Malamulo Oyendetsera Uyang’aniro wa Zachuma

United States Constitution si tchata cha ndale; ndi maziko apamwamba pa amene dongosolo lonse la zachuma la dzikolo limakhala. Mwakukhazikitsa maulamuliro a boma, kulongosola malire a ulamuliro wa boma, ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu walamulo, Konsichushoni ikupanga maziko alamulo a malonda, malonda, ndi malamulo a zamalonda. Kuchokera ku Msonkhano woyamba wa ku Philadelphia mpaka ku Nkhondo za Tsiku Lapamwamba la Khoti la Mabwalo a Malonda, makonzedwe a Konsichula pa zamalonda ndi malamulo a zachuma apitirizabe kukonza chuma cha ku America. Kumvetsa zimenezi nkofunika kwambiri pomvetsa mmene United States imayambira ku chiganitso cha ufulu wa anthu ongodzilamulira dziko lonse lapansi.

Malonda a Zamalonda: Dokotala wa Ulamuliro wa Maboma

Commerce Claus, yopezedwa mu Mfundo I, Chigawo 8, Classica 3, imapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu "kulamulira Zamalonda ndi Mitundu Yachilendo, ndi pakati pa Maboma angapo, ndi Aindiya Amitundu. Chigamulo chowonekera bwino chimenechi chachititsa kuperekedwa kwa malumbiro ndi kufutukula mphamvu ya boma kuposa lamulo lina lililonse. Panthaŵi ya kukhazikitsa, lamulo lokhala ndi cholinga cha kuchotsa nkhondo zamalonda ndi zopinga zimene zinalepheretsa Mabungwe a Confederation. Maboma anali ndi ntchito zazikulu za kudutsa m'malamulo awo, kufalikira kopambana kwenikweni kwa chuma. Mwakupereka ulamuliro kuyang'anira malonda a zamalonda, Lamulo linapanga malonda a dziko lonse.

Kumasulira Koyambirira ndi Khoti la Marshall

Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall anakhazikitsa kuchuluka kwa Commerce Claus ku mlandu wotchuka Gibbons v. Ogden [1] (1824), imene inawononga sitima yapansi panyanja yomwe inasokoneza ulendo wa mayiko. Marshall adanena kuti "Commece" sinaphatikitse chabe kugulitsa zinthu komanso mitundu yonse ya malonda. Chigamulo chimenechi chinakhazikitsa mphamvu ya boma pa malonda a mayiko a New York ndi yokha pamene Congress asankha kuchitapo kanthu. Chigamulo chinayala maziko a malamulo a boma a zitima, mapaipilata, ndege, ndi makompyuta, ndipo pomalizira pake ma intaneti.

Kwa zaka zambiri za m'ma 1800, Commerce Classias ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuchotsa zopinga za malonda a madera osiyanasiyana. Kuthandiza bungwe la United States kuphatikiza ndi ku 0. C. Co. Co. CHnight [1] (18595), Khoti Lapamwamba linasiyanitsa kwambiri malonda ndi kupanga zinthu, ndipo linalamula kuti lamulo la Sherman Anti-Sreance Act silingagwiritsidwe ntchito ku kuyeretsa shuga chifukwa chakuti kukonza kunali ntchito ya kumaloko. Malingaliro amenewa anali ochepera mpaka kukwera kwa depression kukakamiza kusintha kosinthasinthasintha kochitidwa ndi malamulo.

Ntchito Yatsopano ndi Kufutukuka kwa Mphamvu Yadziko

Vuto la zachuma la 1930 linasonkhezera Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt maprogramu a New Deal, amene anafutukula kwambiri malamulo a boma a zachuma. Poyamba, Khoti Lalikulu linakhazikitsa lamulo lalikulu, monga National Industrial Recovery Act Schechter Poult. United States [1935] [1935]), kugamula kuti lamulo liyang'aze malonda a zamalonda. Komabe, pambuyo pa kuopsa kwa "Court-pacrient", Khoti linasintha njira m'nkhani zonga [FL:]. Jones & Laultglin Spelte. [197]

"Ziyambukiro zosadziŵika" zinakhala muyezo watsopano, kulola Nyumba ya Malamulo kulamulira ntchito iriyonse imene, m'bwalo lanthambi, inakhala ndi chiyambukiro cha zinthu zakuthupi pa chuma cha dziko. Khoti pambuyo pake linafutukula nzeru imeneyi ku ulimi ( Wickard v. Filburn . Filburn [1], kumene inalamulira kuti mlimi akule tirigu kaamba ka nkhuku zake, pamene anawononga ndalama zake ndi ena, anayambukira kuperekedwa ndi mtengo wa tirigu ku dziko lonse. Chigamu chimenechi chinasonyeza chizindikiro chapamwamba cha ulamuliro wa Claus, chotheketsa lamulo la lamulo la ufulu wa dziko lonse la anthu kutetezera malo okhala pansi pa ntchito ya zachuma.

