Kumasulira Chiphunzitso cha Kuyamba: Kupeka Chachikulu

Mawu akuti “chiyambi” amaphatikizapo banja la njira zomasulira mmalo mwa chiphunzitso chimodzi, chotsegulira. Pamutu pake, chiphunzitso choyambirira chimanena kuti tanthauzo la mawu alamulo linakhazikitsidwa panthaŵi imene makonzedwe alionse anavomerezedwa. Komabe mkati mwa hema wotakata uja, nthambi ziŵiri zotchuka zatuluka: cholinga choyambirira ndi tanthauzo loyambirira lapoyera.

[[FLT: 0] Cholinga choyambirira . [Anambala ambiri amene anasiidwa ndi ziŵerengero zonga Attorney Edwin Meese III mu 1980] amafunsa tanthauzo lapoyera la maFramers iwo enilo lolingaliridwa. Osuliza analunjikitsa mwamsanga vuto la kulinganiza zolinga za nthumwi zambiri, ambiri amene anasiyapo zolembedwa zochepa. Zimenezi zinatsogolera ku ku kukwera kwa tanthauzo lapoyera [[FLT: 3], logwirizana ndi Woweruza Anton Scialia. Pansi pa njira imeneyi, kufufuza koyenerera ndiko chimene munthu woyenerera panthaŵi ya kutchuka, chikamvero cha malemba, chinenero ndi chikhalidwe choperekedwa. Monga momwe SCTFFOL: [F] [5]

Kusiyanitsa kumeneku kuli ndi ntchito yaikulu kwambiri kwa mphamvu ya ulamuliro. Kufufuza kwachindunji kwa poyamba kungachotsere makalata achinsinsi kuchokera kwa James Madison kapena Alexander Hamilton kuti apeze malingaliro awo pa maufulu a pulezidenti. Kusanthula koyambirira kwapoyera, kusiyanitsa, madikishonale, manyuzipepala, ndi nkhani zalamulo kuchokera ku ma 1780 ndi 1790s kugamula mmene nzika ya nthaŵi ino ikadamvera mawu onga “Mkulu wa Chilungamo,” “Mtsogoleri wa Chief,” kapena “Kusamalira Malamulo kuti aphedwe mokhulupirika.

Kuyamba Kulankhula ndi Kupangidwa kwa Ulamuliro Waukulu

Mfundo II ya Malamulo imayamba ndi chopereka chopepuka chachinyengo: “Mfumu yaikulu idzapatsidwa kwa Pulezidenti wa United States of America. Ofufuza za m’mwambo atsutsana kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti kaya Kusintha Claus kumeneku kumapatsa chitsime chachikulu, chokulira cha ulamuliro (chiphunzitso chotchedwa “atsogoleri aumodzi”) kapena kungotchula Pulezidenti monga nduna imene idzagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zotchulidwa pambuyo pake m’nkhaniyo.

Justice Scalia sanagwirizane ndi Morrison v. Olson [1] (1988) akusonyeza nkhani ya kuyambilira kwa mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka boma. Anatsutsa kuti lamulo laulere, limene linachepetsa mphamvu ya Pulezidentiyo pa woweruza wamkulu, linaphwanya chidziŵitso choyambirira chakuti “ulamuliro wonse waulamuliro waikidwa mwa Pulezidenti. . Scalia anafufuza mfundo imeneyi kumbuyo kwa Feramers kuopa akuluakulu a boma monga Roma kapena komiti ya Constandial Congress. Tanthauth yaposement ya“ kuphana mphamvu, adatsutsa, anaphatikizapo mphamvu ya kutsogolera ndi kuchotsa mabwanawawo otsika. Pulezidenti wina sangakhaledi “opesedwa.

Mwachitsanzo, polofesa Michael Rappaport wa pa Yunivesite ya San Diego School of Law, ananena kuti tanthauzo loyamba la Mfundo II limalola malamulo apamwamba a bungwe la Congress la nthambi ya akuluakulu, malinga ngati Prezidenti apitiriza kuchita ntchito zazikulu monga mphamvu ndi ulamuliro wa asilikali. Malembo, kapangidwe, ndi mbiri, iye akunena kuti, samalamulira mkulu wa gulu lonse la malamulo.

