Mmene Malamulo a Boma Akusinthira Kugwiritsiridwa Ntchito kwa Apolisi kwa Luso Lozindikira Umisiri

Luso la zotchuka la kuonekera kwa anthu latulukira monga limodzi la maluso amphamvu kwambiri . . Mwa kufanana kapena kujambula zithunzi zotsutsana ndi makompyuta a anthu odziŵika, apolisi angadziŵitse anthu okayikira, kapena kutsimikizira anthu osoŵa m'masekondi. Komabe luso lomwe limafulumizitsa kufufuza kwamphamvu kwa zinthu zachinsinsi, kukondera kwa mafuko, ndi kuthekera kwa kuukira boma. Ku United States, kumene kulibe zitsogozo za boma, nyumba za boma zakhala malo aakulu opangira malamulo olamulira ntchito ya polisi. Nkhaniyi ikupendanso za malo a boma amakono, ziyambukiro zake pa zochita zapolisi, ndi kutsutsana kwa mapangano a m'malamulo.

Kuzindikira Luso la Anthu Odziŵa Ntchito Zapolisi

Madongosolo ozindikira a kuyang'anira amadalira pa maajemi ozama odziŵa bwino kujambula masamu apadera a nkhope . Malopensi pakati pa maso, kaonekedwe ka tsaya, mayaya, ndi yerekezerani kuti mawonekedwe otsutsana ndi zithunzithunzi zosungidwa m'boma kapena m'makompyuta a malonda. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo atumiza FRT m’njira zingapo: kuyang'anitsitsa mapazi a anthu oyendera pa makamera a anthu onse, kufanana ndi zithunzi zokayikidwa kapena laisensi ya woyendetsa galimoto, ndi kuthamanga kwa makamera a m'thupi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta osungiramo zinthu zokongola kwambiri. Kupambana kwapamwamba kwa makampani, monga kudziŵikitsa ana ogwidwa ndi mabanja awo ozembera, opimizidwa ndi otchuka kwambiri. Komabe, kuyesa kwaumwini kwa National Institutes of the Secology (PRIST) kwapeza kuti anthu ambiri amachita bwino m'malamulo, kuyendetsa machenjera a anthu achikulire, kuyendetsa zinthu zauka kwa anthu achikulire.

Madipatimenti a apolisi kaŵirikaŵiri amatetezera FRT monga mtsogoleri mmodzi wofufuza, osati chigamulo chomaliza. Amatsutsa kuti kutsutsana kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupangira chochititsa chothekera, osati monga umboni wotsimikizirika. Koma magulu aufulu a anthu, kuphatikizapo ACLU ndi Electronic Frontior Foundation, kutsutsa kuti ngakhale muyezo wothekera ungatsogolere ku kumangidwa molakwa pamene malamulo apamwamba a thanki ali olakwika. Iwo amatchula zochitika zofanana ndi za Robert Williams, munthu wakuda womangidwa molakwika mu Detroit pambuyo pa chithunzi cha m'palensi cha dalalaise. Zochitika zoterozo zachita zinthu za lamulo lochititsa chigamulo cha boma pamene Congresstion sanachitepo.

Malamulo a Boma

Chifukwa chakuti United States alibe lamulo la boma lokwanira pa FRT, maboma atengera njira zosiyanasiyana. Ena akhazikitsa ziletso zenizeni kapena mahostrium, pamene kuli kwakuti ena akhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka , malipoti, kupenda kwachisawawa, ndi kutsalira kwa apolisi kwaufulu kugwiritsira ntchito luso la zopangapanga popanda kuyang'anira. Chotsatira chake ndicho kugaŵa kwa malamulo kumene kumayambitsa zitokoso kwa ogulitsa za luso la zopangapanga ndi zitetezero zosayenera kwa nzika.

