Chiyambi: Khoti Lalikulu Linapanga Anthu Olingana

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lakhala likulimbana kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi ufulu wolingana, kumasulira Malamulo m’njira zimene zasinthanso chitaganya cha Amereka. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khotilo kaŵirikaŵiri limagwira ntchito monga bungwe losunga mwambo, zosankha zake zosintha zinthu pa kulingana nthaŵi zina zapita patsogolo kwambiri pa malingaliro a anthu ndi kachitidwe ka boma. Kuchotsapo kusiyanitsa fuko kufikira pa kuzindikira ukwati wauchiŵanda, malamulo ameneŵa sanangosintha kokha malamulo alamulo koma anasinthanso mmene anthu a ku America amadziŵira ulemu, ufulu, ndi chitetezo chofanana pansi pa lamulo. Nkhaniyi ikupenda kwambiri za Supreme Count pa zoyenera zolingana, ikuyang'ana kwambiri pa chiyambi chawo, kulingalira, ndi ziyambukiro zokhalitsa zomwe zakhalapo pazo kapena, kusinthiratu m'nkhani zina.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Kutsutsa "Siyirati Yofanana Koma Yolingana"

Kumbuyo

Kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi, chiphunzitso cha "kusiyana koma kulingana" chokhazikitsidwa mu Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) adavomereza kusankhana mafuko m'zipatala. Kuchiyambi kwa 1950, NaACP Legin Defense Fund, yotsogozedwa ndi Tur Marshall, yogwirizana ndi maphunziro yoikidwa mwa kutsutsa kuti kupatukana kokha kunavulaza maganizo a ana a Black. Mikhalidweyo inaikidwa pansi pa Brown v. Board of Education [FLD:3] inayamba ku Kansas, South Caroline, Virginia, ndi Delaware.

Ulamuliro Wonse

Woweruza wamkulu Earl Warren anapereka lingaliro limodzi pa May 17, 1954, akulengeza kuti "masukulu ogaŵanika ali osalingana mwachibadwa. Khotilo linakana chitsanzo cha Plessy, likumati kulekana m’sukulu za boma kunaswa Chitetezo cha Ecult Claus wa 144th Amendment. Chigamulocho chinali chachidule ndi chofikirika, cholinga chake chinali kuchepetsa kutsutsa.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito ndi Kutsutsa

Chaka chotsatira, Brown II (1955) analamula kuti apitirize "mwachangu," mawu amene analola maboma a Kum’mwera kuchedwa ndi kukaniza. Kutsutsa kolimbikitsa, kuphatikizapo kutsekedwa kwa sukulu za boma ku Virginia ndi kuima kwa pa Little Rock Central High School, kuchedwetsa kupita patsogolo. Anatenga Chikalata cha Chikuimira Ufulu wa Chilengedwe cha 1964 ndi chigamulo cha Supreme Couver Court kukhazikitsa kugwirizana kwatanthauzo.

Cholowa

Brown anali maziko alamulo a Civil Rights Movement . Inachepetsa kugaŵanitsa kwa de jure pa malo onse a boma ndi ochirikiza ouziridwa kupempha kulingana m'kuvota, ntchito, ndi nyumba. Ngakhale kuti kusankhana mafuko m'masukulu kukupitirizabe lerolino chifukwa cha zinthu za kakhalidwe ka zachuma, lamulo la Brown lakusiyanitsa fuko ndi lopanda lamulo la boma. Kuŵerenga lingaliro lonse la Oyez [1]

Kukondana ndi Virginia (1967): Kuyenera kwa Kukwatira Aliyense

Kumbuyo

Lovings [1] mwamuna wazungu ndi mkazi wa Black . adakwatiwa ku Washington, D.C., mu 1958. Atabwerera ku Virginia, anamangidwa chifukwa choswa lamulo la boma la Ufulu wa Utundu, limene linapangitsa ukwati wa mafuko osiyanasiyana kukhala waupandu. Anaweruzidwa kukhala m’ndende chaka chimodzi, ataletsedwa chifukwa cha zimene iwo anachoka m'boma.

Ulamuliro

Khoti Lapamwamba logwirizana linatsutsa malamulo otsutsa kusokonezeka kwa ufulu, likumati ukwati uli kuyenera kwakukulu ndi kuti maudindo aufuko ayenera kupendedwa mwamphamvu. Woweruza Wamkulu Warren analemba kuti: “Ufulu wa kukwatira wadziŵika kwanthaŵi yaitali kukhala umodzi wa zoyenera zofunika zaumwini zofunika ku kulondola kwadongosolo kwa chimwemwe. Chigamulo chopanda lamulo m'maboma 16 otsala.

