganitsirizo zambiri za Justice Sctial , mbiri, ndi mwambo, kusonyeza njira yoyambirira m'kachitidwe.

Mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022], khoti linagwiritsira ntchito kuyesa koyambirira kofananako kopekera malamulo a mfuti. Jaji Thomas, kulembera anthu ambiri, adanena kuti boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti lamulo lokayikiridwa ndi "kugwirizana ndi malamulo a mtundu a malamulo a mfuti. Kusintha kumeneku kwa mbiri yakale kwasintha kukhazikitsa kwa Second Amerekation, kukufuna makhoti a akulu alamulo ang’onoang’ono kuti aloŵetsemo m’kanthauzira m'mbiri yakale mmalo mwa kulinganiza. Akatswiri a bungwe la Federation Societyast Copel ndi Nelson alemba mokulira pa tanthauzo loyamba la malamulo a Kachiŵiri, kugaŵira nzeru za zopanga malamulo ameneŵa.

Kutaya Mimba ndi Osankha

Mwinamwake chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha chilakiko cha kupambana kwa kuyambirira ndicho Dobbs v. Jackson Akazi 'Auth Organization ya Zaumoyo (2022]), amene analamulira Roe v. Wade [[FLT] ndi [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [4] Malamulo oletsedwa ndi kubadwa kwa mwana [v. Casey]. Woweruza Samuel Alito' anagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyambirira yopangira, akutsutsa kuti ufulu wakuchotsa mimba sunachokere kwambiri m'mbiri m'mbiri ya Dziko ndi miyambo ya anthu. Malingalirowo anakhazikitsa ziletso zalamulo za kumbuyo ndi kuyambiyambika kwa nyengo ya kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kukhazikitsa kwa kumbuyo kwa kukonza madensi kwa kumbuyo kwa zaka khumi za 149. Oyambirira monga John Robertith adalembanso lamulo logwirizana ndi kulongosola mfundo za malamulo zachi.

Kuyamba Kulankhulana Koyamba Kuchitika: Nkhani Zaposachedwapa

Kupyola mfuti ndi kuchotsa mimba, kuyambirira kwapanga zosankha pa kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro, chigwirizano, ndi ufulu wachipembedzo. National Federation of Independent Business v. Dipatimenti ya Ntchito (2002]), yodziŵika monga "Mlandu wa katemera," Khoti linapempha chiphunzitso chachikulu cha chiphunzitso [1] lamulo lozikidwa pa chidziŵitso cha poyamba cha bungwe la oimira (matumwini) kuti aletse zofunika za katemera kapena kuyesa. Mu Sust Virginia v. [FLT:] (202]), chiphunzitso chimodzimodzicho chinachepetsa ulamuliro wa bungwe la zitetezero za dziko lotentha. Pulogalamu ya bungwe la Federation Society [1]

Nkhani za ufulu wachipembedzo zonga Kennedy v. Bremeton School District (2022) zimasonyezanso kusanthula kwa woyambirira. Lingaliro la Woweruza Gormoth linasumika pa tanthauzo loyamba la Free Exect and Programmes Clauss, akumasunga kuti mlangizi wa mpira wa mpira wa mpira wasukulu anali ndi ufulu wakupemphera m’munda pambuyo pa maseŵera. Khoti linakana kuyesa Lemon . Zaka makumi ambiri za zaka zakale zimene akatswiri oyambirira anatsutsa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kukhala zochokera ku lemba la malamulo a .

Chisonkhezero pa Makhoti Aang’ono

Chiyambukiro cha chiphunzitso choyambirira sichikulekezera ku Khoti Lapamwamba. Oweruza a Federal oikidwa kupyolera mwa bungwe la Federalist Society nthaŵi zonse amatchula magwero oyambirira m'malingaliro awo. Ambiri alemba za oweruza oyambirira kapena kupezeka pa misonkhano ya Federalist Society kumene anakulitsa njira yawo yomasulira. Nyumba zachiweruzo zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti nkhani zoyambirira zidzapangidwa pamlingo uliwonse wa bungwe la judicary, kuchokera ku makhoti achigawo kupita ku bwalo lamilandu la dera. Chotulukapo ndicho bungwe lowonjezera la milandu limene likupitiriza kumasulira m'malamulo oyambirira a boma.

