Bungwe la Australian Treasurer limachita mbali yaikulu m'kusintha zinthu zachilengedwe za dziko zokhala ndi madesiki. Mwa kuphatikiza malamulo a msonkho, zopereka, kuyendetsa makampani, ndi malamulo a zachuma, malamulo a zachuma amakhudza mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa anthu a ku Australia m'kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene amapeza ndi mmene amasungidwira. M’zaka khumi zapitazi, kusintha kwa malamulo osiyanasiyana kwasinthasintha kuti achepetse kulephera, kusasunga, ndi kusungidwa. Kumvetsa malamulo ameneŵa n’kofunika kwa anthu amene amalinganiza ntchito yawo, makampani oyendetsa ntchito za ndalama, ndi otsogolera oyendetsa ntchito.

Malo a Dongosolo a Zaukulu a ku Australia

Komiti yapamwamba ya Australia imagwira ntchito monga yokakamiza, yolipiridwa, yolongosoledwa. Olemba ntchito ayenera kupereka chigawo cha nthaŵi ya antchito onse m'thumba lapadera logwirizana. Ndalama imaperekedwa kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kupanganso chiwiya chimene chimapanga maziko a ndalama zopuma pantchito pamodzi ndi Age Pension . Dongosololi limalamulidwa ndi Australian Prudential Reglisement Authority (APRA), Saceturaties and Invementsmentations Commission (ASIC), ndi Australian Staclation Office (ATO) Office (ATO) ya ndalama zaumwini.

Mbali zazikulu za dongosololi zimaphatikizapo Supernuation Stifict Insict [SG] , zimene zimafuna zopereka za olemba ntchito zocheperapo, ndi mpambo wa zopereka zolinganizidwa kulimbikitsa kusunga ndalama modzifunira. Malamulo a zachuma amaumba mbali iriyonse — kuchokera ku mmene zopereka zimasungidwa ku nthaŵi imene ndalama zingapezedwe.

Chinsinsi Chapamwambachi N’choti Maziko Ake Azikhala

Komiti ya Australian Treasury yawonjezera kuchokera pa 9.5% kufika ku 10% kuyambira pa July 2021, ndi kuikidwanso padera kukwera kufika pa 12% pofika July 2025. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kwapang'onopang' kuli njira yachindunji ya Khirisimasi yolimbitsira ndalama zopuma pantchito. Maprojekiti a Treasury akuti kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu zotsala kuchokera pa 9.5% kufika pa 12% kudzakweza ndalama zosungidwa pa ntchito ya nyuzini .

Mitundu ya Malipiro Aakulu

Australia angasankhe kuchokera ku mitundu yambiri ya ndalama zoikizira ndalama za makampani (osati kampani yopanga phindu), ndalama za makampani (zopanga phindu), ndalama za kampani, ndalama za makampani a boma, ndi kudziimira okha ndalama zowonjezera (SMSFs). Mtundu uliwonse umagonjera ku malamulo amodzi a KAMBIRALA yopangika koma amasiyana m'maulamuliro, malo a ndalama, ndi m'makampani. Malamulo a zachuma, monga Osintha zinthu ndi [[FLT:] Mtsogolo , Superst [FFFFF:3], asonkhezera kaamba ka kuchuluka, kutsika, kuchepetsa, ndi kusankhidwa kwa chuma kogwirizana ndi ntchito.

Msonkho: Mmene Ndalama Zimathandizira Kupulumutsa Anthu

Kupereka msonkho ndi imodzi ya njira zamphamvu kwambiri zothandizira kuti anthu asunthe. Zopereka zimagwera m’magulu aŵiri aakulu: concensionsal ndi [FLT]non.

Zopereka za Malo Ochitira Unduna (Asanaperekedwe)

Izi zimaphatikizapo ndalama zoperekera ndalama za SG ndi malipiro . Amakhomedwa pa mlingo wa 15% m'thumbalo, poyerekezera ndi ndalama za msonkho wa munthu wolandira ndalama zokwana madola 450,000. Lamulo limeneli lingakhale lochepetsa phindu la olandira ndalama zapamwamba pamene akusunga chilolezo cha antchito ambiri.

