Table of Contents
Kupangidwa kwa Ulamuliro wa Amereka
Boma la United States lili limodzi la ma republic akale kwambiri padziko lonse logwiritsira ntchito mopitirizabe malamulo alamulo, lolinganizidwira kulinganiza ulamuliro kumbali zosiyanasiyana za ulamuliro pamene likusunga ufulu wa munthu. Chigwirizano chake, chokhazikitsidwa mu 1787, chikusonyeza zaka mazana a filosofi ya ndale zadziko, kulolera kothandiza, ndi kukayikira kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro wapamwamba. Nzika iliyonse imapindula ndi kuzindikira osati kokha mapangidwe olinganizidwa alamulo . Nthambi zitatu, malamulo a ufulu, dongosolo la msonkho, komanso ntchito yake yokulira m’chitaganya chamakono. Nkhaniyi imapereka kusanthula kosamalitsa kwakuyaluza mmene boma, ufulu wake waukulu, ntchito zimene limafuna kwa nzika zake, ndi ntchito yake yokulira.
Nthambi Zitatu ndi Machesi ndi Kulinganizika
Malamulo a ku United States amagawa boma la boma kukhala nthambi zitatu zolingana: Legislative, Guide, ndi Judicial . Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu zosiyana, koma ulamuliro wogwirizana umatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene ingalamulire. Kupanga kumeneku kumatchedwa macheke ndi malingana [1] Kugwirizana ndi kulolera molakwa kulamulira bwino.
Nthambi Zolamulira: Kupanga Malamulo
Congress, Legislative Branch, ali ndi thayo la kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma. Ndilo badamaral, yopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Konnyumba ndi Nyumba ya Oimira . Nyumba ya Malamulo imaphatikizapo mamembala 100, aŵiri kuchokera ku boma lirilonse, akutumikira mawu a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Nyumbayo iri ndi oimira 435 ovota, ogawidwa ndi anthu, amene amatumikira malamulo a zaka ziŵiri. Mapaipi onse aŵiri ayenera kuvomereza asanatumizidwe kwa Pulezidenti.
Kuwonjezera pa kukhazikitsa malamulo, Nyumba ya Malamulo imakhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu zoyang’anira: imatsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti, kuvomereza mapangano, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kulamulira boma mwa kugwiritsa ntchito chikwama.
- Igwirizana: imatsimikizira alembi a kabungwe, zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba, ndi akazembe ochitidwa ndi anthu ochepera; imavomereza mapangano ndi mavoti aŵiri a chitatu.
- Nyumba ya Oimira: imayambitsa ndalama zonse zoyendetsera ndalama, imayambitsa machitidwe a kufunsira, ndi kusankha Pulezidenti mu nkhani ya Electoral College deving.
- Committees: Nyumba zonse ziŵiri zimadalira pa komiti .Inde, sankha, ndi makomiti ogwirizana(to Vet malamulo, kuchititsa mayeso, ndi kuyang'anira mabungwe akuluakulu.
Ngati mufuna zambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka malamulo, pitani kuwebusaiti ya akuluakulu a boma. gov , imene imapereka ndalama za mapepala amakono, mapulogalamu a komiti, ndi zikalata za mbiri yakale.
Nthambi Yotsogolera: Kutsatira Malamulo
Pulezidenti atsogolera Franch Oudenti, yochirikizidwa ndi Pulezidenti Wamkulu, Kabinati, ndi bungwe lolamulira la boma lowonjezereka. Pulezidenti amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma ndi mkulu wa boma, kulamula magulu ankhondo, kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma, kuyendetsa malamulo achilendo, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma.
Oyang'anira Ofesi ya Gawo la Gawo la Gawo la Gawo la D. limaphatikizapo madipatimenti 15 a kabungwe (kuchokera ku Boma kukafika ku Veterans Affairs . ndi mazana a mabungwe odziimira monga Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ndi Federal Commissions Commission (FCC). Mabungwe ameneŵa amalemba malamulo amene amatsogolera lamulo, kumasulira zolinga za kukhazikitsa, ndi kuyendetsa maprogramu a chisungiko cha mayanjano kuchokera ku mapaki a dziko.
