Chiyambi: Chifukwa Chake Boma la ku United States Lili ndi Nkhani Zofunika

Malo a boma la United States angaoneke ngati ovuta, koma anapangidwa kuti akhale omveka bwino ndi osavuta kupezeka. Kufufuza kumeneku kwa zinenero zosavuta kulongosola nthambi zitatu za boma, ntchito zawo, ndi mmene amachitira ndi ena. Kaya ndinu nzika yatsopano, wophunzira, kapena munthu amene akufunafuna kulowa kwambiri ndale, kudziŵa mmene mphamvu zikukuthandizirani kuyendetsa moyo wa anthu ndi kuchititsa kuti atsogoleri akhale ndi mlandu. Malamulo a U.S. anakhazikitsa mu 1787, anapirira kwa zaka zoposa 200, ndipo anasintha posunga mfundo yachikhalidwe yakuti palibe munthu mmodzi kapena gulu limodzi limene liyenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro.

Lamulo: Lamulo Losagwirizana ndi Boma

Asanapende nthambizo, nkofunika kumvetsetsa chikalata chimene chinazipanga. Malamulo a U.S. ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo. Ilo limakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma la boma ndi kulongosola zoyenera za anthu. Lamulo limayamba ndi Pregedge, imene imafotokoza zolinga za boma: kupanga Chigwirizano changwiro, kukhazikitsa chilungamo, kutsimikizira bata la m’banja, kupereka chitetezo chogwirizana, kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa onse, ndi kusungitsa madalitso a ufulu.

Malamulo amagawidwa m'nkhani zisanu ndi ziŵiri. Mfundo Imapanga Nthambi Yolamulira, Mfundo III Imapanga Nthambi Yolamulira, ndi Mfundo III Ikupanga Nthambi Yachiweruzo . Nkhani zotsalazo zimakhudza maunansi pakati pa maboma, kusintha, kupambana kwa dziko, ndi kuikidwa m'makwalala. Malamulowo alinso ndi 27 za kusintha. Khumi oyambirira, odziŵika monga Bill of Rights, amatsimikizira ufulu wofunika monga kulankhula, chipembedzo, ndi msonkhano. Pambuyo pake kuchotsa ukapolo, ufulu wosankha mavoti, ndi kumasulira malingana ndi madetidwe a prezidenti.

Chiphunzitso chachikulu: Chikalata cha Malamulo sichili chongosintha. Chingasinthidwe kupyolera m'njira imene imafuna kugwirizana kwakukulu: mavoti aŵiri m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress ndi kupangidwa ndi magawo atatu m’magawo atatu (kapena ndi misonkhano yapadera). Kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa boma kukhala losinthika popanda kusintha kwachiwawa.

Nthambi Zitatu za Boma

Boma la United States lagaŵidwa m'nthambi zitatu zazikulu: Nthambi Yalamulo, nthambi Yotsogolera, ndi Nthambi Yoweruza. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mathayo ake ndi mphamvu, kukhazikitsa dongosolo la ndi maadiresi ndi maadiresi [1]. Nthambi iliyonse iyenera kuchita zinthu payokha; iyenera kugawana mphamvu ndi kupikisana, zimene zimatetezera ulamuliro wankhanza.

Nthambi Yolamulira Malamulo (Mfumu Yankhondo)

Bungwe la Legislative Branch lili ndi thayo la kupanga malamulo. Ilo liri ndi zipinda ziŵiri: Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Onse pamodzi amapanga United States Congress. Webusaiti ya ya Congress imapereka ntchito yamakono ya malamulo ndi komiti zomvera.

  • Nyumba ya Oimira : Inalembedwa ndi mamembala 435 ovota, aliyense akuimira chigawo cha msonkhano chozikidwa pa anthu. Iwo amatumikira mawu a zaka ziŵiri ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi nkhaŵa za kumaloko. Nyumba iri ndi mphamvu yokha yoyambitsa ndalama (malamulo a msonkho) ndi akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo Pulezidenti.
  • Senentate : Atsatiri a ziŵalo 100, aŵiri kuchokera ku boma lirilonse, mosasamala kanthu za ukulu wa dziko. Oimira amatumikira malamulo a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, kuwapatsa lingaliro lapadera pa nkhani za mtundu. Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti (ziŵalo za kabhinete, oweruza, akazembe) ndi kuchititsa mapangano ndi unyinji wa anthu. Imagwiranso ntchito monga juli m'mabwalo a milandu yoletsa.

