Kumene Malamulo a Raje Sabra Amathandiza Anthu Osiyanasiyana

Raje Sabba, monga nyumba yapamwamba ya nyumba ya malamulo ya India ya badamaral, ili ndi malo apadera a malamulo olinganizidwa kuimira zikondwerero za maboma ndi magawo a mgwirizano . Mosiyana ndi Lok Sabhaha, amene mamembala ake amasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anthu, Rajeya Sabhaha Sabha amasankhidwa ndi mamembala a boma ndi magawo a boma ndipo amasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti kaamba ka ukatswiri wawo m’magawo onga mabuku, sayansi, ndi utumiki wa kakhalidwe ka anthu. Malamulo ameneŵa anakonzedwa mwadala kupereka malo a chigawo ndi malamulo owonjezereka, kuphatikizapo zigawo za mafuko ndi zigawo zochepa . Oweruza malamulo a Raje Sabya adawha monga wokonzanso malamulo oyenerera, asanalandirepo lamulolo.

Mfundo 80 ya Malamulo imapereka kwa anthu 238 osankhidwa ndi 12 osankhidwa mu Rajeya Sabha. Ziŵalo zoikidwazo kaŵirikaŵiri zimasankhidwa kwa anthu amene adzisiyanitsa okha m’chitetezero cha chikhalidwe cha fuko, zinenero zochepera, kapena chilungamo cha anthu. Pazaka makumi ambiri, makonzedwe ameneŵa alola anthu odziŵika monga ochirikiza zachikhalidwe cha anthu, akatswiri a zachuma, ndi oweruza kubweretsa nkhaŵa za udzu mwachindunji m’mikangano ya palamende. Motero Raja Sabbaha akukhala malo ovuta kumene malamulo a ufulu wa mafuko ndi a anthu ochepa samangotsutsana kokha koma amawongolinganizidwa ndi zolinga za kulinganiza kwa kutukuka kwa dziko ndi chitetezo choyenera ku India.

Chifukwa Chake Chilamulo cha Raje Sabha Chili Chofunika pa Malamulo a Utundu ndi Umodzi Waung’ono

Chiyambukiro cha Raje Sabba pa ufulu wa fuko ndi waung'ono sichimangodalira pa kulinganiza kwa mtundu; chimangokhala chopatulidwa. Chifukwa chakuti Nyumbayo siingathe kusungunuka, imapereka kupitirizabe kuyang'anitsitsa boma. Kukhalitsaku kumailola kumanga chikumbukiro cha malamulo pankhani zonga ufulu wa dziko, kupezeka kwa nkhalango, kusungidwa kwa chikhalidwe, ndi kudzilamulira kwa maphunziro. Pamene lamulo lalo liikidwa ku komiti yosankhidwa kapena komiti yoima ya Rajeya Sabba, ziŵalo zake zingatchule mboni, kuphunzira zitsanzo, ndi kupanga malipoti amene kaŵirikaŵiri boma limakakamiza kupendanso zoikitsa. Zochitika zambiri monga Sedygated Ballesss ndi Zina za Mafuko a Nkhala ndi Malo a nkhalango (Kudzidwa kwa Malo a Nkhalango), Act, ndi National Commis Coms for Teenaal Act, 1992, Chika cha Chilungamo. Chiyambi cha Chiyambi cha Chiyambi cha .

Makonzedwe a Malamulo ndi Raje Sabha

Ulendo wa lamulo wa lamulo ku Raje Sabba umatsatira njira zofanana ndi za Lok Sabba , introduction, fration, fration-clause , ndi voti . Koma mphamvu zapamwamba za nyumba zimawonjezera mitu ya zinthu. Pansi pa Gawo 109, Bill sakhoza kudziŵitsidwa mu Rajiya Sabba; ngakhale kuli tero, malamulo ambiri okhudza ufulu wa fuko ndi waung'ono sakhala ndalama ndipo ayenera kudutsa Nyumba zonse ziŵiri. Ngati Rajiya Sabha akana chikalata chapaderacho kapena kulephera kuchipitirira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, Pulezidenti angagwirizane ndi kugwirizana, koma chiwopsezo cha kuchedwa ndi kuyang'anizidwa kwa anthu ambiri amasonkhezera boma kuti likhale ndi ufulu woikidwa ndi nyumba yapamwamba.

