Kumvetsetsa Nthambi Zitatu za Boma

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro pakati pa nthambi za malamulo, zoyang'anira, ndi zachiweruzo kumapanga maziko a boma la United States. Malamulo ameneŵa, okhazikitsidwa ndi Malamulo, amatsimikizira kuti palibe gulu limodzi limene lili ndi ulamuliro wosaletsedwa. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi maudindo osiyana koma ogwirizana: Congress imalemba malamulo, Pulezidenti amawakakamiza, ndipo makhoti amamasulira malamulo awo. Kwa nzika, ziyambukiro za tsiku ndi tsiku za nthambi zimenezi zimafalikira / pamisonkhoma yopidwa ku kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi akumwa ndi kuyenerera kwa tikiti yothamanga.

Kumvetsa mmene nthambi iliyonse imagwirira ntchito ndi kusonkhezera zinthu zenizeni padziko n’kofunika kwambiri kuti anthu aphunzire. Zigawo zotsatirazi zimawononga njira zimene malamulo, mabwana, ndi maweruzi amapangira nyumba, ntchito, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi ufulu waumwini. Mwa kupenda malamulo, malamulo a akuluakulu, ndi malamulo a khoti, tingaone kuti kulamulira sikuli lingaliro longopeka koma mphamvu yamoyo imene imakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa Amereka.

Malamulo a Nthambi: Malamulo Aluso Okhudza Maseŵera Atsiku ndi Tsiku

Nthambi ya malamulo . .C.Connor . ili ndi mphamvu ya kulemba anthu, kutsutsana, ndi kutumiza mapepala amene amakhala lamulo la boma. Ndi mamembala a voti (100 Sanitor ndi 435 Oimira), Congress nkhani zoyambira pa kuteteza dziko lonse mpaka ku maziko a dziko. Malamulo amene amapanga kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi ziyambukiro zokhoza kufalikira kwa anthu ndi anthu ndi madera ena.

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Inshuwalansi

Malo angapo akusonyeza bwino lomwe mphamvu ya malamulo kuposa chisamaliro cha zaumoyo. Act ya [Fffordcable Care Care (ACA]) ya 2010] kusinthanso mmene anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America amachitira. Makonzedwe onga ngati otsimikiziridwa kaamba ka mikhalidwe imene idakalipo, ndalama zothandizira kukonza za malonda, ndi Medicaid m'maiko amene atengamo mbali mwachindunji amayambukira kuchipatala. Malinga ndi U.S. Department of Health & Services ya anthu, oposa 21 miliyoni yosankhidwa ACA m'nyengo yotsegulidwa ya 2024 ([FL:2] mipus , yoposa masinthidwe aposachedwapa.

Maphunziro ndi Ngongole ya Ophunzira

Nyumba inanso imakhazikitsa maphunziro mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira za ndalama ndi malamulo. Act ya Uphunzitsi Wapamwamba , yovomerezedwanso nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, iyang'anira maprogramu auphunzitsi a boma, kuphatikizapo Pell Grants ndi Direct Loans. Nkhani za kukhululukira kwa ophunzira zasonyeza mmene zosankha za malamulo (kapena kusachita) zikukhudzira okongola ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, HEROES Act ya 2003 (yakhala mu 2020) inapatsa Mlemberero wa Maphunziro a ndalama zobwereka ndalama pa nthaŵi ya ngozi za dziko lonse. Mphamvu yotha kuchotsa ndalama zokongola ndalama zoposa $130 biliyoni (kapeni 4 miliyoni ya okongola ndalama ([FL:3]). Pachaka, kugalamulitsira ndalama za pa masukulu a Komiti a za pachaka kaamba ka masukulu a Komiti a zapamwamba, ndi maphunziro apadera a .