Kuyambira 1 July 2017, chipewa chapachaka pa zopereka zololeka chakhala $7,500 (Iye ya Origial Weekly Time Earnings). Cosankha cha Kernal kusanthula kachipiti (nthaŵi yoyamba inachitika kuyambira mu 2017 kuyambira 1 July 2024, kukwera kwake mpaka $300,000) kumathandiza kuti ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zikhale zoyendera limodzi ndi malipiro a malipiro, koma kuti pakhale kuyang'anira kuti pasaperekedwe msonkho wochuluka kuchokera ku destabilis.

Zopereka Zosayenderana ndi Malamulo (Pambuyo pa Thukutax)

Zikalata zoyendetsera zapachaka zilipobe ndi ndalama zimene zimaperekedwa kuchokera ku ndalama zimene zaperekedwa kale ndipo chifukwa chake sizilinso msonkho m'thumbalo. Kapusi ya chaka ndi chaka ili pakali pano (imene ili madola 200,000 kuyambira 1 July 2024). Lamulo lobweretsa pa gradiation limalola anthu osakwanitsa zaka 75 kupereka ndalama zokwana zaka zitatu zothandizira pa ndalama zosapitirira pa zaka zitatu zoperekedwa m'chaka chimodzi, popereka [FL:0] kuti asakhale ndi ndalama zawo [[FL:] Thultnuation Benity (TB) sapitirira $1.9 miliyoni (G.9). Kuyambitsa ndi kulimbanitsa kwa TSB kuteteza anthu kuti asakhale ndi manyulo oloŵa amodzi, pobweretsa chibalo chopereka chopereka chotsika.

Malamulo Oloŵetsedwamo ndi Ziletso za Kuloŵa

Malamulo a ndalama amalamulira kwambiri pamene magetsi a m'makampani atha kupezeka, kutsimikizira cholinga cha dongosolo la kupereka ndalama zopuma pantchito mmalo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito msanga. Mwachisawawa, zaka zosungidwa (pakalipano pakati pa 55 ndi 60, malinga ndi chaka chobadwa) ndi zaka zoyambirira zimene zimasungidwa. Magulu ambiri amaphatikizapo mavuto aakulu a zachuma, matenda osatha, matenda osatha, malo achifundo, ndi Super Home Salter Stuage (FSSS S).

Kusunga Magetsi Panyumba Koyamba (FHSSS)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zothandizira kuteteza ndalama zotetezera ku kampani ya kampani ya zopereka ndalama zambiri kwambiri pamene kukuthandiza kugwiritsa ntchito. Ndalama zimapenda ntchito ndi kuwonongeka kwa nyumba, ndi kusintha kwaposachedwapa (kuyambira 202324.24)

Kupuma Pantchito – Kutsika Kochepa ndi Kusintha Kupuma Pantchito (TTR)

Pakufika msinkhu wosunga ndi kupuma pantchito (kapena zaka 65, zimene zija zija zija zoyambirira), ziwalo zingafike pamlingo wapamwamba. M'nyengo ya kupuma pantchito, maakaunti ayenera kukumana ndi [[FLT: 0] masamu otsika pachaka zofunika zoikidwa ndi Treasureal (pazaka 65-74, 75% kwa zaka 75-79, etc], zimene zimalola kuti anthu asunge ndalama pamene akugwira ntchito. Kampani ya ndalama yochepetsera ndalama zimenezi kwa kanthaŵi kuti apeŵe kugulitsa katundu mokakamiza. Mbali yotchuka ndiyo Kupuma pantchito (TRT) yosapereka ndalama zambiri (TRGOL: 3).

Malamulo a Kusunga Ndalama ndi Maulamuliro a Ntchito

Malamulo a zachuma anachititsa kuti anthu a m’bungweli ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri, n’cholinga choti ayende bwino nthawi yaitali komanso kuti achepetse ngozi.