Kusamala Komwe Claus Anakutengerani Monga Woyambirira Kulemba

The Take Care Claus [1] Pulezidenti “adzasamala kuti Malamulo aphedwe mokhulupirika [1] . Ndilonso lina la nkhondo yoyambirira. Mkati mwa kuzenga mlandu kwa Pulezidenti Bill Clinton, akatswiri oyambirira anatsutsana ngati“ kuphedwa mokhulupirika” kunatanthauza thayo la kusungitsa anthu kapena kupatsa Pulezidenti nzeru kuti achedwe kapena anyalanyaze malamulo amene anawaona kukhala osagwirizana ndi malamulo. Clinton-era uphungu wodziimira, wogwetsedwa mu Morgison , adasonyeza kale mmene kulingalira kwa Prigo poyamba kungawonetsere njira zonse ziŵiri.

Posachedwapa, akatswiri olemba Baibulo afufuza Chingelezi cha Claus ndi Aamereka oyambirira. Iwo amanena za mkangano wa 1790 wa Prezidenti Washington wolengeza za uchete pa nkhondo pakati pa France ndi Great Britain. “Pacificius-Helvidius . Kutsutsana pakati pa Alexander Hamilton (wolemba ngati Pacificus) ndi James Madison (wolembedwa monga Helvidius) adatchula mwachindunji tanthauzo la ulamuliro wa kayendetsedwe ka ulamuliro. Hamilton anatsutsa ulamuliro waukulu wa kuchititsa nkhani zachilendo; Mavidenti anakakamiza Pulezidentiyo kugwira ntchito kumene malamulo opatsa mphamvu mwachindunji. Oweruza ndi olemba nkhani za kuyambitsa masinthidwewa amagwirizana ndi ziphunzitso za prezidenti waniyo.

Nkhani Zochititsa Chidwi Kudzera m’Magetsi Oyambirira

Chigawo Chotchedwa Stown Comment

Chigamulo cha Supreme Court 6-3 chigamulo cha Pulezidenti Truman cha lamulo lapamwamba la kulanda zitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea chiri chotengera chapadera cha akatswiri odziŵa za kuyambika. Lingaliro la Woweruza Hugo Black linatenga kulinganiza, kujambula mawu: Pulezidenti analibe ulamuliro walamulo kapena wa malamulo wa kulanda katundu waumwini, ndipo Taft-Hartley Act inapereka mankhwala ena alamulo. Lingaliro la Black silinapereke lamulo la kuyambirira ndi dzina, koma linasonyeza kudzipereka kwa woyambirira kwa kuchepetsa, mphamvu zoŵerengeka.

Komabe, Jasitisi Robert Jackson anavomereza mfundo zapadera, anayambitsa kapangidwe ka zinthu (wokhalapo pamapeto, kutha kwa mphamvu, kapena kuchepa mphamvu) komwe kwatsimikizira kukhala kokhalitsa. Akatswiri a m'malemba amathokoza kupenda kwa Jackson kwa mapulani, kumene kumakhazikitsa mphamvu ya pulezidenti m'malemba ndi maunansi a pakati pa ma franch, ngakhale pamene anatsutsa lingaliro lake lakuti bata la msonkhano lingafutukule kotheratu ulamuliro wapamwamba.

United States v. Nixon (1974) – Malire a Mwaŵi Waukulu

Chigamulo cha mogwirizana cholamulidwa ndi Pulezidenti Nixon kupanga matepi a Watergate chinazikidwa pa lamulo lakuti palibe munthu, ngakhale Pulezidenti, amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Lingaliro la Woweruza Wamkulu Burger linazindikira mwaŵi wa kutembenuza zinsinsi zankhondo ndi zaukulu za maulamuliro . Ndi mwaŵi umene anazika m’kulekanitsa maulamuliro . Koma anakhulupirira kuti kufunika kokhala ndi chinsinsi sikungaposa zifunitso zazikulu za kachitidwe ka zinthu ndi chiweruzo chaupandu.

Othirira ndemanga mawu oyambirira atetezera chotulukapo chimenechi kukhala chogwirizana ndi kukana kwa mbadwo wokhazikitsidwa kwa ulamuliro. Iwo amawona kuti opanga mafarame adasankha molunjika kusiya m'Chigawo II lingaliro lirilonse lakuti Prezidenti akanakana umboni ku milandu yachiweruzo. Nixon , m'lingaliro limeneli, anagwiritsira ntchito mokhulupirika tanthauzo loyambirira la Prezidenti la “Samalani kuti Malamulo aphedwe mokhulupirika.