Asilikali a Komiti Akhala Chitetezo kwa Anthu Ovuta

Chimodzi cha zida zamphamvu kwambiri za Rajiya Sabba zotetezera zikondwerero zafuko ndi zaing'ono ndicho kutchula kwake ndalama ku makomiti a nyumba ya malamulo. Mofananamo, Komiti ya Malamulo a Malamulo pa Ntchito ya Ogwira Ntchito, Public Griievances, Law ndi Chilungamo, yakhala yobwezeredwa ku Sedgated Castes ndi Septedbolinic (Kuchotsa Active of Atrocities). Mofananamo, Komiti ya Chilungamo cha Social Justice ndi Mabungwe yafufuza zikalata za maphunziro a anthu ochepa. Komiti imeneyi iitanira kugonjera kwa mabungwe osakhala a boma, mabungwe, ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo ochepa, kutsimikizira kuti zokumana nazo za anthu za anthu osakhudzidwa ndi ntchito ya malamulo a boma.

Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa kudutsa kwa Kuyenera kwa Fair Compensation ndi Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Refitation Act, 2013, komiti ya Raje Sabba inaulula za kusamuka kwa mabanja a mitundu kuchokera ku nkhalango. Kusintha kwa mapangano kunafunikira chilolezo chovomerezeka kuchokera ku sabhas asanaike ku malo a Seved . Makonzedwe ameneŵa, amene adakali maziko a chitetezo cha fuko, analinganizidwa mwachindunji ndi kuyang'aniridwa kwa nyumba yapamwamba.

Kukhudza Malamulo Okhudza Ufulu wa Ufuko: Zitsanzo Zitatu Zolondola

Raje Sabba wachita mbali yaikulu zitatu za malamulo a ufulu wa fuko: Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006; Makonzedwe a Panchayats (Kupereka Magawo Olinganizidwa) Act (PASA), 1996; ndi Land Acquisition Act Act. Imodzi mwa njira iliyonse imasonyeza mmene nyumba yapamwamba yalimbikitsira chitetezo kwa mafuko.

Chikalata Chokhudza Ufulu wa Anthu ku Nkhalango, 2006

Pamene ntchito ya FRA inayamba, otsutsa anatsutsa kuti ingachititse kudula mitengo kwambiri ndi kupikisana. komiti ya Raje Sabba inayamba kufufuza kwambiri, kuyendera midzi ya m'nkhalango ku Maharashtra, Odhisha , ndi Jaharkand. Lipoti lawo linagogomezera kuti madera a mafuko a m'mbiri anali ndi moyo wa nkhalango ndipo popanda kuvomereza ufulu wawo, anayang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa. komitiyi inalimbikitsa kusintha kwakukulu, kuphatikizapo kuphatikizidwa kwa “anthu ena a m'nkhalango zamwambo ku Maharashtra, Odsha, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa makomiti a sabhahah kuti atsimikizire. Chikalata chomaliza, chomwe chathandiza mabanja pafupifupi 4.5 miliyoni, chinathandiza kwambiri kutulutsa njira ya Savyabiaburba.

PISA ndi Gawo Sabha

PISA SA LA LA LAM, la 1996 linawonjezera malamulo a bungwe la 73 la Constitution ku madera olinganizidwa, kupatsa galamu la sabhas mphamvu za nthaka, madzi, ndi nkhalango zazing'ono. Komabe, kupangidwa kwake kunakhalabe kofooka kwa zaka zambiri. Mu 2013, Rajeya Sabhaha anakhazikitsa chigamulo cholimbikitsa boma lalikulu kuti lipereke zitsogozo zolamulira. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pakhale unduna wa Ministry of Trial Affalor Direances for PISA, umene unafotokoza ntchito ya gram sabbas povomereza ntchito za migodi ndi kupeza malo. Mlandulo wa Raja Sabha wogwirizana ndi kutsimikizira kuti PISA ada kuchoka ku lamulo lophiphiritsira kuti agwire ntchito m'mabungwe akwangwe a mafuko omwe angaikire m’mabwalo a milandu.