Malire a Zamalonda Amakono: Lopez, Morrison, ndi NFIB

Kuyambira m'ma 1990, Khoti Lapamwamba lachikhalidwe linayamba kuika malire akunja pa Communist Claus . United States v. Lopez (1995], Bwalo lamilandu linagonjetsa Gun-Free School Counts Act chifukwa chakuti kukhala ndi mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu sikunali ntchito yamalonda ndipo sikunayambukire kwenikweni malonda a m'dziko. Iyi inali nthaŵi yoyamba m'zaka 60 kuti Khoti linawononga lamulo la boma kaamba ka ulamuliro wapamwamba wa Commercial Claus. Mofananamo, United States.[FL:3] [2]

Chiyeso chaposachedwapa chachikulu kwambiri chinabwera National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [1] (20: 2), kumene Khoti linalingalira kuyenera kwa lamulo la Affordible Care Act. Woweruza wamkulu John Roberts, polembera anthu ambiri, anakhulupirira kuti Communment Claus samapereka chilolezo kukakamiza anthu kugula inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo. Mphamvu yolamulira malonda amene alipo siiphatikizapo mphamvu yopanga malonda mwa kukakamiza anthu kugulitsa malonda. Chigamuchi chigamulo cholimba: Comyunity CHries singathe kugwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito Claus ya zachuma imene siipezeka.

Magulu Ogwirizana ndi Kulinganiza Mphamvu Zachuma

Malamulo a boma amapereka ulamuliro wokwanira pa nkhani zachuma, kuphatikizapo malonda a m'dziko, msonkho, kugwiritsa ntchito malo, ndi kugulitsa ntchito. Maboma onse a Tenth Amendment sanapatsidwe ku United States. Kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, gawo limeneli layambitsa vuto lalikulu limene limasintha njira ya zachuma pamlingo uliwonse.

Malonda Achiwawa

Ngakhale pamene Congress sanachitepo kanthu, Commerce Claus angakhale ndi "dormant" chiyambukiro chimene chimaletsa malamulo a boma amene amapondereza kapena kupondereza malonda adziko. Chiphunzitso choweruza chimenechi chimaletsa kukhazikitsa lamulo lachitetezero limene limayanja mabizinesi a boma m'maiko ena. Mumzinda wa Philadelphia v. New Jersey [1] [FLT] [1978], Khoti Lapamwamba linaletsa kugulitsa lamulo la New Jersey loletsa kulowa kunja kwa kutaya zinthu zopanda , kupangitsa boma kusakondera ngakhale malonda apakati pa malonda a boma kuti lithetse mavuto ake a chilengedwe. Momwemo, Khoti linawononga lamulo la New York lofuna kugula lamalonda lachuma lachuma, lolemera.

Dorment Commerce Claus idakali chida champhamvu kwambiri kwa mabizinesi ovuta kwambiri kuti apeze malamulo a boma amene amaswa malonda a dzikolo. Nkhani zaposachedwapa zaphatikizapo kutchula zofunika za mkaka, ziletso za pa Intaneti zopangira mabuku otsatsa malonda, ndi misonkho pa makompyuta. Pamene e-commerce ikukula, Dorment Commerce idzakhala mbali yaikulu yodziŵira ngati maboma angapereke malamulo osiyanasiyana kwa makampani amene amagwira ntchito m’mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Kukhometsa Msonkho ndi Kukhazikitsa Lamulo la Kukhoma Msonkho

Malamulo amakhazikitsanso ziletso zazikulu pa maulamuliro onse a boma ndi a boma. Msonkho wa Federal uyenera kukhala wofanana m'dziko lonselo (Chigawo 8, Clause 1), ndipo misonkho yachindunji iyenera kugawidwa pakati pa maiko malinga ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu . ndi chiyeneretso chimene chinatsogolera ku kulowetsedwa kwa Kusinthika kwa Sexted Demendment mu 1913, kumene kunaloleza msonkho wa boma. United States, imaletsedwa kulipira msonkho kapena kugulitsa popanda chilolezo cha boma (I, Chigawo 10, Claus 2) ndi ntchito za ku makampani a chiwindi a m'make a m'makwane kulowa m'madoko awo.