Kuyambukira

Kukonda anathetsa ziletso za lamulo pa ukwati wa mafuko osiyanasiyana m'dziko lonselo. Inachititsanso maziko a milandu ya kulingana kwa ukwati pambuyo pake, monga kulingalira kwake , kuti ufulu wa kukwatira sungachepetsedwe ndi tsankho la fuko [1] linaperekedwa kwa okwatirana auchimuna omwe anali ku Obergefell. Kuyambira 2024, maukwati a mafuko osiyanasiyana amapanga pafupifupi 20% a maukwati atsopano mu U.S. PEW Research Center data yofufuza

Dzina la Udindo wa IX ndi Khoti Lalikulu: Kupatulana Makhalidwe Abwino pa Zakugonana

Kumbuyo

Udindo IX wa Education Amendments ya 1972 umaletsa tsankho "pa maziko a kugonana" m’programu iriyonse ya maphunziro yolandira ndalama za boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti si chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba lenilenilo, lamulolo lapangidwa ndi malamulo osintha zinthu amene analongosola ukulu wake.

Milandu Yaikulu: Mzinda wa Grove ndi Davis

Mu Grove City College v. Bell [19984], Khoti linaika Mlandu IX ku maprogramu olandira ndalama za boma, osati bungwe lonse. Nyumba inazemba kumasulira kumeneku ndi Chikalata cha Chifuniro cha Chisungiko cha Malamulo cha 1988. [[FLT:] Firginlin v. Gwint Counter County Schools [[FLT:] Schools Counters [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [1999], Khoti linalola chiwombolo cha ndalama kaamba ka kutseredwa kwadala kwa kugonana, kuphatikizapo kuvutitsidwa kwa kugonana. [FLT:]

Chiyambukiro pa Zamalonda ndi Zoposapo

Word IX inasintha maseŵera a akazi: ziŵerengero za atsikana a ku sekondale zinaphulika kuchokera pa 1 pa 27 mu 1972 kufika pafupifupi 1 mwa 2 lerolino. Lamulo limatetezeranso ku tsankho la pathupi, limatsimikizira kuti maprogramu a STEM afika mofanana, ndipo, m’zaka zaposachedwapa, zatchulidwa m'mikangano ya kutenga nawo mbali kwa ophunzira. Khoti Lapamwamba silinalamulire mwachindunji pankhani imeneyo, koma makhoti aang'ono amagawanika.

Kuyenera kwa Kusunga Zinthu Zachinsinsi ndi Kubala Moyenera

Kumbuyo

Mu 1969, "Jane Roe" (Norma McCurdy) anatsutsa lamulo la Texas lakuti kuchotsa mimba kunapha kusiyapo kupulumutsa moyo wa mayi. Mlandu unatsutsidwa ndi loya Sarah Ligarton, akumanena kuti lamulolo linaswa ufulu wa mkazi wa kubisa.

Ulamuliro

Woweruza Harry Blackmun analemba lingaliro 7-2, akupeza kuti Accoms Procession of the 14th Amendment imatetezera kuyenera kwa mkazi kusankha kutaya mimba. Khoti linakhazikitsa dongosolo loyeretsera: m'katswiri woyamba, chigamulo chinasiyidwa kwa mkazi ndi dokotala wake; pambuyo pa kukhoza, maboma angaletse kuchotsa mimba kusiyapo kumene kuli kofunika kutetezera moyo kapena thanzi la mkazi.

Zochitika Zapambuyo Pake

[[FLT: 0] . Casey . . . . . . . . . (1992) inaloŵa mmalo dongosolo lochepa ndi "mtolo wosakwanira" muyezo . Komabe, Dobs v. Akazi a Jackson Health Organization [ [2022], Khoti lolamulira Roe, kubwezera malamulo a kuchotsa mimba. Pafupifupi theka la maiko aletsedwa kapena kuchotsa mimba koletsedwa modetsa, pamene ena atetezera. Chigamulo cha Jackson chasintha kwambiri malo osungirako kubereka, kulalata kwa lamulo ndi nkhondo za ndale zadziko.

Cholowa

Luwa lidakali chimodzi cha zosankha zotsutsana kwambiri ndi zotulukapo m'mbiri ya America. Inachititsa ponse paŵiri kuyenera kwa kubala ndi magulu otsutsa kuchotsa mimba, ndipo kusintha kwake kumasonyeza kuthekera kwa kulingana kwa kulinganiza ku kusintha maulamuliro achiweruzo. Phunzirani Roe v. Wade pa Cornell LII [1].