CHACHICHEPU

Mwinamwake mkangano waukulu kwambiri wa akatswiri a bungwe la junistrauprade posachedwapa unabuka m’chitokoso kwa Pulezidenti Trump kuletsa ulendo. Boma linatetezera chilengezocho kukhala kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ulamuliro wa prezidenti wokulirapo pa kusamuka ndi chisungiko cha dziko, kutchula United States ex rel. Knauffy v. Shaughacy [1] (1950) ndi “mphamvu yachikole” chiphunzitso chapambuyo pa Exclus Case (1899). Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti chiletso choletsa kukhazikitsa Claus ndi kupitirira chidziŵitso cha poyamba cha ulamuliro.

Woweruza Thomas, yemwe anasintha, anapereka kupenda kolimba kwa olemba Baibulo. Anatsutsa kuti ulamuliro wa Pulezidenti wa kuletsa kuloŵa m'malo a alendo unali “wosatha kuletsedwa” pansi pa tanthauzo loyamba la Artic II ndi Chikalata cha Kusintha kwa Chilengedwe cha 1790. Woweruza Sotomayo, potsutsana ndi mfundo zotsutsana ndi mfundo zotsutsana ndi mfundo zoyamba za anthu: Kuyambitsa kwa mbadwowo ndi kuyesa ndi kulumbira zina kunasonyeza kuti Kuikidwa kwa Classia kuletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa chipembedzo, mosasamala kanthu za nkhani za malo oloŵeramo. Nkhaniyo imasonyeza kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira sichimayanja mphamvu yaikulu ya kayendetsedwe ka zinthu; njira yomasulira ingachititse kuyanja mbali zonse ziŵirizo, malinga ndi zimene mbiri yakale ndi udindo umodzi.

Kuyamba Kulamulira m’Boma

Chimodzi cha zitsanzo zazikulu za kukambitsirana kwa chiyambi kwa mphamvu ya ulamuliro chimaphatikizapo boma lauyang'aniro . Chigwirizano chachikulu cha mabungwe a boma amene amachita malamulo, maulamuliro, ndi ntchito zachiweruzo. Otsalira mwambo kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kuti maprogramu a New Deal ndi Great Society anapanga “nthambi yachinayi” ya boma imene mpukutu wa Malamulo ndi kapangidwe sizikuwoneka bwino. kusamvera malamulo [, kumene kumaletsa Congressss kusamutsira mphamvu yake yalamulo kwa mkulu, kwakhala kusumika maganizo kwapadera.

Mu Goundy v. United States (2029), Khoti Lalikulu linalingalira ngati lamulo la boma lovomereza za kugonana ndi lopanda lamulo loperekedwa kwa Attorney General. Woweruza Gorfol, wogwirizana ndi Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts ndi Woweruza Thomas, wosiyana ndi chosankha cha anthu cha kuchirikiza nthumwi. Lingaliro lake, lozikidwa pa tanthauzo lapoyera, linasonyeza lamulo losavomerezeka la John Locke kupyolera ku mkangano woyambitsa. Iye anatsutsa kuti malamulo a Chilamulo cha Ves Claus anapanga maulamuliro atatu, opatulidwa ndi kuti “oimira osankhidwa a anthu mu Congresstion. Akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito “uption .

Kusemphana maganizo kwa makampani kwakhala kusonkhezera kosonkhezera kwa oyambitsa omwe akufunafuna kubwezeretsa mwanzeru za pulezidenti pa kukhazikitsa malamulo, zosungitsa zinthu zofunika, ndi kukhazikitsa ziungwe. Ngati chiphunzitso chosayeneretsedwa chidzutsidwanso, kukhoza kwa Pulezidenti kutsogolera mabungwe kutengera malamulo atsopano kapena kusintha njira zosungitsira lamulo zikaletsedwa kwambiri . Chifukwa chakuti mabungwewo adzasunga ulamuliro wochepa woperekedwa m'malo oyamba. Chiyambukiro chonsecho chimakhala chongoyerekezera, monga momwe Khoti silinagwetse lamulo lalamulo lalamulo la boma pa maziko osadalirana. Koma chitsenderezocho nchakedi.