Miyezo ya Kuntchito ndi ya Pantchito

Ntchito yalamulo imakhazikitsa malo otetezeredwa antchito. Fair Labor Standard Act imakhazikitsa malipiro ocheperapo, malipiro a owonjezereka, ndi malamulo a ana. Pamene kuli kwakuti malipiro a boma atsala pa $7.25 pa ola limodzi kuyambira 2009, Nyumba za Malamulo zimawonjezera kutsutsana mobwerezabwereza kumene kumasiya antchito ambiri akulimbana ndi kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama. Kuwonjezerapo, malamulo onga ngati Banja ndi Medical Let Act (FAMLA) amatsimikizira kuti masabata 12 a tchuthi a tchuthi cha thanzi kapena chisamaliro chabanja chowopsa. Popanda kukonzanso chilo, mipata idakali: mitundu yochepa yotukuka popanda lamulo la boma lolipirira.

Malo Okhala ndi Anthu Otikonda

Mwa zochita zonga Ceador Air and Clean Water Act, Congress imakhazikitsa miyezo ya kutulutsa ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi. Malamulo aposachedwapa, monga Infrapyrective Investment and Jobs Act (2021), anagawira mabiliyoni ambiri kuti alowetsemo mtovu ndi kuti ayendetse masiteshoni amagetsi. Zigamu zimenezi zimakhudza mwachindunji mpweya umene unapuma m’mizinda ndi kuteteza madzi akumwa m’matauni akumidzi. Kulephera kukonzanso malamulo a malo okhala kungayambitse mavuto onga ngati kuwonongeka kwa madzi a Flint, kumene kuwonongeka kwa magalimoto (ko a kuyendetsa malamulo a za malamulo a za kuyendetsa ntchito) kunawononga kwambiri.

Lamulo la Msonkho ndi Ndalama za M’nyumba

Congress ikufuna kupereka msonkho. Pakadali pano, Teach Cuts ndi Jobs Act ya 2017, Mabuleki osinthidwa, anaŵirikiza kaŵiri ndalama zoyendetsera, ndi kusintha mmene ndalama zochepetsera msonkho wa boma ndi wakwawo (SALT) zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito. Kwa banja lenileni, kusintha kumeneku kungatanthauze ndalama mazana ambiri kapena zikwi za madola m'mabanki kapena zotayidwa. Panthaŵiyi, Child Tax Creacs $_ffer·temporirirings persss / decessssss perlagectal pertives perseages pertiveriverives , ana mamiliyoni 3.7 kuchokera ku umphaŵi mu 201 (). Pamene kuwonjezeka kwa anawo, umphaŵi wa ana unaŵirikiza kawiritiki chaka chotsatira. Malamulo ana ana ana ana ana ana anawonjezera kusankha za ngongole ndi za m'maungwe.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Kachitidwe ndi Ulamuliro

Nthambi yapamwamba, yotsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, imakhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, koma mphamvu zake sizimangokhudza chabe kukwaniritsa malamulo a akuluakulu, malamulo, ndi maulamuliro a kuikidwa, Prezidenti angaike zinthu zofunika m’dziko zimene zimakhudza nzika ndi kulembedwa kwa kalembedwe.

Kupititsidwa M’dziko Lina ndi Lamulo la Kumalire

Akuluakulu a boma akusonyeza mmene malamulo angasinthire mofulumira. Programme ya Childhood Accountals (DACA) yopangidwa ndi mkulu wa bungwe la ofesipola makampani mu 2012, yatetezera anthu oposa 800,000 osaneneredwa amene anafika monga ana kuchokera ku kusamutsidwa. Komanso, malamulo onga ngati kuletsa kuyenda (Exective Order 13769) ndi Migrant Protection Protocoms adasintha amene angaloŵe U.S. ndi njira yopezera pothaŵira. Zofunika zothandizira kuyang'anira zigawengazo ndi anthu onse osalandira mapepala.

Zofuna Zaumoyo wa Onse

M’nthaŵi za mavuto, zochita za akuluakulu a nthambi zimaonekera kwambiri. Mliri wa CHOVID [1] Prezidenti adaona Pulezidenti Separadale The Devince Production Act kuti afulumize kutulutsa mankhwala a katemera, kupereka chilolezo cha zinthu za boma, ndi kupereka chithandizo chapadera kudzera mwa malamulo a akuluakulu a boma. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) inatulutsa kuchotsa moratoriums [1] malamulo amene anasunga anthu mamiliyoni ambiri koma anayang'anizana ndi mavuto alamulo. Mofananamo, malamulo a akuluakulu a mankhwala osokoneza bongo, monga kulola Medicarea kukambirana mtengo wa mankhwala ena (ovomerezedwa ndi 202222 B. Zikalata zoteteza Reduction Act), ndi mbali ya nkhondo yopitirizabe pa malamulo oyendetsera ndalama.

