Kukula kwa Mapale Opanda Anthu Ogwirizana

Political Action Committes (PACs) yakhala mphamvu yamphamvu kwa zaka makumi ambiri m'zandalama za Amereka. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, ma PAC otchuka kwambiri “anagwirizana . PACS . Awo okhazikitsidwa ndi makampani, mabungwe a antchito, makampani, makampani a malonda, kapena mabungwe a ziŵalo. Ma PC ameneŵa ali oyenerera kuikidwa bwino ndi malamulo omveka bwino: iwo angangopempha zopereka kuchokera ku gulu lawo loletsedwa (m., akuluakulu, othandizira, kapena mamembala) ndipo ayenera kugwira ntchito pansi pa kuyang'anira kwachigwirizano chochirikiza. Makampani awo ndi ndalama zoperekedwa zoperekedwa zoperekedwa kwa Federal Eccoration Commis (EC) pa maziko anthaŵi zonse.

Komabe, kusintha kwa ndale zadziko kunasintha modabwitsa pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu 2010 ku Citizens United v. FEC . FEC . ndi D.C. chigamulo cha dera mu Speech tsopano. . . FEC. Zosankha zimenezi zinayala njira ya kukula koopsa kwa PACIPUP, ndi makomiti osagwirizana ndi gulu lililonse. PaCs angakweze zopereka zosatha kwa anthu, makampani, ndi zigwirizano (zopereka kwa PC yeniyeni) zimene zikuikidwabe pa malire ngati zoperekazo zikupanga ogwirizanawombawo). Zigawiridwa ndi gulu limodzi lomwe sizigwirizana ndi gulu limodzi.

Nkhani ino ikulongosola chiyambukiro chachikulu chimene ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa akhala nacho pa malamulo a ndale zadziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti makomiti ameneŵa afutukula njira za kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko ndi kutomerana kwa udzu, iwo avumbulanso zofooka zazikulu m'boma la kuwonana lolinganizidwa kudziŵitsa ovota za amene ali m'makampani a za ndalama. Pamene ma PAC osagwirizana akuchuluka, kusagwirizana pakati pa kulankhula kwaufulu ndi kuyenera kwa anthu kudziŵa kumakhala kokulirapo.

Kufotokoza Mapazi Osagwirizanitsidwa: Kumanga ndi Malamulo

Pansi pa lamulo la boma, komiti iliyonse ya ndale zadziko yopanda ogwirizanitsidwa yomwe siikhazikitsidwa, kuperekedwa, kapena kulamulidwa ndi bungwe, gulu la antchito, kapena gulu lina. Ma PAC ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amapangidwa ndi magulu a malingaliro, ochirikiza nkhani, kapena ochirikiza gulu lapadera popanda kuchilikizidwa kwalamulo. Mosiyana ndi zinzake zogwirizana, ma PAC omwe sagwirizanitsidwa, angapemphe zopereka kuchokera kwa anthu onse, kuphatikizapo anthu ndi mabungwe amene sali mbali ya gulu loletsedwa.

Malamulo olamulira ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa kwenikweni ngozikidwa pa Federal Econstruction Campaignment Act (FACA) ndi ziwongolero zotsatira. Ziyeneretso zofunika kwambiri zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kulembetsa ndi Kusimba: Ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa ayenera kulembetsa ndi FEC akangopitirira $1000 m'zopereka kapena zowonongedwa. Pamenepo ayenera kupanga malipoti a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi osonyeza zopereka zonse zolandiridwa (zoposa $200) ndi zowonongedwa zonse zopangidwa (zoposa $200). Opereka amene amapereka $200 m'chaka cha kalendala ayenera kulembedwa ndi dzina, keyala, ntchito, ndi abwana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chosankha cha Kugaŵira Malire: PAC yosalumikizidwa singakhale ndi $5,000 chaka chilichonse kuchokera kwa munthu aliyense kapena pa khalenda ina. Komabe, kuyambira [[FLT :2] Spech Tsopano [ Chigamulo, chosakhala cholumikizidwa chingakhazikitsenso “komiti yongogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zopimira [1] (yodziŵika mofala monga projekiti yapamwamba PAC) imene ingawonjezere ndalama zosaŵerengeka kaamba ka zopimirapo.
  • Forgication Fund: Ma PAC amasunga maakaunti a ku banki osiyanasiyana kuti alondole mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ndalama(m.g., “ndalama zolemera” za ndalama zoperekedwa ndi“ ndalama zoikizira ." kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za pawebusaiti. Kugulitsa kumeneku kumathandiza kukwaniritsa zofunika za boma komanso kuchititsa kuvuta kwa kuvumbula.