Kuyamba Chiphunzitso cha Mulungu ndi Ulamuliro wa Gulu Logwirizana m’Zaka za Zana la 21

Nthanthi yaudindo (UET) imanena kuti Pulezidenti ali ndi ulamuliro wa maofesala onse amene amalamulira maulamuliro aakulu, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya kuwachotsa iwo pa chifuniro. Olemba mbiri yakale kaŵirikaŵiri amatetezera UET mwa kulozera ku 1789 “Ufulu wa 1789,” mmene Nyumba yoyamba inazindikira ulamuliro wochotsapo wa Pulezidenti pamene inakhazikitsa Dipatimenti ya Maboma a Mayiko, Treasure, ndi Nkhondo. James Mascion, yemwe anali chiŵalo cha Nyumba, anatsutsa kuti kakonzedwe ka Konsichuwa ka Malamulo kanafuna kuchotsedwa kukhala mu Pulezidenti monga mbali ya“ Mphamvu Yophetsa” yomwe inammanga.

Nkhani ya mbiri yakale imeneyi yatsutsidwa kwambiri. Akatswiri ena odziŵa za chiyambi, monga Profesa Steven Calabrasi wa ku Northwestern, amawona Chigamulo cha 1789 kukhala umboni wotsimikizirika wa tanthauzo loyambirira la anthu. Ena, mofanana ndi Profesa Adixa Bamzai wa Virginia, amalongosola kuti chigamulocho chinatsutsidwa panthaŵiyi ndi kuti Nyumba za Malamulo zotsatirapo zinapanga magulu odziimira amene mitu yawo njofunika kuitenga chifukwa chokha. Mkanganoyo imagogomezera chitokosokosokoso ku chiphunzitso choyambirira: pamene cholemberacho chili ndi umboni wotsutsana, ndi matembenuzidwe a tanthauzo loyambirira uti amene ayenera kulamulira?

Kuyambirira ndi Kuchirikiza Utsogoleri Walamulo pa Ulamuliro Waukulu

Kusintha koyambirira koyambirira kochokera ku mphamvu yodziŵira kuti mawu a Konsichushoni ndi osamvetsetseka kwambiri kuti athetse mafunso ambiri amakono. Kodi “Gulu lophetsa” limatanthauzanji m'nyengo ya kuyang'anira kwamagetsi, magule, kapena mliri? Ofufuza za m'chilengedwe amayankha kuti kuchuluka kwa malembawo kuli mbali ya: Olemba Malembowo anagwiritsira ntchito dala chinenero chachikulu kupatsa Prezidenti ulamuliro wokwanira kusamalira mikhalidwe yosayembekezeredwa, pamene kuyang'ana kwa (Chonren, controlment, owerengeration) kumapereka chitetezo choyenerera.

Odziŵa za malamulo a malamulo, mosiyana, amatsutsa kuti tanthauzo la lamulo liyenera kusintha kuti likwaniritsidwe ndi zinthu zatsopano zamakhalidwe ndi zaluso. Woweruza Stephen Breyer, m’buku lake Liberty , adatsutsa kuti mphamvu ya maulamuliro ayenera kumasuliridwa mwa kuyang'anira machitidwe a demokrase amakono ndi mafuno othandiza a kulamulira. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu zangozi za Pulezidenti pansi pa National Emerditus Act ya 1976 .

Okhulupirira mfundo za m'malamulo amazindikira kuti wotsatira malamulo alamulo wamoyo amalola oweruza kukhazikitsa malamulo awo odzifunira mwa kuwamasulira. Woweruza Scalia anatsutsa motchuka kuti “Malamulo si chikalata chamoyo; ndi imfa, ndi imfa. . Pankhani zokhudza mphamvu yaudindo, akatswiri olemba zinthu akuchenjeza kuti njira “yokhala ndi moyo” idzalola Pulezidenti kukulitsa ulamuliro wake kosatha, mosaletsedwa ndi nkhongo yoikidwiratu ya mawu.

Kufufuza Koyamba kwa Nthaŵi Yake ndi Kwapanthaŵi Yake

Mphamvu za Prezidenti za M’nthaŵi Yatsoka

Chilengezo cha Pulezidenti Trump cha kuthandizira kumanga malire a dziko lonse chinayambitsa mkangano wochititsa chidwi. Kodi National Emertitution Act, , limodzi ndi makonzedwe a kumanga Barrick Barriers mu 10 U.S.C. . . . . . 2888, popanda kugamula kuti alonga ena ananena kuti chilengezo chamwadzidzidzicho chinali choposa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kuti Congress sanapereke mawu omveka ololeza Pulezidenti kubwezeretsa ndalama zowonongeka. Ena, monga Pulofesa John Yoo, anateteza chilengezo chogwirizana ndi kumvetsetsa koyamba kwa nkhondo ya pulezidenti ndi mphamvu zamwadzi, akutchula zochita za Prezidenti wa Lincoln zomwe zinachitidwa pa nkhondo ya Chiŵeru.