Kupeza Malo Ogona ndi Kubwezeretsa Moyo Wawo

Chikalata cha 2013 cha Land Acquisition Act chinachotsa ntchito zina za dziko ku makonzedwe ake ovomereza. Komiti yosankha ya Raje Sabba, yotsogozedwa ndi chiŵalo cha boma limodzi ndi anthu a mafuko ambiri, inaumiriza kuchotsedwa kwa kusaloledwa kumeneku. Lipoti la komitiyo linaphatikizapo nkhani zochititsa mantha za mabanja a fuko la Odisha amene adachotsedwa popanda kulipira. Monga chotulukapo, Act yomalizira inalamula kuti malo opezedwa m'Madera a Stempleted pansi pa ntchito iliyonse, chivomerezo cha sab sha , msonkhano wa mabanja onse oyambukiridwa ndi ofunikira kupezedwa. Makonzedwe ameneŵa atchulidwa m'malamulo angapo a Khoti Lapamwamba ozenga loletsa kulanda malo amene analephera kuvomereza chitaganya.

Malamulo Okhudza Ufulu Waung’ono

Lamulo la ufulu wa anthu ochepa ku India limakhudza zipembedzo ndi zinenero zochepa, kuphatikizapo Asilamu, Akristu, Asikh, Abuda, Ajain, ndi Aparsi. Chisonkhezero cha Rajiya Sabba chaonekera kwambiri pamene mabungwe a malamulo a malamulo, malamulo a maphunziro a anthu ochepa, ndiponso kuteteza chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Bungwe la National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992

Chikalata choyambirira cha 1992 Act chinakhazikitsa bungwe la zigawo zisanu loyang'anira njira za kayendetsedwe ka anthu ochepa ndi kufufuza kuswa malamulo. Komabe, bungwelo linalibe mphamvu zosungitsa. Mu 2004, bungwe la Raje Sabba logwirizana ndi bungwe la Palamente Divity Committee Komiti ya Malamulo inabwereza Act ndi kulangiza kuti bungwelo liperekedwe “mphamvu ya bwalo lamilandu la boma. Kuitana mboni ndi kufunsira mapepala. Boma loyamba linakana, koma Jaja Sabba adapitirizabe kufunsa mafunso pa House Memony Affairs kuti libweretse kukambirana za Malamulo mu 2006. Lerolino, National Commissionsion for Minority ingaonetse kuti lamulo ndi likufuna kuweruza mlandu ndi kuyang'anira mwachindunji nyumba yapamwamba.

Waqf Boards ndi Raje Sabba

Waqf Act, 1995, yomwe imachita ndi kuyang'anira za chipembedzo cha Asilamu, inasinthidwa mu 2013 pambuyo pa mkangano waukulu mu Rajiya Sabba. Ziŵalo zinatchula kuti malo ambiri a Waqf, omwe ali ndi mahekitala zikwizikwi a dziko ku India, anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kugulitsidwa. Komiti ya Rajiya Sabba inalangiza za kulengedwa kwa bungwe la Waqf loyang'anira ndi kulembedwa kokakamiza kwa Waqf kwa mabodiawa ndi mabodik onse a boma kwa zaka zitatu. Makampani a Rajiya Saypha adafunikiranso kuti pambali imodzi ya mamembala a mapulati a boma akhale akazi. Kuyang'ana kwa Sanya kuphatikizapo kulembedwa kwa chipembedzo kwa anthu wamba kwa stab.