Maboma Okhala ndi Ziletso Zolimba Koposa

[[NTL:0] Chilolezo sichinabwere, kupanga mokhutiritsa . Lamulo limaletsanso kugwiritsira ntchito kwa nkhope m'malamulo oletsa kwambiri a dziko mu 2020, kuletsa apolisi ndi mabungwe a anthu kugwiritsira ntchito FRT mwachindunji pokhapo ngati siikuvomereza kwenikweni. Chilolezocho sichinabwere, kupanga mochedwa mona kugwiritsa ntchito poizoni imene idakalipo. Lamulo limaletsanso kugwiritsira ntchito kwa nkhope m'malangizo m'masukulu ndi m'malamulo. [[FLT:] Valmont [[FLT:] chinatsatira njira yofananayo, lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito FRT, kusiyapo kuchepetsa zinthu zina zopanda kusoŵa ndi kulephera kwa khoti la chivomezi, ndipo ngakhale kuwonjezera kuperekedwa kwa chisankhoti chachiwero cha pachaka chachipansi pachaka. [FLT.] [FFT] [FF] [5]

Malo Okhala ndi Zofunika Zosafunika ndi Malamulo Olamulira

Maboma ambiri aleka kuletsa kwapasadakhale koma akhazikitsa maboo apamwamba a kutsogolo. New York mu 201] adafuna apolisi kuti apeze chilolezo asanagwiritse ntchito FRT pa chifuno chilichonse cha kufufuza, kusiyapo m'zochitika monga kubedwa. Lamulo linapanganso malo ozindikira apamwamba a nkhope ndi kulondola. Ankapereka lamulo mu 2020 lofuna bungwe lapolisi lililonse logwiritsira ntchito FRTCS kufalitsa mitundu yonse ya kupenda, kulondola kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndi kutsekera kulikonse. Malamulo amaletsanso “kuzindikira kwa kudziŵika kwa nkhope [[FLT] (kate:]]) popanda kuvomerezedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu onse. [FFFUFU.FFUFUS.]

Maboma Amene Amalola Kuwagwiritsira Ntchito Moyang’anira Mwaunyinji

, ngakhale kuti lamulo limaletsa kugawana chidziŵitso ndi maulamuliro a boma. Florida alibe boma koma limalimbikitsa madipatimenti kutengera miyezo yaufulu kaamba ka kutsimikizira. M’kuyesayesa, madipatimenti apolisi ambiri a Florida, monga Pinellas County Sheriffits, amagwiritsira ntchito FRT pa laise ya Office ya dalair ndi zithunzi zodziŵikitsa. Georgia . [FLT: 4.] M'dziko la Florida limalola kuti madipatimenti ake adziperekerepitire ufulu wa kuwona. Mkhalidwe wa kufufuza kwa FV: FV: 5 kuti apange ntchito ya ku FM'kauths, monga ngati Pinly Counts Office, imagwiritsira ntchito nthaŵi ndi chilolezo cholakwika cha kuwona mapepala oletsedwa. Zida zolakwika zolakwika zimenezi zimalola kutsutsa.

Kukhudza Malamulo a Boma pa Miyambo Yolimbikitsa

Chiyambukiro cha mwamsanga cha malamulo a boma oletsa chakhala kutsika kwa ma FRT ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi mabungwe apolisi ogonjera ku malamulo amenewo. Ku Massachusetts, chiletso chonse chakakamiza madipatimenti amene anasungidwa kale m'zopangapanga . Monga Boston Police Department . Kudalira pa njira zakale zofufuzira monga zojambula ndi zojambula zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pamene kuli kwakuti magulu a ufulu wa anthu amakondwerera kutsika kwa kuyang'anira, akuluakulu ena a boma akudandaula za kupenda kapena kuphonya kotsogolera. Kufufuza kwa 2023 kochitidwa ndi Police Authodi Authodi Afukufufuza Aauthodi Aauthority Forum anapeza kuti makampani 40% osakhala ochitira lipoti FRT. Komabe, kufufuzako kunadziŵitsanso kuti makampani ambiriwo sanaonedwe bwino chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa milandu yachiwawa.