Kuyang’anira Zinthu Mwamsanga

Mabungwe ambiri a boma . "kuchokera ku Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kufika ku Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

  • Kutetezereka kwa chakudya: FDA imakhazikitsa malamulo kaamba ka kulembedwa kwa chakudya ndi kukumbukira zinthu zoipitsidwa.
  • [[FLT :0] Kutetezereka kwa Vehicle :[[FL:1] Department of Transportation imalamulira ndege, mawilo, ndi miyezo ya zachuma.
  • Kusintha: The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau imakhazikitsa malamulo pa ngongole, makhadi a ngongole, ndi ngongole za ophunzira.

Kusintha kwa malamulo a boma kumathandiza kuti anthu asinthe mmene amaonera zinthu, monga mmene amaonera mpweya wotulutsa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya, komanso mmene amauonera kuti ukhale wothandiza.

Kuletsa Kupita Kudziko Lina Ndiponso Kuteteza Dziko

Zigamulo za akuluakulu za malonda, nkhondo, ndi mapangano a mitundu yonse zimakhudza mabizinesi ndi anthu omwe. Mwachitsanzo, pangano la malonda a USMCA (kuikanso NAFTA) kusintha manyowa operekera katundu wa galimoto ndi zaulimi. Kusagwirizana ndi mayiko onga Russia kungakhudze mitengo ya mphamvu ya magetsi pa pompter. Ndipo ulamuliro wa Pulezidenti wa kutumiza asilikali ku mayiko akunja kumakhudza mwachindunji miyoyo ya anthu autumiki ndi mabanja awo.

Mavuto a Zachuma ndi Mpumulo

Pamene kuli kwakuti Congress inasankha ndalama, White House ndi Treasurement inasankha nthaŵi ya kulipirira ndalama ($1,200 pa munthu wamkulu) ndi dongosolo la Parack Device Program ya mabizinesi aang'ono. Zigamulo zimenezi zinagamulapo kaya ngati banja lingakhoze kulipirira lendi kapena bizinesi yaing'ono zingasungitse antchito pa kampani yamalipiro.

Nthambi ya Oweruza: Kumasulira Malamulo ndi Kuteteza Ufulu Wanu

Nthambi yachiweruzo . Yopangidwa ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi kuphatikiza makhoti a boma ndi a appellate . Chigamulo chake chikhoza kulepheretsa malamulo, kuchirikiza machitidwe a akuluakulu, kapena malamulo a chikhalidwe. Zigamulo za khoti kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala ndi ziyambukiro zotsalira koma zazikulu pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Ufulu wa Anthu Onse ndi Kulingana

Zigamulo za panja zofotokoza za ufulu wa anthu. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) inatha kusankhidwa mwalamulo m'masukulu, pamene "Obergefell v. Hodges (202015]) yotsimikiziridwa kuti ukwati wa pakati pa anthu a mtundu umodzi wa dziko lonse. Malamulo a Fair Adgicts v. Harvard [1] [FLT:] [2012] adagwedenda pansi pa mapangano a m'makoleji, kusintha mmene mayunivesite amaonera. Kusankhakuyambukira mwachindunji, mabanja, ndi kusintha kwa olemba ntchito amene apeza mwayi.

Kupeza Zinthu Zachinsinsi Ndiponso Luso la Zamakono

Pamene tekinoloji ikukula, makhoti amalimbana ndi malire achinsinsi. Riley v. California . (2014, Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti apolisi amafunikira chilolezo chofufuza nkhani ya foni ya m’manja kuti agwire [1] chigamulo chimene chimateteza chidziŵitso cha munthu mwini choikidwa pa foni. Carpeent v. United States [1] (20:8), Khoti linafuna chilolezo cha kuyang'anira malo a selo, kuchepetsa kuyang'anira boma. Nkhani zimenezi zimapanga mmene anthu achinsinsi angayembekezerere m'nyengo ya kujambula.

