United States imagwira ntchito monga makhoti aŵiri, okhala ndi makhoti a boma ndi a boma. Malamulo ameneŵa, okhazikitsidwa ndi Malamulo a United States ndi malamulo a boma, amatsimikizira kuti mikangano yalamulo yakhazikitsidwa pa mlingo woyenera wa boma. Kumvetsetsa ntchito, mphamvu, ndi kugwirizanitsa pakati pa madongosolo aŵiri ameneŵa nkofunika kwa akatswiri a zamalamulo, ophunzira, ndi aphunzitsi. Kupenda kowonjezereka kumeneku kumapereka kupenda kolingana ndi makhoti a boma ndi boma, kupenda maziko a malamulo, kusiyana kwa malamulo, malire a malamulo, ndi zigamulo, ndi matanthauzo othandiza pa kuyang'anira chilungamo.

Malamulo a Khoti Lopereka Udindo Waumodzi

Kupangidwa kwa makhoti a boma ndi a boma kumachokera mwachindunji ku dongosolo la boma la United States. Lamulo la U.S., kupyolera mwa Mfundo III, linakhazikitsa jaji ya boma monga nthambi yolingana ya boma pambali pa nthambi za malamulo ndi mabwana akuluakulu. Mfundo III, Gawo la Gawo 1, la zikole zachiweruzo mu "Nkhoti imodzi Yapamwamba, ndi m'makhoti apamwamba ngati Congress angafunike kuikidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa. Malamulo ameneŵa anapatsa Nyumba za Malamulo ulamuliro kukhazikitsa makhoti a boma aang'ono, kuphatikizapo makhoti a chigawo ndi mabwalo a zigawo a apilo, zimene zinatero kudzera mu Chikalata cha Judiary Act of 1789.

Makhoti a boma, mosiyana ndi zimenezi, amapatsidwa ulamuliro ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo. Maboma 50 alionse amasunga malamulo ake a ufulu, ndi madongosolo ndi njira zimene zimasiyana kwambiri. Malamulo awiri ameneŵa amatanthauza kuti nkhani zambiri zokhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku monga mikangano ya tsiku, kuvulazana, nkhani za m'banja, ndi milandu yaupandu pansi pa malamulo a boma. Makhoti a boma, pamene akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zazikulu, ndizo makhoti a malamulo ochepetsetsatidwa, ali ndi ufulu womvera milandu yokhayo yovomerezeka ndi malamulo a boma.

Khoti Lapadela: Kukonza Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi Kutsutsa

Makhoti a boma ali ndi mabungwe atatu, ndipo aliyense amachita zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Makhoti Achigawo: Mlandu

Makhoti a boma ndi makhoti amilandu a boma. Pali zigawo 94 ku United States, kuphatikizapo magawo onga Puerto Rico, Guam, Virigo, ndi zisumbu za Northern Mariana. Chigawo chilichonse chili ndi ngakhale khomo limodzi, ndi maboma aakulu monga California, Texas, ndi New York ali ndi zigawo zambiri. Mabwalo amilandu achigawo onse aŵiri a boma ndi apandu obuka pansi pa lamulo la boma. M'milandu yachiŵeniŵeni, iwo amamva nkhani zokhudzana ndi mafunso a boma . [1] Maboma a m'chigawo chilichonse achokera ku malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, kapena mapangano, ndipo mayiko osiyanasiyana, kumene magulu a boma a ku New York ali ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana. Mabwalo amilandu a boma ndi a milandu yosiyana yokhudzana ndi yoposa $75,000.

Makhoti Ofufuza: Malinga ndi Kupititsira Azapilo

Makhoti 13 a bungwe lopereka zigamulo, odziŵika monga makhoti a magawo a milandu, kupenda zigamulo za makhoti a chigawo m'madera awo. Zikwi khumi ndi ziŵiri za magawo ameneŵa ndi chigawo, zikumaphatikizapo magulu a maboma osankhidwa, pamene Federa chigawo chili ndi ulamuliro wa dziko lonse pa milandu yapadera, kuphatikizapo zikalata zololeza ndi zonenera zotsutsana ndi boma. Makhoti adera saweruza kapena kumva umboni watsopano; m’malo mwake, amapendanso mbiri ya milandu ya zolakwa za lamulo. Zosankha zimaperekedwa ndi mabungwe atatu achiweruzo, ngakhale kuti m’mikhalidwe yosapezeka, dera lonselo angamvere mlandu . Makhoti adera saperekanso mlandu kapena kutsutsa umboni watsopano m'malamulo oyendera malamulo a boma mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo awo ogwirizana.