Grutter v. Bollinger (2003): Kachitidwe Kolimbitsa ndi Kusiyanasiyana

Kumbuyo

Barbara Grutter, mzungu wofunsira magiredi apamwamba ndi mayeso, anakanidwa kuloledwa ku Yunivesite ya Michigan Law School . Iye adasuta, akumanena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito kwa sukulu ya fuko monga chochititsa kukana bungwe la Exct Protection Claus. Sukulu ya lamulo inatsutsa kuti bungwe la ophunzira losiyana linali chikondwerero chotsimikizirika chimene chinalungamitsa kulingalira fuko.

Ulamuliro

Jasitisi Sandra Day O'Connor anatsogolera chigamulo 5-4 chimene chinachirikiza lamulo la sukulu ya lamulo. Khotilo linatsutsa kuti kufikira "khamu lofufuza" la ophunzira ochepa omwe alipo kunali kufunitsitsa, ndipo programuyo inakonzedwa bwino chifukwa chakuti inalingalira fuko kukhala chinthu chimodzi chokha m'kupenda kokhudza maufumu. O'Connor ananena kuti chiyembekezo chakuti mkati mwa zaka 25, kuvomereza kwa fuko sikukakhalanso kofunika.

Kusintha: Ophunzira za Malo Ololedwa Kupita ku Mapikishoni (2023)

Mu Mayeso a Fair Adgicts . Harvard & UNC (2023), 6-3 osunga mwambo wa Gritter, okhala ndi kachitidwe ka kuvomereza kwa fuko m'makoleji anaswa Secult Protection Claus. Khoti linapeza kuti maprogramu a kuvomereza analibe zolinga zokhoza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ufuko. Ichi chinathetsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa fuko monga mbali ya maphunziro apamwamba kupyola United States, kukakamiza maluso ena otsata machenjera osiyana monga a kulinganiza kwa chikhalidwe ndi chuma ndi kuloŵerera.

Kuyambukira

Choloŵa cha Grutter tsopano ncha mbiri yakale mmalo mwa kumamatira, koma chinaumba zaka makumi aŵiri a malamulo ovomereza. Chigamulo cha 2023 chikuyembekezeredwa kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa mafuko pasukulu zosankhidwa, makamaka kwa ophunzira a Black ndi Aspanya. SCOTUSBlog tsatanetsatane wa ziyambukiro za chosankha.

United States v. Windsor (2013): Federal Brigion of Holy African and Sex Age

Kumbuyo

The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), yomwe inasainidwa m'lamulo mu 1996, inalongosola kuti ukwati ndi mgwirizano wa mwamuna ndi mkazi mmodzi pazifuno za boma. Edith Windsor anakwatira Thea Spyer ku Ontario, Canada, 2007. Pamene Spyer anamwalira, Windsor anakakamizidwa kulipira ndalama zoposa madola 30,000 m'misonkho ya boma chifukwa boma silinadziŵe ukwati wawo.

Ulamuliro

Woweruza Anthony Kennedy analemba lingaliro 5-4, kuswa Chigawo 3 cha DOMA monga kuswa chitetezo chofanana. Khotilo linalingalira kuti DOMA "imatanthauza kusankha kwa makhalidwe ndi kugonana kwa okwatirana amodzi" ndi kuika "stigma" pa ana awo. Chigamulocho sichinafunikire lamulo kulola ukwati wofanana koma chinafuna boma kuvomereza ukwati wochitidwa mwalamulo m’maboma amene anawalola.

Kuyambukira

Windsor inali sitepe lofunika kwambiri kulinga ku kulingana kwa ukwati, kutheketsa okwatirana a kugonana kofanana kulandira mapindu a boma monga ngati mapindu a Social Security, zoyenera kusamukira kudziko, ndi malo oikizira msonkho. Inachititsanso Obergefe mwa kukhazikitsa kuti maukwati a amuna ndi akazi a kugonana omwewo anali ndi kulemera kwa lamulo.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kuyenera kwa Malamulo a Ukwati Wofanana

Kumbuyo

Pambuyo pa Windsor, makhoti angapo a boma anagamula chiletso cha boma chimodzi. Milan, Ohio, Kentucky, ndi Tennessee anaikidwa pansi pa [FL:0]bergefell v. Hodges . Jim Obergefell anafuna kundandandalika monga wotsala mnzake wa muukwati pa setifiketi ya imfa ya mwamuna wake ku Ohio.