Kusuliza ndi Mavuto

Vuto la Kutsutsa Mbiri

Chisulizo chimodzi chopitirizabe nchakuti chiphunzitso choyambirira sichingapereke chitsimikizo chimene chimalonjeza. Matanthauzo oyambirira a malamulo ambiri amatsutsana mowonadi pakati pa olemba mbiri. Mwachitsanzo, tanthauzo la Malo Oyenera kapena la Kusintha kwa Zamphongo kwa 14 ndi Immunice lakhala nkhani ya mkangano waukulu pakati pa akatswiri olemba za chiyambi. Kodi icho chinaphatikizapo Bill of Rights potsutsana ndi maboma? Kodi chinatetezera ufulu wapamwamba wa anthu monga ufulu wa zachuma? Akatswiri onga Randy Barnett ndi Michael McConnell afikira zigamu zake zosiyana ndi njira za mbiri yakale. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kutsutsa kunena kuti chiphunzitso cha poyamba chimapereka cholinga, mayankho osatenga mbali.

Kuyamba Kuganiza Zoyamba ndi Zoyambirira

Chitokoso china chikukhudza mbali ya chitsanzo. Chikalata cha kuyambirira cha tanthauzo lotsimikizirika chimapereka lingaliro lakuti zitsanzo zolakwika ziyenera kulamuliridwa pamene zichoka pa chidziŵitso choyambirira. Koma Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi mfundo yakuti zitsanzo ziyenera kutsatiridwa nthaŵi zina ngakhale ngati ziri zolakwika, kusunga zikondwerero ndi kudalira. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [5] pambuyo pozipeza zolakwika," koma sizinachite malamulo ena olakwika, monga momwe zimalingalirira zotero [FLT:] [FTTT:[6]] [FTT:3] ndi [[FTL:] [FLT:] [FLT] [oct:] [4] [oct:] [oct:] [optionsssssssssss ogwirizana ndi kugamula kwake. (odentina za chiganikiso]) (zo).

Konsichushoni Yamoyo Yoloŵerapo

Otetezera malamulo amoyo amanena kuti kuyambirira kuli kovuta kwambiri kuthetsera mavuto amakono. Olemba malamulo sakanayembekezera kugwiritsa ntchito makina, kuyang'anira zinthu pa magetsi, kapena nzeru zopanga. Woweruza woyambirira angavutike kugwiritsira ntchito chitetezo cha Demendment Yachinayi "kufufuza kosapambanitsa ndi kugwidwa ndi khunyu" kudziko limene anthu osaganiza. Akatswiri a malamulo amanena kuti oweruza ayenera kusintha tanthauzo la malamulo a malamulo ndi mikhalidwe yatsopano, pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino. Oyambirira akuvomereza kuti chinenero cha malembacho n’chofanana ndi "kupanda nzeru" ndipo kuti oweruza angagwiritse ntchito mwadala tanthauzo lake loyamba ku luso latsopano popanda kuchotsa mfundo zapamwamba.

Kutsutsana kwa Pakati pa Oyambirira

Okhulupirira chiphunzitso cha m’Chipangano Chatsopano sagwirizana ndi mafunso a maziko. Magulu ena akuda nkhaŵa ndi "oyambirira oyembekezeredwa kugwiritsa ntchito" ndi "tanthauzo la chiyambi". Ena a akatswiri a zachiyambi, monga Scalia, anatsutsa kuti tanthauzo la Malamulo nthaŵi zina limapereka zotulukapo zimene maFramers sakanayembekezera , mwachitsanzo, kuti Akufawo sayenera kugwiritsa ntchito akazi ngakhale kuti Afar sanafune zimenezi. Ena, monga Thomas, adatsutsa za njira ya mbiri imene idzachepetsa chitetezo china. Mkangano wina umaphatikizapo "kugwa kwakufa": nchifukwa ninji tiyenera kumangidwa ndi malingaliro a ofawo amene anakhala ndi moyo kwa anthu amene analekerera ukapolo ndi opereŵera? Oyambirira akuyankha kuti malamulo achokera ku ku kupangidwa kwake ndi "Anthu, osati ku chikhalidwe cha anthu, koma kutsutsa.