M'mawu okhala ndi zifuno zofunikira, apolisi afunikira kuwongolera ntchito yawo. Kupeza lamulo lachiweruzo kumafuna nthaŵi [1] Nthaŵi zambiri . ndipo kumafuna muyezo wapamwamba kuposa kungoyerekezera. Madipatimenti ena ayankha ndi nkhope zoyang'anira pamanja asanapemphe chilolezo, pamene ena ayamba kugwiritsira ntchito FRT kokha pa milandu yapamwamba yonga kuba anthu kapena ziwopsezo za zigaŵenga. Kufufuza kofalitsidwa mu Journal of Law & Technology kwapeza kuti lamulo-rectrement inaona kutsika kwa 25% ya kufunsa FRTS (m. g., chisonyezero cha kuyang'ana milandu yaing'ono) koma popanda kuchepetsako kuchitika kwachiwawa. Zimenezi zimapereka chiyeneretso chochotsa popanda kufufuzidwa kowopsa.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, m’mayiko amene sayang'anira kwambiri, FRT yakhala yogwirizana kwambiri ndi ntchito yapolisi ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Ku Florida, mabungwe ena amatumiza makamera a laisensi ku FRT kuti asunge nkhope za madalaivala ndi apaulendo panthaŵi yeniyeni. Otsutsa amatsutsa mtundu umenewu wa “malonda". Amanjenjemera ndi kusokoneza kwambiri anthu a mitundu, kumene kuphonya kuli kwakukulu. Kufufuza kuchokera ku Georgetown Lawn Center on Ancy & Technology kunapeza kuti m'madera opanda ziletso, anthu akuda anali othekera kuŵirikiza katatu kuposa anthu oyera kuti apenyerere ndi madongosolo a FRT. Kusintha kumeneku kwakhala mfundo yaikulu ya ochirikiza ntchito za boma.

Mavuto Okhudzana ndi Malamulo ndi Maumisiri Amene Akukhalabe

Ngakhale kumene kuli malamulo amphamvu, kusungitsa ndi kutsata malamulo kumakhala kovuta. Malamulo ambiri amafuna kupima kolakwika, koma palibe muyezo wa boma wa zimene zili zolondola. National Institute of Direference and Technology (NIST) yafalitsa malamulo oyesera kwambiri, ndipo mayiko ena, monga California, atenga zilembo za ku Naster monga mbali ya malamulo awo opezera ndalama. Komabe, luso la zopangapanga limasintha mofulumira kuposa malamulo [1] opanga malamulo awo mobwerezabwereza, kupangitsa kuti likhale lolimba kuti mabungwe oyang'anira asunge. Lipoti la 2024 kuchokera ku Govern Accondation Office linapeza kuti maakaumboni ochepera theka la malingana ndi malingana a malingana a zaka ziŵiri zapitazo.

Nkhani ina yosathetsedwa ndiyo kugwiritsira ntchito “kuteteza kwachinsinsi kwa anthu a boma kapena ma ndandanda a zinthu zina. Mayiko ambiri amalola apolisi kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi za laisensi ya dalaivala, kugwiritsa ntchito foni, ndiponso zithunzi zochokera ku wailesi ndi Intaneti. Nthawi zambiri anthu ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu amatsutsa kuti zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti bungwe la boma lizigwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezera zachinsinsi zochepa. Mabungwe a boma apeza njira zopezera malamulo a boma, monga mahotela kapena masitolo, popanda lamulo.

Kulondola kudakalinso chinthu chomwe chikuchitika. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyesa kwa Nist kukusonyeza kuti ma algoritime apamwamba koposa amalonda asintha kwambiri . Machenjera a madongosolo ena atsika pansi pa 0.1% pa magulu onse a anthu kuyambira 2018. Zotulukapozo za dziko lapansi zazikidwa pa zithunzi za malo osungira zinthu. Zolinga zenizeni (poyera, makamera otsogola, ma bussssss laises syst) amaluluza kugwira ntchito. Ndiponso, 20222 kuchokera ku MIT Media Lab zapeza kuti ngakhale albumiliti yapamwamba yogwirizana ndi ana kapena zigawo za okalamba. Jason Schultz, mkulu wa za NAU Techn Clinic, akunena kuti: “Kusintha kwa dzuŵa kukhoza kutha mphamvu kutha kwake. Opanga mapulogalamu afunikira kukonzanso ndi kukonzanso.