Njira yopangira ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama za msonkho imene imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri za Nyumba ya Malamulo.

Nthambi Yotsogolera

Nthambi ya Administrate iri ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malamulo. Ilo likutsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, yemwe amatumikira liwu la zaka zinayi ndipo angasankhidwenso kaamba ka liwu limodzi lowonjezereka (Mpatuko 22 wa Amerekaleseji imaikapo malire a prezidenti ku zigamulo ziŵiri zosankhidwa). Pulezidenti wachiŵiri amasankhidwanso pa tikiti imodzimodziyo. Webusaiti ya White House [1]

  • Presidenti: [[FLT :1] Pulezidentiyo amagwira ntchito monga Mkulu wa asilikali ankhondo, akuchititsa malamulo achilendo, ndi kutsimikizira kuti malamulo aperekedwa mokhulupirika. Pulezidenti angapereke malamulo a akuluakulu, kupereka zikhululukiro (kusiyapo pa milandu yosagwirizana), ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pulezidenti amaikanso oweruza a boma ndi mamembala a kabungwe, ovomerezedwa ndi Khoti.
  • Pulezidenti wa Chivomezi: Pulezidenti Woyang'anira amathandiza Pulezidenti ndi kutsogolera pamene Prezidenti ali wosakhoza kukwaniritsa ntchito. Mtsogoleri wa Malamulo amatumikiranso monga Pulezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, kuswa mavoti automu pamene akufunikira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Cabinet : Yolembedwa ndi akulu a madipatimenti a akuluakulu (Udindo wa Boma, Mlembi wa Zotetezera, Kazembe, Athorney, ndi zinanso), Kabinato amalangiza Pulezidenti ndi kuthandiza kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo. Pali madipatimenti 15 a akuluakulu a boma, amene ali ndi udindo wa malo apadera monga ulimi, maphunziro, kapena thanzi.
  • Mabungwe Odziimira: Kutali kwa kabati, pali mabungwe onga Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), NASA, ndi Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) imene imagwira ntchito ndi ufulu wina koma imalepherabe kuyang'aniridwa ndi akuluakulu a boma.

Nthambi ya Oyang’anira imeneyi imaphatikizaponso bungwe lalikulu la boma, limene limagwira ntchito za boma mamiliyoni ambiri, monga kutulutsa mapasipoti, kusonkhanitsa misonkho, ndi kuyendetsa malo osungirako nyama.

3. Nthambi Yoweruza

Oweruza Oweruza Omasulira Malamulo ndi kutsimikizira kuti amagwiritsiridwa ntchito bwino. Ilo limapangidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba ndi makhoti aung’ono a boma. Malo alamulo a Khoti amapereka malingaliro, zigomeko za pakamwa, ndi chidziŵitso cha milandu.

  • Khoti lapamwamba: Khoti lalikulu koposa m'dziko, Khoti Lalikulu lili ndi chigamulo chomalizira pa mikangano ya lamulo ndi nkhani za lamulo. Lili ndi zigamulo zisanu ndi zinayi — Chilungamo Chimodzi ndi Malungamo Asanu ndi Atatu Ogwirizana — amene amaikidwa kaamba ka moyo ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikiziridwa ndi Bungwe Lamilandu. Khoti limamva ziŵerengero zochepera za milandu chaka chilichonse, makamaka 70-80, kuchokera ku masauzande zikwi. Zigamu zake zaikidwa za makhoti apamwamba onse.
  • Makhoti Amilandu Apadera: Awa amaphatikizapo Makhoti 13 a Zipilo (makhoti a Chikwiyo) ndi 94 a Makhoti Achigawo (makhoti amilandu). Makhoti achigawo amasamalira milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi ya upandu poyamba. Zipilo za makhoti a m’chigawo zimapita ku makhoti a m'mabwalo a milandu. Pamenepo mlandu ungaikidwe ku Khoti Lapamwamba, ngakhale kuti khotilo limasankha milandu imene ingaingwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review: [[FLT :1] Mphamvu ya makhoti kulengeza malamulo kapena machitidwe a maulamuliro osagwirizana ndi malamulo sikunalembedwe mwachindunji mu Malamulo a boma koma kunakhazikitsidwa m'chizindikiro 1803 mlandu Marbury v. Madison [1] . Mphamvu imeneyi ndi mwala wa maziko wa njira zofufuzira ndi zolinganizira.

Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika pa Ntchito

Boma la United States limagwira ntchito pa njira yofufuzira ndi kulinganiza kuti liletse nthambi iliyonse kukhala yamphamvu kwambiri. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu zimene zingaike malire. Nazi zitsanzo zingapo zodziŵika:

  • Mtsogoleri wa bungwe logamulapo: Congress ingapose Pulezidenti ndi anthu atatu ambiri m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri. Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo, koma Congress angayese kukhazikitsa. Nyumbayo imalamuliranso ndalama za ndalama; ngati Pulezidenti akufuna kuyambitsa programu yatsopano, Congress ayenera kuvomereza bajetiyo. Kuwonjezera apo, Khoti ikuvomereza kapena kukana mapangano a pulezidenti.
  • Irective v. Judice: Pulezidenti amaika oweruza a boma, kuphatikizapo oweruza a Bwalo Lapamwamba, koma kuikidwa kumeneko kumafuna chitsimikizo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo. Akatsimikiziridwa, oweruza amatumikira moyo wonse ndipo amakhala omasuka kwa Pulezidenti. Pulezidenti angaperekenso zikhululukiro, zimene makhoti sangasinthe.
  • Judicial vs. Malamulo: Makhoti angalengeze malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress popanda kugamula za ufulu. Komabe, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapereke ziwonjezero za lamulo kugwetsa chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu (mwachitsanzo, Kusintha kwa 16 kolola msonkho wa ndalama pambuyo pa kusakaza koyambirira kwa Khoti). Congress amalamuliranso chiŵerengero cha oweruza pa Khoti Lapamwamba ndipo amalephera kuweruza a boma.

Palibe nthambi imene ingachite zinthu moganizira nkhani zokhudza dziko, zimene zimakakamiza mayiko osiyanasiyana kuti agwirizane.

Maboma: Kugaŵanikana kwa Mphamvu Pakati pa Maboma a Boma ndi Boma

Kupyola nthambi zitatu, boma la United States lili ndi mapulogalamu oikidwa m'zipilala otchedwa dederal . Mphamvu imagawana pakati pa boma la dziko (lolamulira) ndi maboma 50. Dongosolo limeneli limalola maboma kudzilamulira okha pa nkhani za kumaloko pamene akutsalira mbali ya mgwirizano waukulu wa boma.

  • Maboma a Boma: [[FLT :1] Boma lililonse liri ndi malamulo ake, bungwe la malamulo (kaŵirikaŵiri nyumba ya malamulo kusiya Nebraska), nthambi yaikulu yotsogozedwa ndi kazembe, ndi dongosolo la chiweruzo. Maboma amasamalira nkhani zonga maphunziro, malonda a m'maukwati, malamulo a ukwati, kusungitsa lamulo (maulamuliro), ndi thanzi la anthu. Malo osungidwa a madeti a madeti a boma (malamulo).
  • Boma la boma: limasamalira nkhani zimene zimayambukira dziko lonse, monga ngati kusamukira, malamulo akunja, chitetezo cha dziko, malonda a mayiko, ndi kulinganiza. Lamulo la Federal ndilo lalikulu pa lamulo la boma pamene nkhondo ziŵirizo, monga momwe zatchulidwira mu Supremacy Classia of Artic VI.
  • Mphamvu za '''''''''''''''''Maulamuliro a masiku ano: Milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma ingabweze msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kukhazikitsa makhoti, ndi kupanga malamulo ofunika kaamba ka ubwino wa anthu. M'madera ambiri, monga ngati kuyendetsa malo okhala kapena zoyendera, maboma a boma ndi a boma amagwirizanitsa mwa kupereka ndi kugwirizana.