Ufulu wa Maphunziro ndi Miyambo wa Ukulu Waung’ono

Mfundo 30 ya Konsichushoni imatsimikizira kuchepa kwa kukhazikitsa ndi kutsogolera masukulu. Pamene boma linayesa kubweretsa makoleji onse a anthu ochepa popanda thandizo pansi pa Common Entrance Entence (CHET) mu 2016, Komiti ya Rajiya Sabba ya Paminova Affairs inatulutsa lipoti lotsutsana ndi mfundo yakuti kusamuka kumeneku kunaswa chitsimikizo cha lamulo. Lipoti la komitiyi, loikidwa pansi pa Nyumba, linatsogolera ku mtsogoleri wankhanza, ndipo potsirizira pake boma lachotsa chigamulocho. Rajiya Sabba wakhalanso chithandizo m'zo kukonzanso za Maulana Azad Educade Foundation ya maphunziro a anthu ochepa. Chikalatacho chimathandiza ophunzira oposa 600,000 chaka chilichonse.

Mavuto Oyang’anizana ndi Raje Sabra m’Kutetezera Ufulu Waufuko ndi Waung’ono

Ngakhale kuti Raje Sabba anathandiza kwambiri, a Rajiya Sabra amakumana ndi mavuto a zandale omwe amalepheretsa kuteteza ufulu wa mafuko ndi wa anthu ochepa.

Vuto la Kuimira Ndale

Popeza kuti Raje Sabba amasankhidwa ndi misonkhano ya boma, kupangidwa kwa nyumba yapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri kumasonyeza ulamuliro wa chipani m'maiko. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, mgwirizano wolamulira wachititsa ambiri ku Rajiya Sabba, kuchepetsa mphamvu yake ya kugwira ntchito monga chipinda chosonyezerako. Pamene boma likhala ndi anthu ambiri omasuka, kuyang'anitsitsa nyumba yapamwamba kumakhala kocheperapo, ndipo kukonzanso kochitidwa ndi anthu otsutsa [1] kuphatikizapo awo ochirikiza fuko kapena ochepa amene amayambitsa. Kuyang'anira kumeneku kwandale kwafooketsa ntchito ya Rajya Sabha pa malamulo amene amakhudza anthu ovutika.

Mphamvu Zochepa pa Ndalama

Malamulo a Bills monga Ndalama Mabungwe pansi pa Mfundo 110 amachotsa jajiya Sabba kuchokera ku zonena zilizonse pa zachuma. Popeza kuti makonzedwe ambiri a zaumoyo wa mafuko a Central Areplations ku Tribugn Schemes ndi maprogramu a maphunziro a ophunzira ochepa ndi ndalama zoyendetsedwa mwa kutsatsa malonda, Rajiya Sabba sakhoza kuchedwetsa kapena kusintha magawo ameneŵa. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti nyumba yapamwamba siingasonkhetse ndalama zoperekedwa ku chitukuko cha mafuko ndi anthu ochepa, kokha mapulogalamu a , a procedrugation.

Kuimira Magawo a Mgwirizano ndi Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Magawo a bungwe la United Union okhala ndi anthu ochepa ndipo opanda nyumba ya malamulo . "Anasankhidwa nthaŵi zina kaamba ka kukhulupirika kwa ndale zadziko mmalo mwa Chandigarh , ali ndi mmodzi kapena aŵiri a Rajiya Sabba, kaŵirikaŵiri odzazidwa ndi ziŵalo zimene sizikudziŵa bwino zafuko. Ndiponso, mamembala a pulezidenti a Sabyaha anapatsirana Chilangocho mosasamala kanthu za nkhaŵa zofala za magulu a anthu ochepa. Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti nyumba yapamwambayo inalephera kutetezera ufulu wake wa malamulo ku ufulu wa anthu.

Ziyembekezo Zamtsogolo: Kulimbitsa Raje Sabba kaamba ka Maulamuliro Okha

Malingaliro okonzanso zinthu pofuna kuwonjezera mbali ya Raje Sabha m’lamulo la mafuko ndi la ufulu wachibadwidwe akusonyeza mbali zitatu: dongosolo loimira anthu, kugwira ntchito kwa makomiti, ndi kuonekera kwa zinthu.