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States

Pamapeto a khoti lamilandu la boma la United States, lopangidwa ndi Oweruza asanu ndi anayi amene amaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikiziridwa ndi Khoti. Khotilo lili ndi ulamuliro woyambirira m'malamulo ochepetsedwa, monga mikangano pakati pa maboma, koma ntchito yake yaikulu ndi kupenda. Khoti Lapamwamba limasankha kuti ndi milandu iti imene ingamvedwe mwa njira yomalizira yotchedwa kuvomereza [FLT] kuweruza . Chaka chilichonse, masauzande zikwi za mapempho amaperekedwa, koma Khotilo limavomereza pafupifupi 70 okha kufikira 80 za milandu yonse. Malamulo aakulu ndi omalizira ndi ogwirizana pa mabwalo onse a boma ndi a boma lotsika.

Mlandu wa Makhoti Amilandu Aakulu

Makhoti a boma angangomva milandu imene yaikidwa m’magulu otchulidwa m’Chigawo III ndi malamulo a boma. Magulu ameneŵa akuphatikizapo:

  • Funigsion Juridition: Milandu yobuka pansi pa Konsichushoni, malamulo a boma, kapena mapangano.
  • Kutsutsana: Milandu pakati pa nzika za m'maiko osiyanasiyana kapena pakati pa nzika ya boma ndi nzika yachilendo, malinga ngati ndalama za mkanganozo zikuposa $75,000.
  • Unyinji ndi Maritime Juristition : Nkhani zophatikizapo kuyendetsa, kutumiza, ndi kuyendetsa sitima zapanyanja pa madzi okhoza kuwonongeka.
  • Bankruptcy Juriscion: makhoti a Federal ali ndi mphamvu yokha pa nkhani za kulephera kubweza ngongole, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri lamulo la boma limasankha zoyenera za katundu m’zochitika zimenezo.
  • Kachipangizo kozungulira United States: pamene boma la boma liri chipani, kuphatikizapo suti yotsutsana ndi mabungwe a boma.
  • Unyinji ndi Foreign Relations: [ Milandu yophatikiza ndi mitundu ina, akazembe, ndi mikangano ya mitundu yonse.

Popeza kuti makhoti a boma ndiwo makhoti a ulamuliro wochepa, chipanicho chimene chikufuna kupereka ulamuliro wa boma chiyenera kusonyeza kuti mlanduwo uyenera kuchitika m’gulu limodzi la magulu ameneŵa.

Makhoti Oyang’anira Apadera

Kupyola pa kakonzedwe ka mbali zitatu ka boma, dongosolo la boma limaphatikizapo makhoti angapo apadera okhala ndi ulamuliro pa mbali zina za nkhani yakutiyakuti:

  • Khoti la ku United States la Malamulo a Federal: Akumva zonena za chivulazo cha ndalama pa United States, kuphatikizapo mikangano ya pangano ndi kuvomereza zinenezo pansi pa Lamulo lachisanu.
  • U.S. Khoti la Msonkho: [[FULT:1] imaletsa mikangano pakati pa osonkha msonkho ndi Utumiki wa Mkati mwa kampani ya Invenue Revenue.
  • U.S. khoti la Zamalonda za International Trade: Ankaweruza milandu yokhudza malonda apadziko lonse ndi ntchito za miyambo.
  • Khoti la apilo la ku United States kaamba ka Magulu a Nkhondo: Kupenda zigamulo za khoti la lamulo la asilikali a United States.
  • U.S.S. Untrul Luso la Ulimi ku STVEilnance Court (Khoti la FA ): Kupenda mafomu kaamba ka zilolezo za kuyang'anira milandu ya chisungiko ya dziko.

Mabwalo amilandu apadera ameneŵa amasonyeza kucholoŵana kwa zigamulo za boma ndi kufunika kwa ukatswiri m’mbali zina za lamulo.