Mphatso Yanga ndi Kuyesa Ntchito

MySuper ndi chinthu chopanda pake choperekedwa ndi Super Super (20: 1). Ziŵalo zonse za kampani ya ndalama zongosankhidwa zaikidwa m'chisankho cha MySuper pokhapokha ngati iwo asankha mokangalika. Mu 2020, boma linakhazikitsa Tsogolo Lanu, Super mpukutu, umene umaphatikizapo kuyesa kwa pachaka kochitidwa ndi APUSA. Mabanki amene amalephera kuyesa zaka ziŵiri mumzera amaletsedwa kuvomereza ziŵalo zatsopano ndipo ayenera kudziŵitsa anthu omwe alipo. Chitsogonje chayamba kale kutseka ndalama zambiri zoyendetsera ndi kuyendetsa ndalama ndi kukonza ndalama. Commeternation ya kuwongolera ndi kuwongolera ndalama ndi kupindula ndi kuchepetsa ndalama.

Kuyendetsa Malamulo – Ntchito Yochitapo Kanthu M’zokondweretsa Zabwino Kwambiri za Ziŵalo Zawo

Kuwongolera kwaposachedwapa kwa Indasitale ya za Malonda (Supersean) Act 1993 (Chilamulo cha Sis) adavomereza kuti odalirana ayenera kupenda kokha zikondwerero za ndalama za ziŵalo popanga zosankha za kusungitsa ndalama. “zofunika zambiri za ndalama" zoyambitsidwa mu 2021 ndi Lamulo la Treasurement (Tsogolo Lanu, Super Act), Chilect, kuletsa zosankha zozikidwa pa zolinga zina (mzera, kuwonjezera ESG kusiyapo ngati zigwirizano ndi ziŵalo zobwerera). Lamuloli ndi lopanga mkangano, koma limasungitsa ndalama kutsimikizira kuti Kayendedwe ka ndalama za ndalama za boma zikhale zoyenerera kuikidwa paupandu wa ndalama.

Kuteteza Chingwe ndi Chiwalo

Mfungulo ina ya Tsogolo Lanu, Kusintha Kwakukulu ndi kuchotsa . Pansi pa lamulo limeneli, pamene wantchito asintha ntchito, kope yawo yaikulu yomwe ilipo ikutsatira (i.e, ndi “yapeka”) kuti apeŵe kulengedwa kwa ndalama zambiri, ndalama zogulira zinthu. Kampaniyi anayerekezera kuti asunga mamembala ake $2.8 biliyoni m'malipiro zaka khumi. Spapling wachepetsanso kufunika kwa ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zokwera. Kugwira ntchito kwa stapingings imayang'anizidwa ndi Krea, ndipo chidziŵitso choyambirira chikusonyeza kutsika m'nkhani zotsati.

Alonda a Msonkho Kuti Awonjezere Kupulumutsa Kodzifunira

Kuposa zopereka zokakamiza, okonza za Ndalama za Ndalama za Ndalamazo analinganiza zosonkhetsera anthu a ku Australia kupereka msonkho kuti asunge ndalama zambiri kuti akapuma pantchito.

Kupereka Chopereka cha Boma

Mapangano a tronuation conuation a pambuyo pa zopereka za msonkho zochepera ndi zolandira zochepera . Chaka cha 2023-24 cha malipiro, chopereka chachikulu cha co îconcon ndi $50% ya zopereka zaumwini ku K200,000) kwa anthu olandira ndalama zochepera $43,445; imasintha kotheratu pa $58,445. Mlingo ndi zipata zimasinthidwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi ndi Kayendedwe kusonyeza kukwera ndi zofunika za Undulo. Kuwononga kumeneku kumachirikiza kuchuluka kwa odalira kwambiri pa chuni ndi Nyengo Yachikulu.

Kuyerekezera Msonkho Wapamwamba Kwambiri (YUTO)

LUKAO ndi ndalama zothandizira pa misonkho yosatayika imene imawonjezera mogwira mtima msonkho wa ndalama zopereka 15% pa zopereka zololedwa za $500 pachaka kwa anthu amene amasinthanitsa ndalama zopezedwa ndi ndalama za msonkho pansi pa $3,000. Lamulo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti ndalama zopezedwa zochepetsetsa siziri zochepera pansi pa ndalama zotsala 15% poyerekezera ndi mtengo wawo wa mzera (zimene zingakhale 0% kapena 19%). LUKAO imagulidwa HAMBI ya Ndalama pafupifupi $780 miliyoni mu 20222,00 . Koma imaŵerengedwa ndi kusungidwa kwa kupita patsogolo.