Chilungamo Chaupandu ndi Mlandu

Chigamulo cha chiweruzo pa kuweruza, kuchotsa chilango, ndi kugamula mlandu chili ndi zotsatirapo za mwamsanga. Mwachitsanzo, Miller . Alabama [1] (2012) (20:2) analetsa moyo wokakamiza popanda kuchotsa chilango kwa achinyamata olakwa, kuchititsa kutsutsa kumvetsera kwa akaidi zikwi zambiri. Chigamulo cha Khoti mu United States v. Jones (202] adakhulupirira kuti kugwirizanitsa galimoto ndi galimoto kufunafuna njira ya GPS kukhudza malamulo a Folderation , kukhudza malamulo. Ndiponso, khoti laling’ono lokhudza ziyambukiro zoyenerera ngati apolisi angasulidwe ndi mphamvu yopambanitsa, yosonkhezera kuyankha mlandu wapolisi.

Kupeza Thanzi ndi Ufulu Wobalanso

Nthambi yachiweruzo imachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'malamulo a zaumoyo. M'malamulo oletsa kutaya mimba . Akazi ena amaletsa mimba, ena amateteza kuti zikhale bwino. Mofananamo, amalamulira pa Afford Care Act . FB v. Sebel ". (202]). (20) zimene zinachirikiza lamulo la munthu aliyense monga inshuwalansi yopanga msonkho. Zosankha zamtsogolo zikuteteza kuchotsa mimba.

Lamulo la Malo Okhala ndi Zoyenera Zake

Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amagamula kulinganiza pakati pa malamulo ndi zoyenera za katundu. West Virginia v. EPA (2022), Bwalo Lapamwamba linachepetsa ulamuliro wa EPA kuletsa kutulutsa carbon kuchokera ku zomera za mphamvu pansi pa Cooc Air Act. Chigamulochi chimakhudza malamulo a mkhalidwe wa dziko. Pamalo, zochitika zonga Kelo v. Mzinda wa New London [[FLT:] (2005] (2005) chimasunga malo otchuka a kupititsa patsogolo chuma, kuyambitsa kwa boma kumene kungayambukire eni nyumba ndi mabizinesi.

Macheke ndi Kulinganizika pa Ntchito: Zopangapanga Zenizeni za Dziko

Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi kumathandiza kuti malamulo ena asinthe kapena asinthe.

Kuyang’anira Kwalamulo kwa Woyang’anira

Congress angafufuze zochita za nthambi yapamwamba mwa kuweruza, mabwana, ndi mphamvu ya chikwama. Mwachitsanzo, House Chon Khetha Committee to Investigate the Desert 6th Attack zimene zinasonkhezera Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo kuweruza kwa anthu oposa 1,000 (] chothetsera [1]. Mofananamo, nkhondo za msonkhano zochirikiza ndalama zothandizira kutetezera malire kapena chithandizo zingakakamize nduna kusintha zinthu zofunika. Popanda mayeso a boma, boma lingachitepo kanthu kuposa ulamuliro wake woperekedwa.

Kupendanso Ntchito za Mabungwe

Makhoti a Federal nthaŵi zonse amatsutsa malamulo amene amaswa Malamulo. United States v. Morrison [2000], Bwalo Lapamwamba linachotsa mbali ya Chiwawa cha Akazi, kuweruza kuti Msonkhano uposa mphamvu zake za malonda. Posachedwapa, makhoti anatseka makonzedwe a kukhululukira kwa ophunzira a Biden chifukwa chakuti analibe chilolezo chomveka cha kuvomereza kuti kulipiritsa ( BIden v. BIVELKAN , 2023). Zigamulo zotero zimakakamiza nthambi ya malamulo kubwereza malamulo a boma kubwerezanso malamulo ndipo nthaŵi zina imapitirira njira zatsopano, zoipirapo zoipira ndalama zantchito.

