M'nyengo ya manambala, nkhani zandale zasintha kwambiri, makamaka zikugwirizana ndi mabungwe amene amagwira ntchito kunja kwa chipani chamwambo ndi malo ofunsira. Pakati pa anthu otchuka kwambiri koma osamvetsa bwino kwambiri ndipo pali makomiti a zandale zandale (PAC). Mosiyana ndi makomiti awo ogwirizana ndi pulogalamu , amene agwirizana ndi munthu wina, chipani cha ndale, kapena bungwe la . Kudziimira kwa ma PC kumathandiza kuti iwo awonjezere ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo pochirikiza kapena polimbana ndi anthu, malamulo, kapena nkhani zina popanda kugwirizanitsa mwachindunji. Pamene mapulatifomu a pulogalamu a pa ma CC awonjezeka, mapulogalamuwa afikirapo, kukonzanso kumene mauthenga andale amachitidwa, kuwakhudza, kuwafuna, ndi kuwagwiritsa ntchito. Kumvetsa ntchito kwawo n’kuthandiza munthu aliyense wokhudza zaumoyo wa pa Intaneti kutsutsana ndi mfundo za democrase.

Kumvetsetsa Malembo Osakhala Ogwirizanitsidwa

Kuti mumvetse zotsatira za PACI, nkofunika choyamba kumvetsetsa kusiyanitsa kwawo kwalamulo ndi ntchito. Pansi pa Federal Econstruction Campaign Act (FACA), PC yomwe siikuyendetsedwa ndi wobatizidwa, chipani cha ndale zadziko, kapena bungwe lagawa monga PACI. Gulu limeneli limaphatikiza magulu ambiri, kuchokera ku mwambo, zopereka zogaŵidwa ku makomiti amakono ongodalira paokha, odziŵika kwambiri monga Super PACs. Kusiyana kwakukuluko kuli m’kukhoza kwawo kukweza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama.

PACIC yamwambo yosagwirizanitsidwa imaikidwa ndi malire . Pacs, kumbali ina, $5,000 pa munthu pachaka kwa PC, ndi $5,000 pa wosankhidwa aliyense pa voti pa PaC. Magulu ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amaimira magulu a malingaliro, nkhani imodzi, kapena ngakhale makampani amene amasankha kusapanga komiti yogwirizana. Makampani, kumbali ina, anaikidwa ndi lamulo lalamulo pambuyo pa chigamulo cha 2010 mu [[FLT: 0] United. FFEC. Iwo angakweze ndalama zosamalitsa kwa anthu, makampani, ndi maukwati, koma ayenera kuchita zinthu popanda woloŵamo ntchito. Magulu onsewa amagwa pansi pa maalamu a [FOFON] [FONF] [2]

Kukwera kwa ma PAC kwakhala kodabwitsa. Mu 1990, makomiti ochepera pa 500 otero analipo; pofika 2020, Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) adachitira lipoti oposa 2,000 okangalika osagwirizana ndi APC, kuphatikizapo onse aŵiri a mwambo ndi Apamwamba. Mphamvu zawo za zachuma nzodabwitsa: Super PaCs yokha yowonongedwa pa $.3 biliyoni mkati mwa kayendedwe ka 2020. Kufalikira kumeneku kwa ndalama zodziimira kwasintha kwenikweni kufalikira kwa chidziŵitso cha ndale zadziko, makamaka monga momwe magulu ameneŵa atengera njira zamakono.

Zimene Zimachitikira Mabuku Opanda Anthu

Makompyuta a za makompyuta a za makampani, ma injini a kakhalidwe ka anthu, mautumiki, ndi ma apps a m'mafoni ndi ma foni ndi mapulogalamu ayamba kukhala malo oyamba a kulemba nkhani zandale. Ma PAC olankhula ndi anthu atsimikizira kukhala aluso kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito zida zimenezi. Mosiyana ndi oyembekezera kapena zipani, zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimayang'anitsitsa ndipo zimafuna kuti anthu apitirizebe kukopeka, magulu odziimira okha angayambe kuyang'ana mbali zopapatiza ndi mauthenga osokedwa. Kutengera kwa tizilomboti kwawa kwachititsa kuti akhale oimba amphamvu kwambiri popanga nkhani zandale pamlingo wapamwamba.