Programu ya Wophunzira wa Biden Yokhululukira

Kuyesa kwa oyang'anira Biden kuchotsa ndalama zokwana madola 400 biliyoni pa Tchata cha HEROES Act cha 2003 kunayambitsa chitokoso chachikulu cha ofufuza. Biden v. Nebraska (2023), Bwalo Lapamwamba (lilili ndi 6-3 biliyoni kuphatikizapo Oweruza asanu oyambirira , ndipo Oweruza , anatsutsa pulogalamuyo pa zifukwa zingapo. Ochuluka, Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts, anagwiritsira ntchito “majiyo chiphunzitso, chimene chimafuna kuti chilankhule bwino pamene chipereka ulamuliro pa nkhani zachuma kapena za ndale. Otsutsawo, kuphatikizapo Woweruza Kagan, anaimba mlandu unyinji wa okonza malamulo a boma.

Okhulupirira chiphunzitso cha m’zaka zoyambirira za nyengo ino atamanda chiphunzitso chachikulu cha mafunso monga kubadwanso kwamakono kwa lamulo losadalirika. Iwo amanena kuti mbadwo wokhazikitsidwawo ukanafuna chilolezo chalamulo cha ntchito yalamulo iriyonse ya ulamuliro ya ukulu woterowo, makamaka chiphatikizo chophatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri. Osuliza amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitsocho chiri chiŵiya chopangidwa mwachiweruzo chimene chilibe maziko a kutanthauza koyambirira kwa anthu ndikuti chimalola oweruza kupenda malamulo apamwamba amene samawakonda.

Department of Homeland Security (Kutetezedwa kwa Dziko Lapansi) ku yunivesite ya California (2020)

Chigamulo cha Supreme Court cha 5-4 chiletse kulephera kwa oyang'anira Trump Act of the Deserved Action for Childhood (DACA) chinatembenuzidwa pa Adminitive Procedure Act (APA), osati kuyambirira kwa lamulo la lamulo. Komabe mlanduwo unavumbula magaŵano aakulu. Woweruza Kavahaugh, m'lingaliro losiyana, anatsutsa kuti kubwereranso kwa mwana kunali koyenera ndi kuti Khoti siliyeneranso kuyang'anira kusamuka kwa pulezidenti ndi kuonetsa lingaliro lake la kulimba mtima kwa pulezidenti. Wolamulira wachiŵiriyo, malo ogwirizana ndi kuyang'anira ulamuliro wa boma m'malamulo pakati pa malamulo a boma. Thomas, posagwirizana ndi kukhazikitsa mphamvu za boma.

Chisonkhezero Chamtsogolo cha Chiyambi pa Mphamvu Yaukulu

Ndi kutchuka kwapamwamba kwa kupendeka pa Bwalo Lapamwamba lomwe limaphatikizapo akatswiri angapo odzidziŵikitsa okha , Thomas, Gormoth, Kavanaugh, ndi Barrett . Kulingalira kwa poyamba kupitirizabe kuumba malire a ulamuliro wa pulezidenti. Khotilo lasonyeza kale chikondwerero chake m’kuchotsa mphamvu, chiphunzitso chosanyenga, ndi chiphunzitso chachikulu.

Komabe kuyambirira kumayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo za mkati ndi zakunja. M’kati mwa chitaganya chachiyambi, anthu opanga malamulo amasokonezeka kuti atsatire “njira zoyambirira za kutembenuza” (zimene zimaphatikizapo kufotokoza kwa lamulo koyambirira) kapena“ malemba” amene amasumika kwambiri pa tanthauzo la mawu. Kuchokera apo, ofufuza akusonyeza vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za kalelo za ulamuliro ku boma la 21 la olamulira, ndipo amada nkhaŵa kuti akatswiri oyambirira asankhe umboni wa mbiri yakale kuti agwirizane ndi zimene zinalembedweratu.