Zopereka Zochepetsa Ululu

Chiyambire 1 July 2018, A Australia a zaka 55 ndi oposa angapereke ndalama zokwana $300,000 (yoikidwa) kuchokera ku ndalama zogulitsa nyumba yawo kukhala yapamwamba, mosasamala kanthu za zopereka kapena mayeso a ntchito. Ukalambawo unatsika kuchoka pa 60 kufika pa 55 pa 1 July 2022 kulimbikitsa kuchepetsa ndi kumasula nyumba. Kupenda kwa Ndalama za ndalama kumasonyeza kuyenerera kupatsidwa ndalama zoperekera kwa anthu okhala ndi TSB yoposa kale $1.9 miliyoni (mwakutero sakanatha kupanga zopereka zosakwanira zokwanira zokwanira zokwanira zokwanira zokwanira zokwanira zokwanira zokwanira pa 1 July 202. Lamulolo limafuna kuwonjezera ndalama zosungidwa pantchito posamalira ntchito ya za ku masitolo.

Kusintha kwa Kayendetsedwe ka Ndalama Zaposachedwapa

Zaka zitatu zapitazo, Khirisimasi yasintha kwambiri ndipo ndalama zimene anthu amasunga zikhoza kuwonongeka ngati atapuma pantchito.

Kuwonjezeka kwa Zinthu Zoposa Zikutsimikizira Kuti 12% Adzatero Pofika 2025

Chiwonjezeko cha maseŵero kuyambira pa 9.5% (2020) kufika pa 12% (2025) chimawonjezera mbali za mlingo wa ndalama zimene amapeza kupyola pa zaka zambiri chaka chilichonse. Kuwonjeza ndalama ndi Khibitale ndi Commission kumasonyeza kuti kwa wantchito wa zaka 30 pa ndalama za nyuzi, kuwonjezekako kudzawonjezera pafupifupi $75,000 (mu $50,000 ya lerolino) kumlingo wawo womalizira. Komabe, lamulolo layang'anizana ndi kusulizidwa kwa antchito pa ndalama zowonjezereka za ntchito, ndipo antchito angalandire malipiro otsika posinthana. Bungwe la Expevation Repolation Report (2023) linadziŵitsa kuti kuwonjezeka kwa SG, limodzi ndi zaka za anthu, kudzafuna kuwonjezereka kwa nthaŵi zonse.

Mabako ndi Kuika Malo Osonyezera Chikhumbo

Kuchokera pa 1 July 2024, zikhokho zololeka ndi zosayenera , zinaikidwa kwa nthaŵi yoyamba chiyambire 2017, kukweza zipewa kuchokera pa $70,000 mpaka $300,000 ndi osafunikira pa $100,000. Kuzindikiritsa kumeneku, kolumikizidwa ku AWOTE, kwakhala koletsa kuthamanga kwa magalimoto m'dongosolo kumene antchito ambiri akuyandikira malire a kukwera kwa ndalama ndi SG. Chosankha cha KAMBI kutsimikizira kuti mapetiwo akhalabe othandiza popanda kufuna ma a ma a ma avigalamu a nthaŵi zambiri.

Kugaŵanitsa 293 Malo Ofeŵa ndi Chisonyezero

Chigawo cha ndalama zotsala 293 za K4500,000 zakhala zikuziziritsidwa kuyambira pamene anayamba kuyambitsa ntchito mu 2013, kutanthauza kuti anthu ambiri opeza ndalama zambiri amagwidwa chaka chilichonse pamene ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zikuwonjezeka. Kotala ya ndalama ya kampani imati pafupifupi 2% ya okhoma msonkho anawonongeka mu 2013; pofika 2023, ndi ndalama zokwana 4%. Ndalama zotsala ndi zimene zimawonjezera ndalama zoperekera msonkho pa anthu amene ali pamwamba pa ndandanda ya zopereka. Ngakhale kuti Kbanki sinalengeze kutsimikizira kutsimikizira, lamulolo limayembekezeredwa kuwonjezera, kuwonjezera ndalama zosungira ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za akatswiri ndi maneja.

Kufufuza kwa Magulu Osiyanasiyana

Makonzedwe a dongosololo amatulutsa zotulukapo zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi ndalama zopezedwa, msinkhu, mwamuna, ndi mtundu wa ntchito.