Makhoti: Mahatchi Ogwira Ntchito a Chilungamo cha America

Makhoti ambiri a boma amaweruza milandu ku United States. Malinga ndi zimene bungwe la National Center for State Courts linanena, makhoti a boma okha amaweruza milandu yatsopano yoposa 80 miliyoni pachaka, poyerekezera ndi milandu yosakwana 400,000 imene imaweruzidwa m’makhoti a boma. Makhoti ndi a boma amene ali ndi mphamvu zonse, ndipo angathe kumvetsera mlandu uliwonse umene suyenera kuperekedwa ndi khoti la boma.

Bwalo lamilandu la Boma Lotsanzira

Pamene kuli kwakuti nyumba za khoti zimasiyana, zambiri zimatsatira chitsanzo cha mbali zitatu chofanana ndi dongosolo la boma:

  • Makhoti a akulu: Awa ndi makhoti apamwamba pamene milandu iyamba. Maboma ambiri amagawa makhoti a milandu m'makhoti a boma ochepetsedwa (monga makhoti a m'mabwalo a milandu, makhoti a magalimoto, kapena makhoti ang'onoang'ono) ndi makhoti aakulu (kaŵirikaŵiri otchedwa makhoti aakulu, makhoti a dera, kapena mabwalo a chigawo).
  • Makhoti a Aprinsiti: Maboma pafupifupi 40 ali ndi makhoti apakati openda zigamulo za khoti. Makhoti ameneŵa amatumikira monga chotsekereza, kuchepetsa ntchito ya bwalo lapamwamba koposa la boma.
  • State Courts: Khoti lapamwamba koposa m'boma lililonse, lomwe limatchedwa kaŵirikaŵiri khoti lalikulu la boma (koma nthaŵi zina khoti la apilo kapena khoti lachiweruzo lalikulu). Bwalo limeneli liri ndi ulamuliro womaliza pa nkhani za lamulo la boma, lofunikira kupendedwa ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba la U.S. pa mafunso a boma.

Mbali Yoipa ya Makhoti a Boma

Makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana za malamulo, kuphatikizapo:

  • Tchulani mlandu: Milandu ya upandu yambiri ndi milandu ya boma, yomangidwa pansi pa malamulo a chilamuliro cha boma.
  • Malamulo ovomerezeka ndi Otsutsana ndi Tort: Malamulo oyenerera kuswa pangano, kuvulala kwaumwini, kunyalanyaza, ndi katundu amayambira m'khoti la boma.
  • Lamulo la m’Banja: [ Chisudzulo, kusunga ana, kulera ana, ndi milandu yachiwawa yapanyumba ili pafupifupi nkhani za boma zokha.
  • [[MLT:0] Probate ndi Malo: [[FUL:1] Makonzedwe a zifuno, zoikiziridwa, ndi magawo amaloŵa pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma.
  • Mabungwe enieni a Zinthu: Nkhani zophatikizapo kukhala ndi malo, maunansi a mwini malo, ndi malire a katundu amamvedwa m'khoti la boma.
  • [[NT.0] Nkhani zachimbuuzi: Milandu yopanda pake ndi kudalirana yokhudza ana imasamaliridwa ndi makhoti a achichepere a boma.

Makhoti a boma alinso ndi mphamvu zofanana pa nkhani zambiri za boma. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti a boma angamve milandu pansi pa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe wa boma kapena malamulo a kusungitsa ufulu wa boma, malinga ngati kulibe ulamuliro wa boma wokha. Komabe, oimbidwa mlandu m’nkhani zoterozo angachotse mlanduwo ku khoti la boma pansi pa mikhalidwe ina.

Kuweruza M’makhoti a Boma

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mabwalo amilandu a boma ndi a boma ndi mmene oweruza asankhidwira. Oweruza a Federal amaikidwa ndi Prezidenti, ovomerezedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndipo angachotsedwe kokha mwa kufunsira. Moyo umenewu uli wolinganizidwira kutsimikizira ufulu wa chiweruzo.