Talingalirani mkangano wa mabungwe odziimira okha. Olemba mbiri ena amanena kuti tanthauzo loyamba la Article II limaletsa bungwe lililonse lodziimira lomwe mutu wake sutha kusunthidwa ndi Pulezidenti. Ena amatsutsa kuti chosankha cha 1789 cha mu 1789 nchosadziŵika bwino ndi kuti mbadwo wokha unalola mitundu ina ya ufulu (monga ngati Banki Yoyamba Yoyamba ya United States, imene atsogoleri ake anatumikira mawu okhazikika). Nkhani imeneyi ili ndi zotsatira zothandiza kwa Federal Reserve, Secturaties and Exchange, ndi Federal Tradenti Commis , ndi Federal Trace [1] . All a amene anakhazikitsa malamulo akanatha kukonzedwanso ngati Khoti la United States litsatira lingaliro lokhwima loyambirira.

Mfundo ya Bungwe Lolamulira ndi Mphamvu Yochotsa Anthu

Mphamvu yochotsa idakalipo mbali yapakati ya nkhondo. M'malangizo a Free Enterprise Fund v. Malingaliro a Public Company Authoring Oversing Board [1] (2010), Bwalo Lamilandu linagonjetsa malo aŵiri otetezera mamembala a bungwe la a defice, poona kuti Pulezidenti ayenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro wokwanira pa akuluakulu a boma. Malingaliro a Woweruza Roberts anadalira kwambiri pa mitu yoyambirira, kuphatikizapo Federalist Papers ndi mkangano wa 1789. Jasitisi Brey Brey, kutsutsana ndi, kupempha Preast-New Arevestism ndi kuganiza.

Posachedwapa, mu Law Sénatalial Protection Bureau (2020), Bwalo Lamilandu linawonjezera lingalirolo kuchotsapo kuyang'anira mmodzi wa CFPB. Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts analembanso kaamba ka ambiri, kulengeza kuti Prezidenti wa Malamulo amapatsa Pulezidenti “mphamvu yeniyeni ya kuchotsa” pa nduna zazikulu za ntchito, kusiyapo mamembala a mabungwe ambiri okhala ndi zifuno zochepetsedwa. Malingaliro oyambitsidwa ndi njira yoyambirira ya kukhazikitsa, malamulo oyambirira, ndi kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri yakale kwa Treak Klaus. Kagan anagwirizana ndi Woweruza Ginsburg, Brey, ndi CFF, yemwe anali ndi umboni wolakwika.

Zosankha zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti chiphunzitso cha kuyambika kwa zinthu sichimangochitika mwanthano; chimalamulira mwachindunji ukulu wa kulamulira kumene Prezidenti angagwiritsire ntchito pa bungwe la akulu. Ngati Khoti lipitiriza njira imeneyi, lingakonzenso boma lonse la boma, kuika mphamvu zowonjezereka mu White House (omwe, modabwitsa, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mkuluyo ya kuchita zinthu kupyolera mwa mabungwe amene Congress akufuna kudziimira payekha.

Kuyamba Kulankhulana ndi Anthu a M’mayiko Ena: M’dera Lopanda Mantha

Kusanthula kwa chiyambi kwa ulamuliro wa maiko ena kumatsutsidwa kwambiri chifukwa chakuti Malamulo amanena zochepa ponena za kukambirana, kupanga pangano, ndi kachitidwe ka nkhondo. Mfundo II imaika Prezidenti ndi “Gulu la Kupha” ndi kumpangitsa kukhala Mtsogoleri wa Chief, koma sikumatchula za ulamuliro wachilendo. Panthaŵiyi, Ofunikira ndi Oyenerera Claus amapatsa Malamulo mphamvu ya “kupanga Malamulo onse amene adzakhala ofunika ndi oyenera kunyamula maulamuliro otchulidwawo, ndi Maulamuliro ena onse oikidwa ndi Boma Bwana la United States, kapena m'Dipatimenti iliyonse. Oyambirira amagawiridwa pa kaya Claus ameneyu amatanthauza ntchito yaikulu ya kumanga nyumba yachilendo kapena yogwirizana ndi boma, monga momwe Chilungamo cha Sutherinchi china chinanenera mu [Fllands:] ndi United States .[3]

Sutherland analingalira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [[FLT: 0] Curtiss-kurr , Khoti linachirikiza nthumwi za ulamuliro kwa Pulezidenti kuti aletse malonda a zida ku maiko omenyana, koma Sutherland inapita patsogolo ndi kuyerekezera kuti maulamuliro a Prezidenti a maiko akunja sakutanthauza awo otchulidwa m'Malamulo. Jackson, mu [FLT:] [FLT]]. [FLT:] Achichepere, akukana, akutcha kuti “chiphunzitso chachi chamwana cha ulamuliro cha ulamulirowo.