Anyani Olandira Makutu

Lownnivers opata ndalama amapindula ndi LUKAO ndi coplace , koma zopereka zawo za SG zotsika (chifukwa cha malipiro otsika) ndi kusoŵa kwawo ndalama zowonjezera kutanthauza kuti iwo amadalirabe kwambiri pa Nyengo ya Ufulu. Treasury’s Kuiwala kwa Infeance Review [20] anapeza kuti dongosolo lapamwamba limagwira bwino kwambiri kwa anthu okhala ndi njira zosweka za ntchito, makamaka akazi ndi antchito wamba. Policies imadalira [[FLT:] Supannuation pa Parectal Leat (kutchulidwa koma osadulidwa) kuyang'aniridwabe) ku kachitidwe kake.

Akazi ndi Anthu Osiyana Kwambiri ndi Akazi

Akazi amene amapuma pantchito ndi 25% ya ndalama zochepa kwambiri kuposa amuna pa avareji, chifukwa cha malipiro otsika, nthaŵi yochoka kuntchito kuti apereke chisamaliro, ndi mlingo wapamwamba wa ntchito. Malamulo a Treasury amene amapereka ndalama zachindunji (m., coparcensi) ndi kuchepetsa msonkho (STALO) amapindulitsa akazi mowonjezereka chifukwa chakuti kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi antchito otsika kwambiri. Komabe, mpata wa kugonana umapitirizabe. Nthaŵi zambiri Sucture Department ya Akazi a Khweya ya Umba ya Undulo (kuchotsa $450 pa mwezi SG) (kutulutsa 1 July 20222), umene umawonjezera SG kwa antchito ambiri wamba ndi anthaŵi zokwanira , makamaka akazi anawononga ndalama zoŵerengera ndalamazo pafupifupi $1.2 biliyoni.

Makutu Apamwamba ndi Kulinganizika Kwapamwamba

Anthu okhala ndi TSB oposa $1.9 miliyoni amayang'anizana ndi ziletso pa zopereka zosapanga , ndi awo amene ali ndi $250,000 yolipira Gawo Gawo 293. Kwa awo okhala ndi ndalama zoposa $3 miliyoni, kuyambira 1 July 2025, mlingo wa msonkho wapamwamba wa 30% adzagwiritsira ntchito pa malipiro amtsogolo (mwa 15%). Lamulo limeneli, lolengezedwa mu 202324 - 240,000 Ndalama, lapangidwa kupanga chivomerezo chapamwamba cha msonkho choikizidwa bwino koposa. Kupenda kwa ndalama kumayambukira anthu pafupifupi 800,000% (5.5% ya mamembala) ndi kukwera $3 biliyoni pa ndalama podzafika 2027. Myeso wakhala wotsutsana, ndi zinenezo za Retical, koma ndalama zikuchirikiza kukhala zoyenerera zosungitsa ndalama.

Kuyambukira Ubwino wa Malamulo Ochirikiza Chuma ndi Ndalama

Malamulo a zachuma pa kupuma pantchito singokhudza zotsatirapo za kupuma pantchito kwa munthu mmodzi yekha , zili ndi zotsatira zazikulu zachuma. Kagulu kapamwamba katsopano kamatha kuyendetsa ndalama zoposa madola 3.5 biliyoni, kupangitsa kukhala limodzi la masheya aakulu koposa a ndalama zosungidwa pa ntchito yapansi padziko. Malamulo a msonkho pa ndalama za boma zokwana pafupifupi $5 biliyoni pachaka posapereka ndalama zokwanira (2023-24 ch. KH. Komyo imapenda mosamalitsa ngati kulolera kumeneku kubweretsa zotulukapo zoyenerera za ntchito yapansi ndi ngati mtengo wake uli woyenerera.