Ulamuliro

Jasitisi Kennedy analemberanso anthu 5-4 ambiri, pokhulupirira kuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri wotsimikiziridwa ndi Acred Procession and Aumeal Clauss . Chigamulo chozemba chiletso cha boma m’maboma 14 ndipo chinafuna kuti maboma onse avomereze maukwati a kugonana kofanana. Kennedy analemba kuti: "Palibe mgwirizano umene uli woposa ukwati, pakuti umasonyeza zolinga zapamwamba kwambiri za chikondi, kukhulupirika, kudzipereka, ndi banja.

Mavuto Amene Amabwera Chifukwa cha Mavutowa

Obergefell anafutukula kuyenera kwa kukwatira kwa okwatirana a kugonana kofanana m'dziko lonselo, kupata ku kuvomerezedwa kwa anthu onse kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Komabe, pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Dobbs mu 2022, Woweruza Thomas anapereka lingaliro m'chigwirizano kuti Obergefell ayenera kulingaliridwanso, kuyambitsa mantha pakati pa LGBTQ+ ochirikiza. Nyumba inayankha mwa kutumiza Theith for Marriage Act (2022), , kuvomereza boma kuzindikira kwa maukwati amodzimodzi ndi a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Komabe, Khotilo linasintha kusunthaunda ya odekha a kukhazikika kwa nthaŵi yaitali ya Obergegwede mosatsimikizira. [FL:]

Bostock v. Clayton County (2020): Kuteteza LGBTQ+ Wogwira Ntchito

Kumbuyo

Gerald Bostock anachotsedwa ntchito yake monga wogwirizanitsa ntchito za kakhalidwe ka ana atangoyamba kumene kukhala ndi phande m'gulu la zosoŵetsa. Funso linali lakuti kaya Ditut VII ya Chigamulo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964, chimene chimaletsa tsankho "chifukwa cha kugonana," imatetezera amathanyula ndi antchito ogulitsana.

Ulamuliro

Woweruza Neil Gorfo anapereka lingaliro 6-3 lakuti tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana kapena malo achilendo ndilo kwenikweni tsankho "chifukwa cha kugonana. Khotilo linalingalira kuti bwana amene amawombera munthu mwadala chifukwa cha kukhala wogonana ndi amuna kapena trangender sangapeŵe kulakwa mwa kutchula kugonana. Kafikiridwe ka mawu kameneka kanadabwitsa ambiri, monga momwe Gormoth aliri woikidwa wosunga mwambo.

Kuyambukira

Bostock mwamsanga anatetezera LGBTQ+ antchito m'dziko lonselo, akumagwiritsira ntchito mabwana onse okhala ndi antchito osachepera 15. Zinalinso ndi ziyambukiro zoyambukira m'mbali zina za lamulo, monga ngati chisamaliro cha thanzi ndi nyumba, kumene kuli malamulo ofanana a kugonana. Makhoti apamwamba agaŵanika pa kaya malingaliro a Bostock amagwira ntchito ku Thetting IX, kutsogolera ku ku kufalikira kopitirizabe kwa oseŵera othamanga m’makampani ndi malo ogona oloŵera.

Kumaliza: Chisinthiko cha Ufulu Wolingana

Zigamulo za Supreme Court za ufulu wolingana zimasonyeza ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi kulephera kwa kumasulira kwa malamulo. Kuyambira Brown mpaka Bostock, Bwalo lamilandu nthaŵi zina lakhala lothandiza anthu kusintha, kudula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo kuti awonjezere tanthauzo la chitetezo chofanana. Komabe kuukirako sikuli kwa mzera: Roe anagwetsedwa, Gretaip anagonjetsedwa, ndipo Obergee wayang'anizana ndi ziwopsezo zothekera. Mbadwo uliwonse wa chiweruzo umayambitsa nzeru zatsopano, ndipo kulembedwa kwa Khotilo kungatulutse zotsatira zazikulu.

Kumvetsetsa zosankha zimenezi nkofunika kuyamikira kumangidwa kwa lamulo la kulingana kwa America. Zimapereka malamulo a kupitirizabe kwa kuweruza kwaufuko, kuyenera kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi, ufulu wobereka, kapena LGBTQ+. Pamene nkhani zatsopano ziyamba, kuyambira pa kukondera kwa luntha kufikira ku kusayeneretsedwa kwa chipembedzo, malamulo amakhalidwe abwino oikidwa m’nkhani zimenezi adzapitirizabe kuyesedwa ndipo, pamene kuli kofunika, kulingaliridwanso. Nkhondo ya kulingana sikutha; imapita patsogolo, kulamulira kwapadera kwa pa nthaŵi imodzi.