Mwachitsanzo, PCAC yosagwirizanitsidwa ndi nkhani za malo okhala ikhoza kutsatsa malonda pa Facebook makamaka kwa ogwiritsira ntchito a zaka 18-35 amene amatsatira kusintha kwa nyengo, kupeŵa kutaya ndi kusonkhezera. Mofananamo, PPAC yachikhalidwe chachikale ingaponye amuna osankhidwa m'chigawo chimodzi ndi otsatsa malonda, Youtube asanafike pulogalamu, ndi zisonyezero za pulogalamu. Chotulukapo ndicho kukambitsirana kwa onse kumene magulu osiyanasiyana amalandira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zenizeni, yodyetsedwa ndi maatrum ndi ma projective m’malo mwa zokumana nazo za wailesi.

Kuthamanga kwa makompyuta kumawonjezeranso mphamvu ya pulogalamu ya PCs. Vidiyo kapena filimu yokonzedwa bwino ikhoza kukhala ndi mavairasi m'maola ochepa, kuchotsa zolondola ndi ndandanda ya wailesi yakanema. Zimenezi zinasonyezedwa kwambiri m'masankho a 2016 ndi 2020, pamene magulu odziimira okha anafalitsa zinthu zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zinkasokoneza malire a pakati pa kubadwa kwa anthu ndi kuchotsa mawu. Pamene ntchito imeneyi ingakhale yomveka bwino, yambiri ya ntchitoyi inapangidwa kuyesa kudzutsa malingaliro, kukwiya, chiyembekezo, kugamula ndi kupereka ndalama.

Kugwirizana ndi magwero odalirika kungathandize oŵerenga kumvetsa muyezo. FAC's pulojekiti ya zachuma imapereka manambala osagwiritsidwa ntchito pa PC. Kupenda mozama ndalama zowonongedwa pa foni, malipoti ochokera ku [FLT :2] Brennan Center ya Justice

Mapale Opanda Makompyuta Amathandiza

Makinawa amathandiza kwambiri kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito Intaneti polimbana ndi anthu andale.

  • Kufalitsa chidziŵitso kofulumira. Chochitika cha nyuzi chingalembedwe ndi kukakamizidwa kwa anthu opatulidwa m’mphindi zochepa. Kusintha kumeneku kumathandiza PCS kumasulira nkhani zimene zisanafike poti atolankhani ayamba kuvomereza, kusonkhezera kaonedwe ka anthu koyamba.
  • Kutsatsa malonda kwa magulu a ovota. Masinthidwe onga Facebook ndi Google amalola osatsa malonda kusankha anthu mwa geography, zikondwerero, chipani, msinkhu, ndipo ngakhale khalidwe losankha loyambirira. Kulinganiza kumeneku kumachepetsa kutayitsa malingaliro ndi kuwonjezera kuthekera kwa kusonkhezera kuvota.
  • Kugwirizana kwenikweni ndi mawu. Malo olankhulira a anthu angayang'aniziridwe kaamba ka pangano la ukwati metrics + , magawano, ndemanga , kutumiza PCs kuti asinthe mawu pa ntchentche. A/B kuyesa zinthu zolengedwa ndi zokopa nkofala, kulola magulu kujambula mofulumira mozikidwa pa zimene zikumveka.
  • Kupanga kampani yothandiza poyerekezera ndi njira zamwambo. Kufalitsa ndi kuika TV imodzi pamsika waukulu kungawononge ndalama mazana zikwi za madola. Mauthenga a makhadi angayendetsedwe ndi kamtengo kochepa, kupangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kwa ma PAC aang'ono omwe sanagwirizanitse kuti apikisane ndi adani olemera.
  • Kupereka ndalama ndi mpambo wa nyumba. Ma PAC ambiri osalankhulana amagwiritsa ntchito mauthenga a foni osati kungochirikiza chabe komanso kupempha zopereka za madola aang'ono. Zopereka zimenezi zimapanga maziko obwerezabwereza a ochirikiza amene angakonzedwe kaamba ka masankho ndi mipikisano ya makope a mtsogolo.
  • kuthaŵa osunga zipata zoulutsira mawu. Mwa kulankhula mwachindunji kupyolera m'zodyetsa za anthu ndi intaneti, PACs Press set process, kulola kuti maseti a mkonzi asakhale oletsedwa , ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kupambanitsa [1] mauthenga kufikira omvetsera popanda kusinthidwa.

Ubwino umenewu wachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kutengera ulamuliro wandale pa zinthu zadyera m’njira zina, koma umachititsanso anthu kudera nkhawa kwambiri za kuŵerengeredwa mlandu ndiponso kutsutsana kwa anthu.

Mavuto ndi Nkhaŵa

Mapale osalumikizidwa, chifukwa chakuti amagwira ntchito paokha ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri saulula zambiri, amatsutsa kudalirika kwa nkhani zandale.