Njira zoweruza milandu m’boma zimasiyanasiyana ndipo zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Chisankho: [[FLT :1] maboma ambiri amasankha oweruza awo m'masankho otsutsa kapena osagawana. Njira imeneyi imakhudza oweruza kuti adziŵerengera mlandu wa anthu komanso imadzutsanso nkhaŵa za chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko ndi kusungitsa ndalama.
  • Chipangano: Maboma ena amaika oweruza kupyolera m'pangano la jini, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi chivomerezo cha malamulo kapena bungwe loimira boma.
  • Kusankha (Plan): Njira yosiyana kumene ntchito imasankha oyembekezera oyeneretsedwa, kazembe amaika mmodzi, ndipo woweruza pambuyo pake amayang'anizana ndi chisankho cha kugonja. Njira imeneyi imaphatikiza kuikidwa ndi kuŵerengera kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kwa anthu.

Njira yodzisankhira ingathandize kuti munthu asankhe zochita pa nkhani ya chiweruzo, aike mlandu m’mbuyo, ndiponso kuti anthu aziona kuti chilungamo n’choyenera.

Kupenda Koyerekezera: Kusiyana Kokulira Pakati pa Makhoti Amilandu Aakulu ndi Boma

Pamene kuli kwakuti madongosolo onse aŵiriwo ali ndi cholinga chothetsa mikangano ya zamalamulo, iwo amasiyana m’njira zazikulu zimene zimayambukira oweruza ndi njira zalamulo.

Chigawo Chotchedwa Jurisdictal Explorence ndi Chola cha Milandu

Kusiyana kwakukulu ndiko kulamulira. Makhoti a Federal ndi makhoti a ulamuliro wochepa . Amangomva kokha milandu imene imaloŵa m'magulu alamulo ndi malamulo. Makhoti a boma ndiwo makhoti a ulamuliro wa onse . Iwo angamve pafupifupi mlandu uliwonse ngati sukhala m'manja mwa boma lokha. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa mikangano yalamulo, kuyambira pa mathirakiti a galimoto kumka ku malonda apamwamba, kuyambira ndi kutha ku khoti la boma. Makhoti a boma amayang'anira mlandu waung'ono, wapadera kwambiri wokhudza kumasulira kwa boma, malamulo alamulo, ndi nkhani zokhudza malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Malamulo ndi Kapangidwe

Makhoti a Federal amayang'anira pansi pa malamulo amtundu umodzi, kuphatikizapo Federal Pals of Civil Procededure, Federal Pal of Criminal Procedure, ndi Federal Rul of Evidence. Malamulo ameneŵa amapereka kugwirizana m'zigawo zonse za boma, kupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa maloya amene amachita zinthu m’zigawo zosiyanasiyana.

Makhoti a boma, mosiyana, ali ndi malamulo awoawo a malamulo a malamulo, omwe angasiyane kwambiri kuchokera ku boma ndi boma. Ngakhale m'dziko, magawo osiyanasiyana kapena chigawo chachiweruzo angakhale ndi malamulo a kumaloko omwe amawonjezera malamulo a boma lonse. Kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa mabwalo ovuta kwa oweruza amene ayenera kuyang’anira malamulo a ulamuliro uliwonse umene amatsatira. Maboma ena atengera malamulo otsatiridwa kwambiri pa malamulo a boma, pamene ena amasunga miyambo yosiyana ya chikhalidwe.

Kukopa ndi Kutha kwa Mapeto

Malamulo a bungwe la appellate m'madongosolo onse aŵiri amatsatira njira yofanana ndi ya boma, koma pali kusiyana kwakukulu. M'dongosolo la boma, apilo kuchokera ku zigamulo za khoti lachigawo amapita ku khoti lamilandu ladera, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo kupita ku Bwalo Lapamwamba la U.S., limene lili ndi kupenda koyenera. M'madongosolo a boma, kuchonderera kwenikweni kumakhoti apakati (ngati wina alipo) ndiyeno ku khoti lalikulu la boma, limene lili ndi liwu lomalizira pa lamulo la boma.