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu South Dakota v. Wayfair , Inc. [1] (2017) modabwitsa kusonkhanitsa msonkho wa boma. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, khoti linaona kuti maboma angangokakamiza makampani okhala ndi malonda a boma ogulitsa msonkho. Koma [[FLT:] Wayfair , Khoti linagwedeza muyezo umenewo, kuzindikira kuti lamulo lapakompyuta linapatsa amalonda phindu losayenera pa masitolo a njerwa ndi mbanda. Tsopano lingafunikire kuchotsapo a ogulitsa ndi ogulitsa a boma kuti abwezere ndi ogulitsa msonkhowo, popereka boma, lopereka njira yosamveka, yogawira njira imeneyi.

Ufulu wa Malo, Zotengera, ndi Kachitidwe Koyenera

Malamulo otetezera katundu ndi mapangano amakhazikitsa malo okhazikika kaamba ka kuikizira ndi malonda. Mpambo wachisanu umaletsa kulanda katundu waumwini kuti agwiritsiridwe ntchito kwa anthu onse popanda kulipira. Mpando wa 14 umapereka chitetezo chimenechi pa ntchito ya boma komanso kutsimikizira kuti mapanganowo amatetezeredwa mofanana ndi ntchito yofunikira.

Wotchuka Kwambiri

Mfundo 10, Gawo 10 Claus 1 imaletsa kuletsa kuchepetsa mapangano. M'lipabuliki yoyambirira, mawuwa anali ofunika kwambiri potetezera okongoletsa kwa okongola ku malamulo a boma amene anayesa kumasula anthu a ngongole. Komabe, pamene chuma chinasintha, Khoti Lapamwamba linalola kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amapangana olephera kuteteza thanzi la anthu, chitetezo, kapena ubwino. [[FLT: 0] Mu [Lot]] Nyumba ya Pathero ya Nyumba & Asn. v. Blaisell [1] [[FLT:] (1934]), Khoti linachirikiza lamulo la kuteteza nyumba ya Minnesotasius panthaŵi ya Kupsinjika kwa Kupsinjika Maganizo, kulingalira kuti mphamvu ya boma kutetezera chikondwerero cha anthu onse ikhoza kuchotsa ntchito. Kulinganiza kumeneku: Conctlact Claus Claus kumateteza mapangano a anthu pa zikalata za boma, koma kukhoza kuyendetsa malamulo aungwe a boma.

Kutenga Njira ndi Kukonzanso Zachuma

Kutenga Plasko kukufuna kuti boma lipereke malipiro pamene lifuna chuma chakuthupi. Koma malamulo amene amachepetsa mtengo wa katundu angafananenso ndi "kutenga katundu" ngati afika kutali. Pennsylvania Coal. v. Mahon [192] [1922], Jaji Holmes analengeza motchuka kuti ngati malamulo awononga chuma, ayenera kubwezedwa. [papitapo], Laucas v. South Carolinaal Council [FL:] [FL] [195] [1992], anasunga lamulo limene limalanda chuma chonse chakugwiritsira ntchito, kupatulapo, pokhapo ngati kuletsa malamulo alamulo a zapansi a boma. Malamulo odziwo ayenera kugogomezera ufulu ndi kuyendetsa katundu wachuma.

Mfundo za Malamulo m’Malamulo Amakono a Zachuma

Masiku ano, malamulo a malamulo akupitirizabe kugwirizana ndi mfundo zonse zachuma, kuyambira pa malamulo a antchito, kuteteza chilengedwe mpaka kuteteza zinthu zamakono.

Kugwira Ntchito ndi Lamulo la Ntchito

Malamulo a ntchito a Federal. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza malamulo a Fair Labor Standard Act (malipiro ochepa ndi kuwonjezera) National Labor Relations Act (kuphatikizapo zoyenera za ntchito), ndi Dipoti VII ya Chigawo cha Ufulu wa Ntchito (kupatulana ntchito), zonsezo zidakalipo pa Commerce Claus . Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza malamulo ameneŵa monga kugwiritsa ntchito kwamphamvu ya Congressbource (Gaunions) kuyang'anira ntchito ya zachuma imene imayambukira kwambiri malonda a boma. Komabe, maboma akusunganso ulamuliro pa nkhani za ntchito, monga malipiro a antchito, inshuwalansi ya ntchito, ndi chitetezo chaposachedwapa cha antchito a antchito a boma. Nkhondo zaposachedwapa zokhudza gag-emoney (g.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imapanga ulamuliro wake waukulu kuchokera ku Commerce Claus , monga momwe kuipitsa kaŵirikaŵiri kumaswa mizera ya boma. Ceake Air, Clean Water Act , ndi Endangered Species Act zonse zachirikizidwa pansi pa kuyesa kwakukulu. Komabe Bwalo Lapamwamba lakhazikitsa malamulo: mu Virginia v. EPA[FLD :] [2002] [20]), Khotilo linachepetsa mphamvu ya EPA yoika miyezo ya mphamvu ya zomera pansi pa "maor thics," imafuna kulankhula bwino ngati akufuna kutumiza zosankha zachuma kapena zandale. Chiweruzo chimenechi chakuti pamene malonda a Claus Claus akupereka malamulo aakulu, sizingalitsende bwino lomwelo lake popanda ulamuliro wa boma.