  • Nthanthi za kunama ndi kutsutsa. Popanda kuyang'anira nkhani zamwambo, PCS ingafalitse zonena zabodza kapena zosocheretsa popanda chilango. Mkati mwa chisankho cha 2020, makomiti ambiri osagwirizana anapezedwa kukhala atachirikiza ziphunzitso zambiri zotsutsa za kuvota, pambuyo pake zowonjezeredwa ndi mabungwe a anthu ndi antchito ena.
  • Malo oonekera bwino m'zochitika za ndalama. Ma PAC akufunidwa kuti apereke lipoti kwa opereka FEC, koma kuti apeze njira. Kusinthaku kumavuta kwa "ndalama zobisika" magulu [1] kaŵirikaŵiri kulinganizidwa monga 501(c)(4) mabungwe othandiza anthu. "Amapanga ndalama zosaŵerengeka kwa Super PAC popanda kufotokoza magwero oyambirira. Kusintha kumeneku kumapangitsa kuvuta kwa wovotera kudziŵa amene alidi kumbuyo kwa uthenga.
  • Kusintha kwa ndalama pa lingaliro la anthu popanda kuŵerengera. Chifukwa chakuti ma PAC odziimira paokha sangagwirizane ndi oyembekezera kubatizidwa, angapange malonjezo kapena ziukiro zimene ndawalayo siingavomereze. Kuphatikiza pakati pa mawu a PaC ndi pulatifomu ya wofuna kujomba ndi kupotoza nkhani zofunika.
  • Kutsatsa malonda a zandale za mlingo. FEC yayesayesa kukonza malamulo a nyengo ya makono. Mosiyana ndi kusatsa malonda a wailesi yakanema, kumene kuyenera kuphatikizapo "Kuvutikira kugwiritsa ntchito " dislaimers, kutsatsa kwa pa Intaneti kungakhale kodyetsa ndi kutha popanda chikwangwani. Ma FETform agwiritsira ntchito njira zina zoonekera mwaufulu, koma kusungitsa kukhoza kukhala kosasintha.
  • Kuwonjezera mawu ndi zipinda zomveka. Kuikapo mfundo kwa microbe kumalimbitsa maganizo amene alipo posonyeza ogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zimene zimatsimikizira maganizo awo. Ma PC osalumikizana kaŵirikaŵiri amachirikiza mauthenga opambanitsa kuti apereke mphamvu, zimene zingawonjezere kusanthula ndi kuchepetsa malo ofala.

Makope ameneŵa si ongoyerekezera ayi. Kufufuza kwa Center yofufuza kwalemba kuti Aamereka amene amadalira kwambiri pa manyuzi a zandale sangakhale othekera kuyang'anizana ndi malingaliro ophera. Malingaliro opitirizabe a [FLT:] ndalama zobisika m'ndale za nyuzipepala [[FLT:]

Kuthetsa mavuto ameneŵa kumafuna kukonzanso malamulo, kuyang'anira malo, ndi kuvota. Court Ads Act, yoyambitsidwa mu Congress koma yosapitirira, ingafunikire makompyuta kuti asunge pulogalamu ya onse ya malonda andale, yofanana ndi malamulo a wailesi . Malamulo ena amaphatikizapo kulimbikitsa mphamvu za FEC ndi kuululadi panthaŵi ya kutsatsa malonda a pawekha.

Kufuna Demokalase

Kufalikira kwa ma PAC pa makompyuta ogwirizana kuli ndi zotsatira zabwino ndi zoipa zomwe zakhala ndi ulamuliro wa demokrase. Kumbali imodzi, magulu ameneŵa angawonjezere kugawanamo mwa kupereka mawu kwa anthu ongopatsidwa malingaliro ndi kuvota amene akuona kuti ataya mtima ndi ndale zachikhalidwe. Kukhoza kulinganiza ndi kukweza ndalama zochepa zoperekera ndalama pa Intaneti kwachititsa kuti mipikisano ya udzu ikhale ndi zolinga zabwino zomanga. Mwachitsanzo, ndawala 2020 ya pulezidenti ya Bernie Sanders inachirikizidwa kwambiri ndi kampani yapamwamba ya PACIC (Kusintha Kwathu) yomwe inasonkhanitsa mamiliyoni a anthu opereka zopereka ndalama zochepa ndi makompyuta. Momwemo adalola kuyendetsa ma CC kuyang'anira zikondwerero zaungwe za fuko, kutetezera malo, kapena kuyendetsa mfuti.