Mfundo yowopsya ya kukambirana imabuka pamene mlandu uphatikizapo malamulo onse a boma ndi a boma. Zigamulo za boma zazikulu pa lamulo la boma zingapendedwe ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la United States, koma kokha pa nkhani ya boma. Kumasulira kwa khoti kwa lamulo lake kuli kogwira ntchito ndipo sikungagwetsedwe ndi makhoti a boma. Lamulo limeneli la boma limatsimikizira kuti lamulo la ufulu lisunga ufulu pa malamulo awo.

Mayesero a Jury ndi Venue

Makhoti a boma ndi a boma akupereka ufulu wa mlandu wa ajuli m’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi yaupandu, koma pali kusiyana kothandiza. Oweruza a boma ayenera kugwirizana pa mlandu wa upandu ndi kugamula milandu yachiŵeniŵeni, ngakhale kuti zigamulozo zingapereke zosiyana. Malamulo a boma pa juli yopanda chilolezo; maboma ena amalola zigamulo zosayenera m’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni, kapena m’milandu yaupandu (kuphatikizapo Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. laletsa kachitidwe kameneka m’malamulo aposachedwapa).

Venue, kapena malo kumene mlandu umamvedwa, amasiyananso. Malamulo a bungwe la Federal amakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kuti mlandu ubwere ku chigawo kumene woimbidwa mlanduyo amakhala kapena kumene mbali yaikulu ya zochitikazo inachitika. Malamulo a boma amasiyana, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amalola kulembetsa m'chigawo kumene woimbidwa mlanduyo amakhala, kumene kunayambira, kapena kumene malowo ali.

Zimene Ofufuza ndi Opanga Zinthu Apeza

Kusankha pakati pa khoti la boma ndi la boma kungakhudze kwambiri zotsatira za mlandu.

  • Malamulo a Chikhalidwe: malamulo a Federal angakhale odziŵika bwino ndi ozoloŵereka ku uphungu wa kudziko, koma malamulo a boma angakhale ololera kwambiri m’mbali zina, monga ngati kuchonderera kapena kutulukira malire.
  • [[FLT: 0] Oweruza a Federal ndi Authounti: kaŵirikaŵiri amaonedwa kukhala ozoloŵera ndi opeputsa milandu, okhoza kutsogolera ku chigamulo cha mwamsanga. Oweruza a boma, makamaka m'madera apamwamba onyamula katundu, angayang'ane ndi kuchedwa kwakukulu.
  • Comition: Makomiti a juji amatengedwa kuchokera ku chigawo chonse, kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga chigawo cha ajuli chosiyana. Majuli a boma amatengedwa kuchokera ku dera kapena chigawo cha chiweruzo, chimene chingakhale chogwirizana kwambiri. Izi zingakhale zofunika kwambiri m'nkhani zokhudza tsankhu lakwawo kapena miyezo ya chitaganya.
  • Appeleta Options: Kupezeka kwa khoti lapakati m'dongosolo la boma ndi m'maiko ambiri kumapereka muyalo wowonjezereka wa kubwereramo, umene ungakhale wofunika kwambiri kuwongolera zolakwa.
  • Kugwirizana ku Federal Court: Otetezera kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mlandu kuchokera ku khoti la boma kupita ku khoti la boma ngati mlanduwo ukanaperekedwa poyambirira m’khoti la boma (m., kugawa kapena ulamuliro wa boma). Ichi ndi chiŵiya champhamvu koposa kukhoza kusintha dziko lakuzungulira ndi laling'ono la mlandu.

Kumaliza

Makhoti awiri a m'makhoti a ku United States, omwe ali ndi makhoti a boma ndi a boma, ndi maziko a boma la America. Makhoti a boma, okhala ndi ulamuliro wochepa ndi oweruza oyenera moyo, amasamalira milandu yokhudza lamulo la boma, nkhani za lamulo, ndi mikangano pakati pa magulu a mayiko osiyanasiyana. Makhoti a boma, monga makhoti a ulamuliro wa boma, amakonza mikangano yaikulu ya malamulo ndi kupereka chilungamo ku mlingo wa dziko. Kumvetsetsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, njira, ndi malamulo a dongosolo lililonse n’kofunika kuti munthu aphunzire za malamulo a boma, maphunziro a za boma, kapena olangiza alamulo, odziŵa bwino malamulo a boma ndi omvera malamulo a boma. Kumvetsa ntchito zalamulo ku U.