Mmene akatswiri a mbiri yakale amathetsera mkangano umenewu adzagamulira kuyenera kwa malamulo a mapangano monga mapangano a nyukiliya a Iran, mapangano akuluakulu pa kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa magulu ankhondo kwa oseŵera osakhala a boma. Ikonso kumachotsa kukhoza kwa Pulezidenti kuzindikira maboma achilendo, mphamvu imene Khoti Lapamwamba posachedwapa linalankhula mu Zivotsky v. Kerry (2015). M’nkhani imeneyo, Woweruza Thomas anatsutsa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mfundo yoyambirira kutsutsa kuti Pulezidenti yekha ali ndi mphamvu yodziŵika, ngakhale kuti ambiri anafikanso kupyola njira yosiyana (yo-oyamba).

Mapeto ake: Kuyamba kugonana ndi munthu wina monga Kumenyana ndi Nkhondo

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chasintha kwambiri njira imene makhoti, akatswiri, ndi anthu amaonera ulamuliro. Chimapereka njira imene imatchula kuti imachepetsa nzeru zachiweruzo ndi kulemekeza tanthauzo loyambirira la Konsichushoni, mwakutero kukakamiza mkulu wa ntchito ndi woweruza. Koma monga nkhani ndi mikangano yomwe ili pamwambapa, chiphunzitso choyambirira sichimapereka mayankho omveka. Njira yomwe Justice Scalia anagwiritsa ntchito potsutsana ndi mkulu wa bungwe la boma ingathe kusinthidwa pofuna kuwerenga mfundo zopereŵera za ulamuliro wa pulezidenti. Chisonkhetso chake sichiri m’zolembedweratu, koma m’kuyankha kwake, mbiri yakale, ndi kulekana kwa mphamvu.

Tsogolo la kuyambika kwa ulamuliro lidalira pa kuchuluka kwa ntchito yaukatswiri ndi yachiweruzo imene imayeretsa njirayo ndi kuigwiritsira ntchito ku mafunso atsopano. Monga momwe Jasitisi Kagan anaonera m'Chilamulo chake Seila] Selila, “anthu a zaluso sangagwiritsire ntchito njira zosavuta za machiritso a 18 ndi zaka za zana la 19 pa mavuto a ulamuliro wa 21 mpaka zaka za zana lapakati. Oyambirira anayankha kuti malamulo a 1787 akhalabe omveka, ngakhale ngati kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kusinthika. Kuwo kwabwino kapena koipa, kuyambika kwakhala kogwirizana kwambiri ndi lamulo la ku America. Chiyambukiro chake pa ulamuliro wa pa manthambi zapamwamba pakati pa matanthwe.

Kuŵerenga Kowonjezereka

  • Antonin Scalia, [[FL:1] Mafunso: Makhoti a Federal ndi Chilamulo (1997) – Malembo ozikidwa pa tanthauzo loyamba monga agwiritsidwira ntchito ku mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka ntchito.
  • , Calabrasi, “Kusintha Claus monga mphamvu yopatsa Claus, Generic Read Review [[FLT: 1] Michigan Law Review 1350 (2005] – Argues ya woyendetsa wa bungwe lozikidwa pa kuŵerengera koyambirira kwa Mfundo II.
  • Michael B. Rappaport, “Tanthauzo Loyamba la Mphamvu Yosatha, 105 Law Review 1453 [20] [20] [1] – Kulimbana kumene tanthauzo loyambirira limalola malire a kuchotsa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Adixa Bamzai & Saikrishna B. Prakash, “Gulu Laukulu la Kusintha,” 136 Harvard Law Review [ 1291 (2023) [1] – Kufufuza kopindulitsa kwa kuchotsa mbiri ndi ziyambukiro zoyambirira.
  • , “Kodi Chiphunzitso Choyambirira ndi Chilamulo Chathu?, 115 Calmbia Law Review 2349 (2015) [1] – Kusanthula ukulu wa chiphunzitso chamakono kukusonyeza malo oyambirira.