Kumbali ina, ziŵiya zomwe zimapanga makampani a udzu zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kufooketsa chidaliro. Pamene ndalama zambiri zosadziŵika zipita ku makomiti a kudziimira, anthu angaganize kuti mavoti awo angagulidwe. 2021 ofufuza a pa University of Maryland anapeza kuti 77% ya Aamereka amakhulupirira kuti payenera kukhala malire pa kugwiritsa ntchito ndawala, ndipo 65% amachirikiza kutsatsa malonda onse andale kuti aulule makampani ake apamwamba. Lingaliro lakuti dongosololi likhoza kutembenuza mochititsa manyazi ndi kuchirikiza kutsutsa , chiwopsezo cha kulinganiza kwa demokrase.

Ndiponso, kupeputsa kwa malamulo a zachikhalidwe ndi zolembedwa zosakhala zogwirizanitsidwa kungaluluze mkhalidwe wa nkhani. Mmalo mwa kuyambitsa kukambitsirana, zigomeko za pa Intaneti kaŵirikaŵiri zimasintha kukhala maphwando a fuko. PCS imapindula ndi ndalama ndi ndale za kutomerana kwa malingaliro, chotero samakhala ndi chisonkhezero chochepa cha kuchepetsa kamvekedwe kawo. Zimenezi zimathandizira ku vuto lalikulu la mawu olakwika ndi kuchepa kwa chidaliro m'mabungwe, monga momwe zasonyezedwe ndi magulu onga [[FLT:]] Corporation [FT:1] mu "Truth Deccay".

Malo Ovomerezeka ndi Okonzedwa Bwino

Malamulo a masiku ano a PPAC ndi malamulo a m'malamulo, zigamulo za khoti, ndi ma FEC. Bipartisan Champaign Reform Act ya 2002 (BCRA) inakhazikitsa ziletso pa ndalama zofeŵa ndi kupereka chilengezo, koma Citazens United , chigamulo choswa malamulo ofunika, kukhazikitsa njira ya PPACs . Chiyambire pamenepo, FEC yalephera kukonzanso malamulo ake kaamba ka kusatsa malonda kwa pa Intaneti, kusiya malamulo awo pa mapulatifomu. Mayi ena akhazikitsa malamulo awoawo, koma makompyuta a m'dzikolo akukhazikitsa lamulo loti.

Kuyesa kusintha zinthu kumatsutsidwa kwambiri. Ochirikiza kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zopanda malire amanena kuti makomiti odziimira okha ndi mtundu wa kulankhula kwaufulu pansi pa First Amendment. Iwo amanena kuti ovota ali anzeru kwambiri kuwona kupyolera m'mawu onama ndi kuti zofunika zoulula zimapereka kuŵerengera kokwanira. Komabe, umboni wochititsa chidwi . Kuphatikizapo kufufuza kwa chinyengo cha wovota ndi kuloŵerera kwachilendo mu 2016 . Makomiti odziimira okha si okwanira. Kufulumira ndi kufika pa wailesi ya magetsi kupitirira malamulo ndi kuyang'anira mfundo zapo ndi mfundo za anthu onse.

FEC imakhala yopanda maziko pa nkhani zambiri, ndi oimira ake atatu a Democratic ndi atatu a Republica kaŵirikaŵiri satha kugwirizana. Mu 2022, bungwelo linachotsa madandaulo pa APC angapo osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa ndi ophatikizidwa m'kutsutsa kwa January 6, kutchula kusoŵa kwa zosungitsa ndi malamulo odabwitsa. Kusintha kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti mtolo wa kudzitsendereza umagwera pamakampani a tekinoloji, amene amayang'anizana ndi mikangano yawo ya chikondwerero pamene ndalama za ndale zadziko ziri paupandu.

Kufufuza za Milandu: Mapale Opanda Olumikizidwa Akugwira Ntchito

Zitsanzo zapadera zimasonyeza chisonkhezero cha APACIC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa pa nkhani za manambala. Chochitika chimodzi chachikulu ndicho Club ya Growing Action , Super PAC yomwe yathera kwambiri m'masankho aakulu mu Republican kuti ichirikize oyembekezera kukhala osunga mwambo. Mu 2022, inayambitsa mkupiti wa ndandanda yolimbana ndi mtsogoleri wa gulu amene anasankha kupangira pepala lapadera, kugwiritsa ntchito malonda a Facebook omwe anapeputsa mavoti ake. Mauthenga apamwambawo anafika mazana ambiri a anthu ovota m'chigawocho ndipo anagawana kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti panali zonena zapadera za m'manyuzipepala zakomweko, nkhani zosimba ndi zopereka kugonjetsa kopeka.