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo ameneŵa, ma PAC osalumikizidwa amagwira ntchito m'malo osagwirizana kwambiri ndi ma PAC. Kusoŵeka kwa gulu lochirikiza kumatanthauza kuti palibe njira yoyang’anira yokha kutsimikizira kuti atsatira. Mmalomwake, katunduyo akugwera pa wosunga chuma wa PC ndi pa FEC (kusungitsa kwa FEC) kwakhala kopereŵera m'mbiri.

Kusiyana kwa Malo Oonekeratu: Zimene Mapale Osagwirizana Alephera Kuzithetsa (ndi Zimene Sazidziŵa)

Ochirikiza APAC osakhala ogwirizana amanena kuti iwo amayang'anizana kale ndi zofunika zazikulu zodziŵikitsa. Ndithudi, mafomu a FEC osimba ali ndi tsatanetsatane, ndipo ma PAC ambiri osagwirizanitsidwa amasonyeza malipoti okhazikika osonyeza zopereka ndi zowonongedwa. Komabe, mipata ingapo ya nyumba imafooketsa kuthekera kwa kuvumbula kumeneku.

Kupereka ndi Kumanga Nyumba

Chimodzi cha mavuto aakulu kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa zopereka. PAC yosalumikizidwa ingalandire unyinji wa zopereka zamtengo wapatali zoperekedwa ndi madolalanti aang'ono zimene zimagwera pansi pa khomo la kukonza zinthu zotsala za $200. Zopereka zazing'ono zimenezi zimaikidwa pa malipo popanda kundandalika. Pamene kuli kwakuti pa PACI angaulule ndalama zonse kuchokera ku “zopereka zogwirizana”, ovota ndi oyendetsa zinthu saizi . Iyi ndi nkhani yapadera ya pa PCs yomwe imagwiritsira ntchito mapulatifomu opereka ndalama za pa Intaneti, kumene zikwi zambiri za anthu ang'onoang'ono amapereka ndalamazo m’ndandanda.

Ndiponso, ma PAC ena osalumikizidwa amachita “makonzedwe a kupatsa kwapanyumba” kapena“ makonzedwe a kupatsa kwapanyumba, kumene zopereka zambiri zimapititsidwa mwa anthu kapena mabungwe kubisa magwero oyambirira. FEC yakhala ikuyesayesa kutsata machitachita ameneŵa, ndipo kachitidwe kosungitsa kamakhala kosoŵa.

Ndalama Zakuda ndi Zosawononga

Maluso a kupanga ma PAC amene sagwirizana ndi 501 (c) (4) mabungwe a zaumoyo wa anthu kapena makampani 577 apanga malo ozungulira. Ma PAC ambiri osalumikizidwa ndi “ndalama . Magulu amene safunikira kuvumbula opereka awo pa malamulo onse amakono a IRS. Mwachitsanzo, 501(c) (4) angasungitse ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za PACIC kapena ngakhale ntchito zake zandale, komabe PC’S FEC FEC Reaubles zingasonyeze kokha 501 (c) (4) monga wopereka malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, 501 (4) monga munthu amene akusungadi gulu landale. Njira imeneyi ikhoza kubisa ndalama ziŵiri.

2022 O.S. Ofufuza a Campaign Legal Center anapeza kuti ndalama zoposa $1 biliyoni za ndale zowonongedwa ndi ma PAC ndi mamembala awo pakati pa 2010 ndi 2022 sizinapezedwenso kwa wopereka aliyense wodziŵika. Izi zotchedwa “ndalama zachinsinsi” zimachepetsa cholinga chachikulu cha malamulo oulukira: kutheketsa ovota kupenda zolinga za kutumiza mauthenga andale.

Kudyerera Kochedwa ndi Kwapakhomo

Ma PAC amagwiritsiranso ntchito njira zapanthaŵi yoikidwiratu. A PAC amachedwa kulembetsa malipoti awo kufikira pambuyo pa chisankho, pamene chidziŵitsocho sichikhudza kwambiri. Kusungitsa kwa masiku oikidwiratu nchosadziŵika bwino, ndipo zilango kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala zochepa. Kuwonjezerapo, ma PAC amagwiritsira ntchito “gool stell” komiti amene amapangidwa ndi kusungunuka mofulumira, kusiya ziŵerengero zochepa za ntchito zawo. Zimenezi nzofala makamaka m'mafuko a boma kumene zifuno zodziŵira sizili zotsalira.