Malonda a Makina ndi Intaneti

Intaneti ndi chipangizo cha kampani ya zamalonda ya chigawo chapakati pa dziko, ndipo Commercional imapatsa bungwe la Congress mphamvu yolamulira. TeNCOMENTIAT ya 1996, yomwe inaphatikizapo Chigawo 230 (kutetezera mapulatifomu kuti asaikidwe mlandu wa makampani achitatu. Maboma ayesa kuyang'anira zachuma, monga ngati kusamala za makampani a za makampani a zachikhalidwe, koma amayang'anizana ndi mavuto a Dorment Clausleace ngati malamulo awo akunyansi kwa mabizinesi apamwamba. California Comstering Act (CPA), chifukwa cha, imagwira ntchito ya makampani amene amasonkhanitsa chidziŵitso kuchokera ku California, mosasamala kanthu kuti kampani ilipo. Pamene kuli kopesewera, poyesa kuyendetsa malonda ake.

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Kuthetsa Vuto Limodzi ndi Limodzi

NFIB v. Sebelius [1] Chigamulo sichinangochepetsako malonda a Claus komanso chinakhazikitsa kuti chigamulo cha Affordal Care Act Medicaid sichingakakamizidwe ku maboma mwa kuwopseza kuchotsa ndalama zimene zilipo kale za Medicaid. Khotilo linagamula kuti boma la boma silingatenge "kuba munthu" kuti lifutukule utsogoleri wake. Chigamulo chimenechi chaumba mapulogalamu a bungwe la United States, kuphatikizapo Indasidensi ya Zaumoyo ndi kusintha kwa umoyo wa mtsogolo. Imalimbitsanso lamulo lakuti lamulo la boma silingakakamize kutengamo mbali m'malamulo atsopano popanda kugawatula malamulo enieni.

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu Imene Inasonkhezera Kusintha Kwamalonda

  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): mphamvu ya boma yokhazikitsidwa pa malonda a mayiko ndi kayendedwe.
  • Wickard v. Filburn [1] (1942): Lamulo la boma lakugwiritsira ntchito tirigu la kumaloko monga likukhudza malonda a mayiko.
  • [FLT :1] Mawu a ku Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964): Iwoti II ya Chikalata cha ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni pansi pa Commun Act ya Commun Communic Claus , kuletsa tsankho la mafuko m'malo ogona a anthu onse.
  • [FLT] United States v. Lopez [FLT :2] (1995): Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya malonda mwa kugwetsa Chikalata cha Mfuti-Free School Act.
  • [[FLT :0] [1] South Dakota . Wayfair , Inc. (208): anasintha lamulo la kukhalapo lakuthupi la kusonkhanitsa msonkho wa boma.
  • [1] [1] [1] National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [1] (2017) (20:[FLT: 3] adachepetsa mphamvu ya Zamalonda ya Claus kulamula ntchito ya zachuma.

Kumaliza: Kusintha Kokhalitsa kwa Kutsatira Malamulo a Malonda

United States Constitution idakali chikalata choyambirira cha ulamuliro wa zachuma. Commerce Claus, communistism, ndi chitetezo cha katundu ndi mapangano zatsogolera kutukuka kwa chuma cha dziko kuchokera ku kuwonjezera kwa chuma cha makampani a makampani a makompyuta ku kuwonjezera pa zachuma. Nkhani za m'mbuyo . Zokambirana za ulamuliro wakale, ufulu wa maboma, ndi malire a malamulo.

Kwa ophunzira a zachuma, lamulo, ndi lamulo la anthu, kumvetsetsa malamulo alamulo ameneŵa nkofunika kwambiri. Malamulo salamula zotsatira zachuma, koma amakhazikitsa malamulo a masewera amene ojambula zachuma amagwiritsira ntchito. Pamene maluso atsopano ndi mavuto apadziko lonse akubuka, makonzedwe a malemba omwewo adzafotokozedwanso mwa malens atsopano. Kukambitsirana kopitirizabe pakati pa nthambi zitatu za boma [1] ndi pakati pa Washington ndi malikulu a boma kuti Malamulo akhalabe mphamvu ya moyo m'madongosolo a malonda ndi kupangidwa kwa dongosolo la zachuma.

Kuti muŵerengenso, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Cornell Leagn Information Institute ya kujambula kwa Commerce Claus , Project ya mlandu wa Supreme Court printive print print , ndi Constitution Center yothandiza ya dzikolo .