Malangizo A M’tsogolo: Zimene Zili M’tsogolo mwa Boma

Malamulo otsatira a boma ali othekera kusumika maganizo pa mbali zitatu: kuyang'anira kwenikweni, uyang'aniro waumwini, ndi kutsekereza madata. Pakali pano, opanga malamulo mu Minnesota ndi Kugwirizana [[FLT]] kwayambitsa mafaindi oletsa kugwiritsira ntchito kwa nkhope kosalekeza m'malo a anthu, kaŵirikaŵiri otchedwa “kuyang’anira ". Zikalata zimenezi zingafunikire apolisi kuchotsa chakudya chilichonse chimene chimakopa anthu onse, kuchepetsa kupenda ndi chikalata. Mayeso otero akuvomereza malamulo a ku Ulaya, amene amagwiritsira ntchito lamulo la kutchuka kwa“ kutchuka kwa anthu a ku Ulaya.

Chikhoterero china chomakula ndicho kupangidwa kwa mabungwe oyang'anira okha, ofanana ndi a ku New York. Mabungwe ameneŵa ali ndi mphamvu yaing'ono, angafufuze mathithi a apolisi FRT, ndi kutulutsa malipoti a anthu a ziŵerengero ndi zolakwika. Mu 2023, Maryland [1] . Maboma anayamba kufuna kuti apolisi alionse adziyang'anira pa pulogalamu yapansi yapachaka, ndi zotsatirapo zoikidwa pa Intaneti. Chitsanzocho chatamandidwa ndi ACLU . ACLU .

Kusunga zinthu ndiko malire achitatu. Pakali pano, madipatimenti ambiri a apolisi amasunga zithunzi kuchokera ku FRT kufunafuna kosalekeza, limodzi ndi zolembedwa za amene anafufuzidwa ndi chifukwa chake. Malamulo angapo a boma tsopano akulingalira kuti mafaelo osatsa malonda akwaniritsidwe pambuyo pa masiku 90 kuti ateteze ntchito kuwonjezereka kwapang'onopang'onopang'ono kuposa kufufuza koyambirira. Virginia adapereka lamulo mu 2024] lofuna kuti zikalata zonse zofufuzira ziwonongedwe mkati mwa miyezi 12 yokhapokha ngati chigamu chimene chikhalabe chotsegulidwa. Ochirikiza zimenezi akukhala muyezo wa dziko lonse.

Kumaliza: Kulinganiza Chitetezo ndi Mfulu ya Pachiweniweni

Malamulo a boma onena za kugwiritsira ntchito kwa polisi kudziŵikitsa nkhope zamakono akula kuchokera pa nkhaŵa yaikulu kufika pa nkhani yaikulu yokhudza malamulo apolisi ndi amakono. Malamulo olembedwa omwe alipo tsopano amasonyeza kuti America amasankha kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuyesa njira za boma. Maboma ena asankha kuletsa chipangizocho mwachindunji; ena akhazikitsa ziwiya zotetezera zapansi pa nkhope; ndipo ena agwirizanabe ndi kuyang'anira kochepa. Umboni ukutsimikizira kuti malamulo ndi kuonekera bwino kwa dziko la America kungachepetse upandu wolakwika popanda kulepheretsa lamulo kukhazikitsa lamulo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, akukhazikitsa upandu wowopsa woikidwa ndi upandu wodziŵika ndi ufuko wolembedwa kale m'apo.

Pamene opanga malamulo a boma akupitirizabe dala pa kakonzedwe ka mtundu konga ngati Facial Briginning Act , maboma adzakhalabe malaboratori oyambirira kaamba ka kuyambitsidwa kwa malamulo. Malamulo ogwira mtima kwambiri adzaphatikiza pamodzi kuyesa kwaumwini, uyang'aniro wa komiti, ndi kusimba kwa lamulo kwapoyera kwa anthu kwa anthu onse (kuwonjezera njira zopangira miyezo yolinganizidwa monga mmene luso la zopanga zinthu limasinthika. Kwa apolisi, zimenezi zikutanthauza kulandira FRT monga mbali ya malamulo oonetsera, oŵerengera mlandu; kwa anthu onse, kutanthauza kuti kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi sikuyenera kuperekedwa kaamba ka chisungiko. Zaka zoŵerengeka zotsatira zidzatsimikizira ngati United States ingapange kulinganizika kwabwinoko.

Nkhani ino imapereka chidziŵitso chachisawawa ndipo siipanga uphungu wa lamulo. Malamulo amasiyana malinga ndi malamulo ndipo amasintha. Kufunsa mafunso, funsani loya woyenerera kapena ziŵiya zakwanuko.