Zosankha Zalamulo Zimene Zinakonzanso Malamulo Osemphana

FECC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2010). mlandu woyamba kugonjetsa ziletso za makampani ndi mabungwe, pamene lachiŵiri linakhala ndi malire a zopereka ku kampani yokha (Ippenditure-okha. FEC . . . . . . . . . . adapanga gulu latsopano latsopano la PCCCS lokhala ndi makampani odziimira okha.

Komabe, zosankha zonse ziŵiri zinachirikiza molunjika ziyeneretso zovumbulidwa. Zikalata za United, Khoti Lapamwamba linanena kuti “kuvumbula ndalama zowonongedwa kungapereke oloŵa ndi nzika chidziŵitso chofunika kuchititsa makampani ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa kuŵerengera malo awo. Malingaliro a Woweruza Kennedy anagogomezera kuti “kuvumbula ndi kuzindikira ziphuphu.

Komabe kuvomereza kotsatirapo kwatha pa chilolezo. Americas for Prospect Foundation v. Bonta [1] (2021), Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa chofunika cha California chakuti mabungwe othandizira aulule anthu ambiri opereka, kutchula nkhaŵa za kuvutitsa kwa Woyamba pa nkhani za kuzunza munthu wopereka. Pamene kuli kwakuti mlanduwo wakhudza mabungwe opereka chithandizo, kufotokoza kwake kwalimbikitsa kutsutsa kwa opereka ma PACIPUC. Makhoti apamwamba avomerezanso mfundo zimene zimafuna kuti maina operekawo atulutse chiyambukiro chochititsa mantha pa nkhani zandale.

FAC pa nzika United imapereka maziko owonjezereka a malamulo.

Mmene Mapale Opanda Chigwirizano Asonkhezerera Kusintha Zinthu

Kulephera kwa ndalama za pa C kwachititsa kuti pakhale kusintha. Pamlingo wa boma, ndalama zambiri zakhala ndi cholinga chotsekera njira ndi kukulitsa kuonekera. Chikalata cha DSCLOSE, choyamba choyambitsidwa ndi kuyambitsidwanso m'ma Congress otsatirapo, chingafunikire mabungwe onse amene amawononga ndalama pa masankho kuvumbula opereka ndalama zoposa $10,000. Lamulolo lapitirira Nyumba koma laikidwa m'Banga pakati pa kusagwirizana kwa bungwe la RCC.

Zina mwa mfundo zimene angafune kuti asinthe ndi izi:

  • Traughings zofutukulidwa za propection Eventiation Traughes: Kutsitsa chitseko cha $200 chosimba kukhala $100 kapena $50 kuti atenge opereka madengu ang'onoang'ono.
  • Lipoti la Nthaŵi yeniyeni: Kufunsa ma PAC osalumikizidwa ndi foni kuti apange malipoti pasanathe maola 24 kuchokera pamene analandira zopereka zazikulu pafupi ndi Tsiku la Chisankho.
  • Kuzindikira chiboo cha “Kusasintha”: Kulingalira kuti zopereka zonse pa unyinji wakutiwakuti zimaperekedwa ndi opereka, opanda gulu la aggreate.
  • Makonzedwe a Anti-Conduit: Mobisa kuletsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa “opereka matabwa” kapena maoda obisika kubisa magwero enieni a ndalama.

Pamlingo wa boma, maulamuliro angapo akhazikitsa ziyeneretso zawo zoulula. Mwachitsanzo, California, New York, ndi Washington tsopano amafuna opereka otchuka ku kusatsa malonda andale kuti andandalitsidwe m'zotsatsa malondawo. Matauni ena, monga Seattle, agwiritsira ntchito “mademocracy stem . Kuyesayesa kwa boma kumeneku kumatsegulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi lamulo la boma kapena kutsutsidwa m’khoti. National Conference of State Legastiatures atsatira kusintha kwa boma kumeneku.

Ntchito ya Bungwe Losankha Chiŵeruzo m’Kukonza Chilango

FEC ndi bungwe lalikulu lomwe likuchititsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma a zandalama, kuphatikizapo aja olamulira ma PC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa. Komabe, ma FEC . Oimira 6 omwe sapitirira atatu kuchokera pa gulu limodzimodzilo . Nthaŵi zambiri amayambitsa kuphana. Zochita zokakamiza zimafuna voti yochuluka, ndipo nkhani zambiri zatha posankha 3-3. Monga chotulukapo, FEC yapereka chilango chochepa pa ma PAC ogwirizana ndi kuswa malamulo.