Kusulizidwa Kuchokera Kumanzere ndi Kumanja

Osuliza a Baibulo amanena kuti kuyambirira kuli chophimba cha zotulukapo zachizoloŵezi. Iwo amatchula zochitika zonga Heller ndi Citizens United v. FEC[FLT ] , zimene zinatulutsa zotulukapo zogwirizana ndi zikondano. Olemba Baibulo amavomereza kuti njirayo kaŵirikaŵiri imatulutsa zotulukapo zimene sizimafuna koma kuti njirayoyo siiloŵerera. Otsutsa ena otsata mwambo, monga "lamulo lachibadwa" Woweruza J. Harvie Wilkin, akutsutsa kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira nchovuta kwambiri ndi choluluza. Oweruza ameneŵa amasunga chiphunzitso cha mkati.

Tsogolo la Kuyambirira ndi Gulu la Olinganiza

Anthu Otchuka Kwambiri Oti Anatengera Kaledwe Katsopano

Ndi oweruza asanu ndi mmodzi pa Bwalo Lapamwamba lomwe lilipoli amene amatcha oyambirira, filosofiyo tsopano imalamula otchuka. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti akatswiri onse avomerezana pa mlandu uliwonse . "ufansorry zigamulo n’zosoŵa", koma zikutanthauza kuti kuyesa kuyambitsa kuli ndi kulemera kwakukulu. Woweruza Barrett analemba kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira sichiyenera kukhala "katswiri wa zinthu" nthanthi ndi kuti chikhoza kutengera chitsanzo ndi pragmatism. Woweruza Kavanugh mofananamo amagogomezera kufunika kwa kukhazikika pamene akupitirizabe kulembedwa ndi mbiri. Chiphunzitso choyambirira choyenerera chimenechi chingafotokoze kutembenuza kwa mbadwo wotsatira.

Kuyamba Kukamba Nkhani Yotchuka

Federalist Society yachititsa kuyambika kwa kuyambika kwa lamulo kuchokera ku kupenda nkhani zalamulo zobisika kufikira ku mkangano waukulu wa ndale zadziko. Oyang'anira tsopano amafunsa atsatizana ngati amagonjera ku kuyambirira. Oyembekezera kukhala nduna amakambitsirana za filosofi mkati mwa magule. Sukulu za malamulo zimapereka maphunziro operekedwa ku njira zoyambirira. Misonkhano ya chitaganya imakopa chisamaliro cha oulutsa nkhani, ndipo zofalitsa zake zimatchulidwa ndi oweruza ndi opanga malamulo. Kusintha kumeneku kwa chikhalidwe kumatsimikizira kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chidzakhalabe mphamvu yofunika m'lamulo la ku America mosasamala kanthu za kusintha kwa ndale zadziko mtsogolo.

Kupitirizabe Kukumana ndi Mavuto ndi Kusintha

Chiphunzitso cha kuyambika kwa Krisimasi chidakali ndi ziyeso zazikulu. Kukula kwa mayeso a mbiri ndi kutengera kumbuyo kumafuna oweruza kukhala akatswiri a mbiri yakale, mbali imene samakhala okonzekera bwino nthaŵi zonse. Osuliza akuda nkhaŵa ndi kupotoza mbiri yakale. Panthaŵi ino, Federalist Society imayang'anizana ndi mafunso ponena za mbali yake m'boma. Pamene chisonkhezero cha chitaganya chikukula, kupenda ndalama zake, unansi wake ndi opereka zinthu, ndi mbali yake m'zandale. Anthuwo akupitirizabe kunena kuti n’ngophunzitsa, ngakhale kuti otsutsa ake akhalabe okayikira.

Mosasamala kanthu za mavuto ameneŵa, malo a kuyambika kwa lamulo lachilamulo la America akuwoneka kukhala osungika kaamba ka mtsogolo motsimikizirika. Federalist Society yamanga malo alamulo . scholarship , malo ochezera, mamove, ma metrol , zimene zidzachirikiza malingaliro a woyambirira monga kusintha kwa mawonekedwe andale. Kaya munthu aone kuti kuyambika kwa mapulinsipulo oyambirira ndiko kubwerera ku malamulo alamulo kapena ngati kuyendera njira ya kayendetsedwe ka mfundo zachikhalidwe, chiyambukiro chake pa nthanthi yalamulo ya Federalist Society nchosatsutsika. Anthuwo anatenga chiphunzitso cha maphunziro apamwamba ndi kuchisintha kukhala njira yaikulu yomasulira ya malamulo ku United States. Chipambano chimenecho chidzaumba lamulo la ku America kwa zaka makumi ambiri kuti chibwere.