Chitsanzo china ndicho Planediveous Act Fund , yomwe imagwira ntchito monga zonse ziŵiri gulu lamwambo losakhala logwirizanitsidwa ndi C ndi 501 (c). Mkati mwa chisankho cha 2020, inapanga mpambo wa ndandanda ya masamu wogwira ntchito kwambiri wotchedwa "Gwiritsira," imene inagwiritsira ntchito nkhani zaumwini kwa odwala kuletsa malamulo oletsa kuchotsa mimba. Mkupiti wa mavairasiwo unafikira ku Istagram ndi Tik Tok, kusonkhanitsa achichepere ovota. Zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene mawu osagwirizana ndi PC angaperekere m'nkhanizo zomwe mwina zingamveketsedwe m'nkhani zapamwamba.

Kumbali ya vuto, pro-Trump Sup PPAC Manist America Great Act Amalonda otsatsa malonda mu 2020 amene anaphatikizapo zisonyezero za vidiyo zojambulidwa za Joe Biden kusonyeza kuti iye anali wopunduka maganizo. Mauthengawo anagawana nthaŵi mamiliyoni ambiri pa mawailesi a anthu mosasamala kanthu kuti analetsedwa. FEC inalephera kuchitapo mawu odandaula, ndipo gululo linapitirizabe kugwira ntchito popanda chilango. Zochitika zotero zimasonyeza mmene PCs zogwirizana ndi zikhoza kufalitsa zovulaza ndi zotsatirapo zopanda pake, kudalirana kwa anthu pa masankhoti.

Kuwona Zamtsogolo

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, chisonkhezero cha APACIC pa nkhani zandale chikhoza kukula, kusonkhezeredwa ndi zochitika zingapo. Choyamba, luntha lopanga lidzapanga kuikidwa kwa tizidutswa tokhala tochuluka kwambiri. IM ingathe kupanga miyandamiyanda ya malemba enieni, mawu, ndi vidiyo , kuphatikizapo ma jueffakes . Kuti ma Placco angagwiritse ntchito kuyambitsa zitsimikizo zonama kapena zochitika zopeka. Chachiŵiri, kugwirizana kwa pulatifomu kumatanthauza kuti makampani angapo amalamulira maziko a kusatsatsa malonda kwa ndale, kukweza mitengo ya zosankha zawo ponena za zimene zili zovomerezeka. Chachitatu, Bwalo Lapamwamba lingabwerenso kampeni ya za za za za za zachuma; bwalo lamilandu lotchuka lingawonjezere kutha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama paokha zinthu.

Malamulo monga For the People Act akanakhala atasintha kwambiri malamulo a za ndawala, koma anatsatiridwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Maboma ena, monga California ndi Maryland, akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kuti pakhale malo apamwamba otsatsa malonda andale. Malamulo a Federal monga For People Act akanakhala atasintha kwambiri malamulo a za ndawala, koma anatsatiridwa m'bungwe la malamulo. Kukakamiza anthu kuti aonedwe bwino kungachititse kuti pakhale msonkhano, makamaka ngati pabuka maupandu aakulu.

Pakali pano, ma PAC osalumikizidwa adzapitirizabe kupondereza malire a pangano la zandale za makono. Chiyambukiro chawo pa nkhani zaumoyo chiri lupanga lolimba ndi mawiri: iwo angaloŵetsemo malingaliro atsopano ndi kutumiza ovota, koma anganyengenso, kuchepetsa, ndi kufooketsa chikhulupiriro mu demokrase. Kwa aphunzitsi, atolankhani, ndi nzika, kuzindikira zosonkhezera ndi zisonkhezero za magulu ameneŵa nkofunika. Kokha mwa kukhala odziŵa bwino angalangire anthu onse aŵiri APAC ndi mapulatifomu.

Monga momwe luso la zopangapanga limasinthira, malamulo athu ayeneranso kukhalira ndi ntchito yoteteza malo a magetsi pamene tikutsimikizira kuti kulankhulana kwandale kukukhalabe kowona, koonekeratu, ndi kolemekeza makhalidwe a demokalase. Ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa ndi boma atsala, ndipo mbali yake idzakhala yaikulu. Kuzindikira mphamvu zawo ndiyo njira yoyamba yotetezera kudalirika kwa nkhani zandale m'nyengo yamakono.