Lipoti la 2019 la Boma Accounting Office linapeza kuti FEC inatseka 73% ya milandu yake yosungitsa popanda kuchitapo kanthu. Pakati pa milandu imene inathetsedwa, malipoti kaŵirikaŵiri anali otsika (kuchotsapo $100,000) ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri samaleka kubwereza milandu. Malo osungitsa osagwirizana ameneŵa alola kuti ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa agwire ntchito popanda kulangidwa, nthaŵi zina malipoti otsatsa amene ali osakwanira kapena ochedwa.

Mapempho a kukonzanso FEC akula kwambiri. Malamulo amaphatikizapo kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha oimira boma, kufuna kutchuka kwa kampaniyo kaamba ka kuphedwa, kapena kupereka chilamuliro cha boma popanda chivoti.

Zotsatirapo za Chidziŵitso cha Mtengo wa Masheya ndi Kukhulupirika

Kusoŵa chidziŵitso chonse kuchokera ku ma PAC kuli ndi zotsatira zenizeni za dziko kwa opanga masankho. Ofufuza sangadziŵe nthaŵi zonse amene ali kumbuyo kwa kusatsa malonda kwa ndale zadziko, otumiza makalata, kapena machitachita a foni. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kusokonezeka ponena za zolinga zenizeni za ofunsira ndi malo a nkhani. Mwachitsanzo, kuukira kochirikizidwa ndi pulogalamu yosakhala yogwirizanitsidwa imene imabisa opereka ntchitoyo kungasochere ofufuza kuti aganize kuti uthengawo uchokera ku gulu laudzu waudzu pamene kwenikweni uchirikizidwa ndi chiwongola chachuma chimodzi.

Ndiponso, kulephera kukopa anthu kungachititse ziphuphu kapena kuoneka ngati ziphuphu. Ngati wofuna kubatizidwa alandira ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito yake yopanda pa Intaneti ya PC imene anthu ake sakudziŵa, palibe njira yoti anthu aone ngati wofuna kulowa pa Intanetiyo akukalandira malo obisikawo. Zimenezi zimafooketsa nzeru yolimbana ndi chiphuphu imene yakhala ikutsatira malamulo a ndawala ya zandalama.

Opensets apper osalumikizidwa ndi kupereka chithunzi cha ndalama zimene sizikutchulidwa.

Njira Zothetsera Vuto la Umisiri ndi Kufuna Kupeza Zinthu Zosavuta Kuzimva

Poyankha ku mipata yotulukira, ambiri ochirikiza atembenukira ku luso la zopangapanga. Mapulatifomu achitatu monga Opensecrets, tsatirani Ndalama, ndi magetsi a FEC amalola anthu kufufuza zopereka ndi zowonongedwa. Komabe, ma ndandanda ameneŵa ngothandiza kokha monga mmene ma data amalembedwera. Ma PAC amene sanalumikizidwa ndi mapepala a mafaelo (amene amaloledwa kaamba ka makomiti aang'ono) amapanga madata ndipo ngovuta kuwafufuza.

Ena apereka “malo a panja a kuonekera kwa nthaŵi yeniyeni” amene angafunikire ma PAC onse osakhala ogwirizana kuti apereke ndalama zawo ndi zowonongedwa mkati mwa maola 48. Luso lazopangapanga liripo kale "IRS likufuna kutumiza ndalama za mabungwe ochotsera msonkho. Koma malamulo aletsa kulera ana.

Malingaliro ozikidwa pa Blockchain aikidwanso cheza, kumene chopereka chirichonse chinalembedwa pa chotengera chofewa pamene kuli kwakuti amasunga chinsinsi cha wopereka kupyolera m'njira zosadziŵika. Malingaliro ameneŵa amakhalabe ongopekedwa koma akusonyeza mtsogolo mmene kuvumbula kungakhalire ponse paŵiri komvekera bwino ndi kokondweretsa.

Kusamala Zolankhula ndi Zoyenera za Anthu

Otsutsa malamulo okhwima kwambiri oulula zinthu amanena kuti kuonekera kwamphamvu kungaziziritse lankhula yandale. Iwo amanena za kuvutitsidwa kwa opereka amene anadziŵidwa poyera pambuyo pa Citamizins United. M’zochitika zina, opereka zifukwa zotsimikizirika anachitidwa ndi kunyozedwa, kuponderezedwa, kapena ziwopsezo. Khoti Lapamwambalo linavomereza kuti “monga litachitidwa ndi anthu ena" malamulo ovuta kutulukira ngati pali ngozi yoyenerera ya kuvutitsidwa.