Woyang’anira Veto ndi Maulamuliro Osankha

Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo loti aike oweruza a boma, kutumiza mafaindi ku Nyumba ya Malamulo pokhapokha ngati mapepala awiri atatu a zipinda zonse ziwiri achitidwa. Pulezidenti Trump anatulutsa 10vetoes ; Pulezidenti Biden anatulutsa 13 (pachiyambiyambi kwa 2025). Panthaŵiyi, mphamvu ya Pulezidenti ya kuika oweruza a boma [1] kuphatikizapo oweruza a Supreme Court , shapes Filosofiy yach yoweruza kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Zitsimikiziro za Justice Gor Gor, Kavaugh, ndi Barrett zinachotsa anthu ambiri otchuka a Khotilo, zomwe zimatsogolera ku zigamu ngati Dobs. Mosiyana, puleziden angagaze oweruza ndi masan wa mafomu osiyanasiyana omasulira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga momwe amawonedwa m'mabungwe ambiri pansi pa mapangano a bwalo lamilandu pansi pansi pa Obama ndi Biden

Chiyambukiro cha Boma Logawanika

Magulu osiyanasiyana akalamulira White House and Congress, malamulo amaimitsa kapena kutuluka kokha pambuyo pololera kwakukulu. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a zachuma a bipartisan anaperekedwa patangotha miyezi yokha yokambirana ndipo anali aang'ono kwambiri kuposa maganizo oyambirira. Boma logawikana limachititsanso malamulo apamwamba ndi kusintha kwa maulamuliro, monga mapresidenti akuletsa bungwe lotsutsa. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ukhalepo, malamulo a malo, kukhazikitsa boma , kusamuka kwa anthu kukhoza kusintha zaka zinayi zilizonse kudalira pa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zimene gulu la anthu limakhala ndi mphamvu.

Mmene Nzika Zingagwirizanitsire Nthambi Iliyonse

Ngakhale kuti dongosololi lingaone kuti lili kutali ndi boma, pali njira zina zimene anthu angathandizire anthu kuti alowerere malamulo, akuluakulu a boma, ndi milandu:

Kuyamikira akuluakulu amene amaika oweruza (Oweruza atsimikizira achiweruzo) ndi Pulezidenti amene amapanga nthambi yaikulu adakali chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Mabuku olemba, kuchokera ku ndawala zotsutsa, asonkhezera nthambi zonse zitatu kuchitapo kanthu . Monga momwe zawonedwa m'chiyambukiro cha Civil Rights Movement pa malamulo, malamulo a akuluakulu, ndi malamulo a khoti.

Kumaliza: Konsichushoni Yamoyo Ikugwira Ntchito

Mantha alamulo, oyendetsa, ndi oweruza onse pamodzi amapanga dongosolo losonkhezera malamulo amakhalidwe abwino osawoneka kukhala zotulukapo zowoneka. Lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress lingachepetse ndalama za kuchipatala za banja; lamulo la mkulu lingatetezere wachichepere wosamukira ku kudziko; chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba chingatsimikizire kuyenera kwa kukwatira aliyense amene wina akonda. Zochita zimenezi siziri mikangano ya malamulo yapatali koma mphamvu zimene zimaumba bata la nyumba, mwaŵi wa maphunziro, ufulu waumwini, ndi chisungiko cha chuma.

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi a mbiri yakale, a boma, kuzindikira mkhalidwe wogwirizana wa nthambi zitatuzo nkofunika. Macheke ndi kulinganiza kwa Malamulo sikumangonenedwa kuti ndizo chabe . Iwo amaseŵera tsiku ndi tsiku m’mabwalo amilandu, maofesi a makampani, ndi m’makampani a masankho. Mwa kukhala odziŵitsidwa ndi otomera, nzika zingathandize kutsimikizira kuti machitidwe a boma atumikira anthu. Chiyambukiro cha ulamuliro chiri kulikonse, kuchokera ku madzi chitaganya chamwa ana ake akupuma, ndipo chiri thayo la aliyense la kumvetsetsa ndi kulinganiza icho.