Masinthidwe aposachedwapa, monga ngati kuyesa ntchito, kuchotsa, ndi kachipi ya $3 miliyoni, amafunitsitsa kuchotsa ndi kuwongolera kuyendetsa bwino kwa dongosololo. Pangano la Kernal la Kusintha kwa Cometing Invimotion Convention , kumene kunayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 July 2022, kumafuna anthu oikizira ndalama zambiri kuti akonze njira yothandizira anthu opuma pantchito kupeza zopezera ndalama zopezera ndalama, kuphatikizapo kuyendetsa upandu wa moyo wawo. Pangano limeneli limasintha maganizo kuchokera ku ku ku kusungirira kwaunyinyiyo yokha, kulimbikitsa zinthu zatsopano monga moyo ndi kudziphananu. Bungwelo limagwiranso ntchito ndi APALIA ndi ASIC kutsimikizira kuti ziŵalozolandira chitsogozo choyenera ndi chosapindulitsa.

Kuyerekezera ndi Maphunziro a Padziko Lonse

Dongosolo la thumba la chiwongola dzanja la Australia kaŵirikaŵiri limayerekezeredwa ndi la Canada, Chile, Denmark, ndi Netherlands. Malamulo a zachuma abwereka kwa aliyense. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la ndalama losaiŵalika la Australia la ndalama (MySuper) limafanana ndi ma projekiti ambiri a Chile koma ndi malamulo amphamvu. Kuyambitsidwa kwa mbali yotsalira yochepera (monga kugaŵira kofunikira mu US) kumatsimikizira kuti starch imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka ndalama mmalo mwa kusungidwa. Chitsanzo cha kugaŵidwa kwa zopereka zofotokozedwa za ku Netherlands chikuphunziridwa koma osatibe kuvomerezedwa chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa zinthu.

Malamulo a ku Australia ndi okakamiza kwambiri kuposa mmene amathandizira anthu ambiri, koma amawonjezera kulolera koma amachepetsa kutero.

Kuyang’ana Kutsogolo: Malamulo a Mtsogolo a Malamulo a Mabungwe a Ndalama

Makope angapo ali pa mandandanda a Kayendedwe ka Ndalama kwa zaka zisanu zotsatira. Kuwonjezeka kwa SG mpaka 12% kudzaikidwa mokwanira pofika July 2025, ndipo Khibishoni idzayang'anira mphamvu zake pa malipiro ndi Bajeti. Kuikidwa kwa zopereka ndi zitseko kupitiriza, kufuna kusintha kodzifunira. Kusamalira kwa mlingo wa chisudzulo m'chisudzulo ndi mbali yapamwamba m'kupeza ndalama (m.g., kulola kuchotsa zinthu zotsala pa nyumba zosungiramo ndalama) kumakhalabe ndi mkangano. Ndalama za [FLT: 0] Retirement Inquisition ipitiriza, ikufufuza njira zopezera ndalama zowonjezereka zopimira ntchito zapangika pantchito ndi zofikira pa zaka za zaka za chaka cha 65.

Malo ena ndi [[FLT: 0] uphungu wa kampani ndi mamembala otomerana. Ndalama ikulingalira mmene zingachepetsere mtengo wa uphungu waumwini kotero kuti anthu ambiri a Australia apange njira zawo zazikulu m'makonzedwe. The Secure of Advice Review (2022) inalimbikitsa kuchepetsa masitepe a gombe otetezereka kaamba ka uphungu wapamwamba; Ndalama ikufunsira za kuitsatira.

Pomalizira pake, Intergeneral Report (2023) inagogomezera kuti dongosolo lalikulu lidzafunikira kuchirikiza chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha opuma pantchito ogwirizana ndi antchito. Mothekera Treasury idzafunikira kuwongoleranso Nyengo ya Nyengo kutanthauza malamulo oyesa ndi malamulo aakulu osungitsa kukhazikika kwa ndalama.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a Treasury ya Australia si mapangano apadera a ndalama zimene zimasintha nthaŵi zonse mmene anthu, ndalama, ndi chuma zimagwirira ntchito pamodzi ndi ndalama zosungidwa. Kuchokera ku mlingo wa SG ndi zipikiri zothandizira kuti apange mayeso ndi mapangano a ndalama zopuma pantchito, lamulo lililonse lakonzedwa mosamalitsa kulinganiza zolinga zopikisana za kulera, kusasintha, kusasamala, ndi kuyendetsa bwino chuma. Anthu a ku Australia, kukhala odziŵa malamulo ameneŵa nkofunika kwambiri popanga zosankha za kusunga, kusungitsa ndalama, ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zawo zazikulu.