Kuimira kwa Malamulo ndi Kusankha Kolondola

Akatswiri angapo a malamulo apereka lingaliro kuchokera ku chisankho chosalunjika kusankhira mwachindunji kwa Raje Sabba mamembala, kapena kuyambitsa kuimira kwa ndandanda m'malamulo a boma kutsimikizira kuti zigawo zazing'ono zoimira zikondwerero zafuko ndi za anthu ochepa zisungike bwino. Bungwe la National Commission of Review the Working of the Constitue (2002) linalangiza kuti Rajiya Sabba ziŵalo za mafuko osiyanasiyana asankhidwe ku ma constituenc a Sempleted Lication m'bungwe la boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti lingaliro limeneli silinayambitsiridwe, liyenera kutumiza mawu a mafuko m'nyumba yapamwamba.

Malipoti a Komiti Opatsa Mphamvu

Pakali pano, malipoti a komiti mu Raje Sabha ndi oletsa . Kusintha kumene kumapanga lamulo kuti boma livomereze polemba chivomerezo chilichonse m’miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ndi kuwonjezera yankho. Komiti ya Rajiya Sabba ikhozanso kutengera “pepala la nyukiliya” logwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi UK House of Lords, kumene lamulo la zolembalemba zankhondo limafalitsidwa lisanayambe kuyambitsidwa, kulola magulu a mafuko ndi anthu ochepa kupereka umboni wokhudzana ndi dongosolo. Dongosolo lotero likapereka mpando pathebulo la ndale nkhondo yandale isanayambe.

Kupezeka Moonekera ndi Kwapoyera

Rajiya Sabra wayamba kale kulembedwa ndi kusungidwa pa Intaneti, koma milandu ya komiti siipezeka nthaŵi zonse kwa anthu. Kuyang'ana misonkhano yonse ya makomiti yokhudzana ndi ufulu wa fuko ndi ufulu wa anthu ochepa . Monga momwe inachitika ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya South Africa . Zimenezi zikanatsimikizira kuti anthu angaone ntchito ya malamulo. Kuwonjezera apo, Rajiya Sabba Secretariat anafalitsa “Legislative Impact Report ".

Kumaliza

Raje Sabra watsimikizira mosalekeza phindu lake monga bungwe lopanda ufulu limene limafufuza malamulo amwamsanga ndi kuphatikiza malingaliro osiyanasiyana m'malamulo okhudza mafuko ndi anthu ochepa. Kuchokera ku Forest Rights Act mpaka ku National Commission for Minorities, chiyambukiro chake nchowonekera m'zitetezero zokhala m'malamulo a India. Komabe, mphamvu zake zimatsenderezedwa mowonjezereka ndi zigawo zazikulu zandale, mphamvu za za za zachuma zopereŵera, ndi zoimira. Kukwaniritsa lonjezo lake la malamulo, Raja Sabba ayenera kutembenuza [1] Kusintha kwa makomiti a procredial, kukulitsa kuonekera, ndi kutsimikizira kuti mawu a anthu a ku India osoŵa thandizo kwambiri sasokonezedwa ndi phokoso la ndale yaikulu. Ndi pamenepano ikhoza kupitiriza kutumikira monga osunga ufulu ndi ufulu wa mafuko a ufulu wa ufulu wa kuchirikiza ufulu wa kuchirikiza ufulu wa ufulu wa dziko la chitaganya.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa webusaiti ya Rajiya Sabba , kumatanthauza [FLT: 0] Chikalata cha Indiya – Nkhani 80 mpaka 88 ndi yovomerezeka Rajiya Sabba Sabha]. Chiyambukiro cha ufulu wa maphunziro chafotokozedwa m'makampani a Boma [FLT:] m'makalata [[FLT:] [FLT] [7]] [maganito]] [mayeso a] Anuastry of Trial Affary Counts 2021-2222 [FL:] [FLT]. Kufufuza kwa SV: [FLT]