Federalism nthaŵi zina ingatsogolere ku mavuto — mwachitsanzo, pamene maboma alembetsa chamba mosasamala kanthu za chiletso cha boma. Kaŵirikaŵiri mikangano imeneyi imathetsedwa mwa chigamulo cha khoti kapena masinthidwe a lamulo. Federaliism imalolanso maboma kukhala “maluso a demokrase,” kuyesa madongosolo osiyanasiyana amene pambuyo pake angachirikizidwe m’dzikolo.

Mmene Boma Limakhudzira Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Aamereka ambiri amagwirizana ndi boma la boma kuposa mmene amaganizira. . . . . . "''''ndandanda ya mautumiki kuchokera ku Social Security ndi Medicare ku mafomu a pasipoti ndi ngongole za ophunzira. Nazi njira zingapo zimene boma limachita ndi ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku:

  • Maakaunti: IRS imasonkhanitsa misonkho ya malipiro, imene imasunga zonse kuyambira ku chitetezo cha dziko kufikira ku misewu. Boma ndi maboma a kumaloko amagulitsanso msonkho, katundu, ndi ndalama.
  • Kutetezera kwa polisi: FBI ndi Department of Homeland Security iyang'anira ziwopsezo za dziko, pamene kuli kwakuti boma ndi apolisi a kumaloko akusungitsa malamulo ambiri aupandu. Khoti limathetsa mikangano ndi kutsimikizira chilungamo.
  • Health ndi Environment :[[FLT :1] Mankhwala ovomerezedwa ndi FDA, EPA imakhazikitsa miyezo ya kuipitsa, ndi CDC wailesi kubuka kwa matenda. Maboma amayendetsa maprogramu a Medicaid ndi kuyang'anira zipatala.
  • Kuphunzitsa: Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro imapereka ndalama ndi kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu, koma sukulu zambiri zimayendetsedwa kumaloko. ngongole za ophunzira a Federal ndi Pell amapereka chithandizo kwa mamiliyoni a anthu amene amapita ku koleji.
  • Sacial Security and Medicare :[[FL:1] Maprogramu a boma ameneŵa amapereka ndalama ndi inshuwalansi ya thanzi kwa opuma pantchito, opunduka, ndi anthu amene ali ndi matenda a m'maseŵero omalizira.

Kumvetsa boma lanu kumakuthandizani kupeza mautumiki ameneŵa, kutsatira malamulo, ndi kulimbikitsa kusintha kumene mumakhulupirira.

Kusintha Kochitika: Mmene Lamulolo Limasinthira

Opanga malamulo anadziŵa kuti Konsichushoni ifunikira kukonzedwa kwa nthaŵi. Mfundo V imapereka njira ziŵiri zoperekera chisinthiko: mavoti aŵiri mwa magawo onse aŵiri a Congress, kapena ndi msonkhano walamulo wotchedwa ndi ma triat aŵiri a makhonsati a boma (Iyo yomalizira sinagwiritsiridwepo ntchito). Kamodzi kanaperekedwa, kukonzanso kuyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi magawo atatu anayi a maboma, kaya ndi makhonsati awo kapena ndi misonkhano yapadera yokhazikitsa malamulo.

Mtengo wapamwamba umenewu ukutsimikizira kuti masinthidwe ochirikizidwa mofala ndiwo okha amakhala mbali ya Malamulo. Chiyambire 1789, masauzande zikwi zambiri akonzedwa, koma 27 okha ndiwo avomerezedwa. Kusintha kodziŵika kumaphatikizapo 13 (kulengeza ukapolo), 19 (kusintha kwa akazi), ndi 26 (kusonyeza nyengo yosankha kufika ku 18). Njira yosinthira imasonyeza kukhazikika ndi kulimba kwa dongosolo.

Mapwando a Zandale ndi Malo Osankha

Ngakhale kuti Konsichushoni sitchula zipani zandale, izo zimachita mbali yaikulu m'boma la U. Zipani ziŵiri zazikulu — Democratic and Republican — zolinganiza oyembekezera, mapulatifomu, ndi ovota. Magawo achitatu nthaŵi zina amatuluka koma kaŵirikaŵiri samapambana maofesi aakulu chifukwa cha kupambana kwa dongosolo la osankhidwa onse.