Ochirikiza kuvumbula kuti unyinji wa opereka ndalama zandale samavutitsidwa, ndi kuti upandu wa kuvutitsidwa umatchulidwa mopambanitsa. Amatsutsa kuti chikondwerero cha anthu cha kudziŵa kuti ndalama ndizo ziyambukiro zowopsa. Ndiponso, iwo amawona kuti ma PC ambiri osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa kale aulutsidwa malipooti, ndi kuti dongosolo lamakonoli limalola zopereka zosadziŵika kokha kupyolera m’mabwalo omwe sanapangidwe ndi Mabungwe.

Kutsutsana pa nkhani yachinsinsi ya opereka ndi kuonekera kwa zinthu sikungathetsedwe mwamsanga. Komabe, n’zodziŵikiratu kuti ma PaC asintha kulinganiza. Boma loyamba la kuvumbula linamangidwa kaamba ka dziko la anthu ogwirizana ndi PCs, kumene opereka anali ndi chiŵerengero chochepa ndipo anali ndi unansi wokhazikika ndi gulu lochirikiza. Sagwirizana ndi kukhoza kwa PaC kukweza ndalama kuchokera ku wailesi yofalitsidwa, kaŵirikaŵiri osadziŵika bwino.

Kuyesa Kuchepetsa Kusokonezeka kwa Mapale Osagwirizana ndi Boma

Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma oulula akugwira ntchito kwa APAC onse amene amatengamo mbali m’kusankha kwa boma, maboma ali ndi malamulo awo a mafuko a boma ndi a kumaloko. Maiko ena apanga ziyeneretso zamphamvu kwambiri zoulula zimene zikanatumikira monga zitsanzo za kusintha kwa boma. Mwachitsanzo:

  • Minnesota imafuna ma PAC kuti aulule zopereka zonse zoposa $100, kuphatikizapo bwana ndi ntchito ya wopereka aliyense payekha.
  • Colado imalamula kuti makomiti odziimira okha apange malipoti a makomiti owonongera zinthu mkati mwa masabata omalizira chisankho chisanachitike.
  • MAINE imayendetsa “dongosolo lachisankho choyera” limene limapatsa ndalama anthu oyembekezera kukhazikitsa ndalama ndi kuvumbula zopereka zonse.

Zitsanzo za boma zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti kuvumbula kolimba nkotheka mwauyang'anira. Zimayang'anizananso ndi zitokoso za lamulo, koma zambiri zapulumuka kupendedwa. [FLT: 0] Katswiri wa Lebanon Brendan Wiley apereka kusanthula kwa mmene ma PC asinthira lamulo la ndawala ya zachuma pamlingo wa boma.

Tsogolo la Malamulo Opanda Chilungamo m’Nthaŵi Yosagwirizana

Pamene ma PAC osalumikizidwa apitirizabe kuchita mbali yaikulu m'maseŵera, chitsenderezo cha kusintha chidzawonjezeka. Kukwera kwa zopereka zachinyengo, kugwiritsira ntchito makampani a zigoba, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kuchuluka kwa ndalama za magetsi zopereka mavuto onse atsopano. Popanda ntchito, malamulo oululira zinthu angakhale osafunikira.

Zinthu zimene zingadzachitike m’tsogolo zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Kachitidwe ka Kaudindo: Ndi lamulo latsopano la DISCLOSE kapena pepala la magetsi limene limalamulira malamulo enieni a pa kompyuta, zitseko zotsikirapo, ndi oletsa kuthamanga.
  • FUCFFFFF: Kukonza bungwelo kuletsa malo otsekedwa ndi kuwirira zinthu kuti zisungitse ndi zipangizo zounikira.
  • Zigamulo za Khoti: Khoti likhoza kupima milandu yachinsinsi yatsopano yopereka, kukhoza kufutukula kapena kutulukira zofunika.
  • Plation Plation: Mafuno a kuwonekera angakakamize malamulo a boma ndi Congress kuchitapo kanthu, makamaka monga momwe ndalama zowonongedwa zakuda zimafikira malo atsopano.

Pomalizira pake, PPACs yopanda kugwirizana ndi malamulo a ndale zadziko ndi nkhani ya kusintha ndi kupsinjika. Malamulo sanayendere limodzi ndi kusinthika kwa mwamsanga kwa galimoto za ndawala za ndale. Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PAC osakhala ogwirizana amapereka njira yovomerezeka ya kukhala ndi phande m'zandale, kuthekera kwawo kumachita ndi kuonekera kochepa kukuwopseza kukhulupirika kwa osankhidwa. Chitokoso kwa opanga malamulo, oyendetsa malamulo, ndi nzika za dziko ndicho kupanga malamulo olemekeza ufulu pamene akutsimikizira anthu kulondola ndalama. Chigamulo cha kupsinjika kumeneku chidzalongosola zaumoyo wa democracyism ya ku America kwa zaka zambiri zikubwera.