Kusankha kumachitika pamlingo uliwonse: boma la boma (Presidenti, Congress), boma (loimira boma, likulu la boma), ndi malo (kapena, bungwe la mzinda, bungwe la sukulu). Dongosolo lasankhi ndi locholoŵana: Chisankho cha prezidenti chimagwiritsira ntchito Electoral College mmalo mwa chisankho chotchuka; boma lililonse limasankha oimira kuimira kwake konse. Osankhidwa onse kuti apambane chivoti chotchuka. Dongosolo limeneli lingatsogolere ku ku kupambana kwa pulezidenti Electoral College pamene likulephera chisankholi cha dziko lonse (mo linachitika mu 2000 ndi 2016).

Kutengamo mbali ndi maziko a demokalase. Kulembetsa kuvota, kufufuza, ndi kuponya pepala ndizo njira zachindunji kwambiri zopangira boma. Masankho apadera amalola anthu kusankha oimira boma awo, pamene kuli kwakuti masankho a onse amasankha amene ali ndi udindo. Maboma ambiri amalolanso kufunsira ndi ma apendulo, kutheketsa nzika kuvota mwachindunji pa malamulo.

Kukhala Nzika Yokangalika: Kuchita ndi Boma Lanu

Njira yoyamba imene mungatsatire ndi kumvetsa mmene kakonzedweko kangayendere, koma zotsatira ndi kuthandiza nawo.

  • Kudziwitsa m'masankho alionse,[FLT ,1] kuchokera ku bungwe lasukulu lakwanuko kupita kwa pulezidenti. Chisankho cha Midterm (pamene Congress imasankhidwa popanda pulezidenti) nchofunika monga masankho a pulezidenti chifukwa chakuti amasankha kuti ndi chipani chiti chiti chimene chimalamulira Nyumba ya Malamulo.
  • Kukumana ndi oimira anu. Mukhoza kuitana, maimelo, kapena kulemba makalata kwa mamembala anu a Congress. Ofesi zawo zimayendera malingaliro a oimira, makamaka pa malamulo otsala.
  • Nyumba za tauni zomangidwa ndi misonkhano yapoyera. Akuluakulu osonyezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi mabwalo otseguka m'zigawo zawo. Awa ndi mipata ya kufunsa mafunso ndi nkhaŵa.
  • tsatirani mawebusaiti a boma monga Congress.gov, USA.gov, ndi Federal Register kutsata malamulo ndi malamulo atsopano.
  • Kutumikira pa juli. Ntchito ya Chikole iri thayo la boma limene limachirikiza mwachindunji chilungamo ndi kuyenera kwa nthambi yachiweruzo.
  • Ganizirani kuthamanga mu ofesi kapena kudzipereka ku ntchito. Maofesi ambiri akwanuko monga komiti ya sukulu kapena bungwe la mzinda ali ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri samatsutsidwa.

Wodziŵa bwino za nzikayo ndi wofunika kwambiri kuti dzikolo likhale ndi thanzi. Malamulo amayamba ndi “Ife Anthu,” kugogomezera kuti ulamuliro wa boma potsirizira pake umachokera kwa nzika zake. Mwa kuphunzira mmene dongosololo limagwirira ntchito ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zoyenera zanu, mumathandiza kupangitsa kuyesa kwa ku America kukhala kwamoyo.

Kumaliza

Makonzedwe a boma la United States ndi manthambi ake atatu, mayeso ndi malingana, ndi magawo a boma a ulamuliro . Kungaoneke kukhala ovuta, koma amazikidwa pa malamulo omveka bwino: kuletsa upo, kuteteza, ndi kutumikira anthu. Malamulo apereka dongosolo lolimba lomwe lathandiza kuthana ndi nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, kusokonezeka kwa zachuma, ndi kusagwirizana kwa chikhalidwe. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mbali yodziŵika bwino, ndipo nzika iliyonse ili ndi udindo woŵerengera boma. Mwakudziŵa mmene Legislatitititi, democrative, democlacy, ndi ntchito ya bungwe la Javity, mumakhala wothandiza kwambiri pa democracy. Thul, ogwirizana ndi odziwirira, ndi kukumbukira kuti boma limagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pamene anthu odziŵa ntchito.