- Presidenti:[[FLT :1] Kuphunzira zaka zinayi zilizonse kudzera ku Electoral College kufika ku ukulu wa mawu aŵiri.
- Pulezidenti wa Chivomezi: Amatsogolera Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi masitepe ngati Pulezidenti ali wosakhoza.
- Cabinet: Otsogolera madipatimenti a akuluakulu, ofuna kuvomerezedwa.
Nthambi ya Oweruza: Kumasulira Malamulo
Branch Oweruza, yotsogozedwa ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba, imamasulira lamulo la boma ndi Konsichushoni, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo ndi zochita zapamwamba zigwirizane ndi malamulo alamulo. Mfundo III ya Konsichushoni imakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa chiweruzo, koma Congress imakhazikitsa ukulu wa Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi kupanga makhoti aang'ono. Pakali pano, Bwalo Lapamwamba limakhala ndi oweruza asanu ndi anayi, oikidwa kaamba ka moyo, ku makhalidwe abwino /to kuwachotsa ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko.
Makhoti ang'onoang'ono a boma amaphatikizapo makhoti 94 achigawo, kumene milandu imachitidwa, ndi makhoti 13 a apilo, amene amamva zilolezo kuchokera ku makhoti a chigawo. Gulu lingapemphe khoti Lapamwamba, limene limamva ngati 1% ya mapempho chaka chilichonse. Mwa kupenda kwachiweruzo . Madison . Mary . [18.03] Khotilo lingamenye malamulo ndi machitidwe apamwamba opezedwa kuti ndi osemphana ndi malamulo.
- [[NT.0] Khoti lapamwamba: Lomaliza lotsutsa mafunso a lamulo; amasankha milandu imene ingamvedwe kupyolera mwa ma writ a certiorari.
- Makhoti a Madera: Chigamulo cha zidzulo m'khoti loletsa (khoti lathunthu) kapena m'makhoti atatu oweruza.
- Makhoti a chigawo: Asamalira milandu yambiri ya boma .civil ndi apandu .
Malingaliro alamulo ndi chidziŵitso cha milandu zimapezeka ku SupmeCourt.gov
Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika pa Ntchito
Malamulo a boma la United States ali ndi nzeru za nthaŵi zonse zokambirana za ulamuliro. Pulezidenti angapereke malamulo oletsa ndalama, koma Msonkhano ungathetse zinthu zazikulu. Pulezidenti amaweruza, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo imawatsimikizira. Ndalama za Congress boma, koma Pulezidenti angawononge ndalama kapena kukana kuziwononga kutsutsana ndi khoti. Oweruza a nthambi angawononge malamulo, koma Congress angapereke malamulo oletsa malamulo kuthetsa zigamu za Khoti. Kutsutsana kumeneku kumakakamiza, kukambirana ndi kuvomerezana ndi kusanayambe ntchito iliyonse ya nthambi.
Ufulu wa Nzika: Malamulo Oikidwiratuwo Amatsimikizira
Bukhu la Bill of Rights . . "Kusintha kwa ufulu wa anthu khumi ku Malamulo ." Kusintha kowonjezereka, zigamulo za khoti, ndi malamulo zafutukuka ndi kulongosola bwino lomwe chitetezo chimenechi. Pansipa pali ufulu wotchuka kwambiri umene nzika iliyonse iyenera kudziŵa.
Kusintha Koyamba kwa Malamulo
First Amendment imateteza chipembedzo, kulankhula, nyuzipepala, msonkhano, ndi kuyenera kwa kupempha boma. Imaletsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhazikitsa chipembedzo kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwaufulu, ndipo imatetezera kutsutsa kwa ndale zadziko kokulirapo (ngakhale kulankhula kumene ambiri amakupeza kukhala konyansa kwa boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira kukonzedwa kwa kachitidwe ka boma ku malire onse.
Kutsatira Zochita za Apandu
Lachinayi, Lachisanu, Lachisanu ndi chimodzi, Lachisanu ndi chitatu, ndi Lachisanu ndi chitatu Lachisanu, ndi Lachisanu ndi Chisanu limateteza anthu m'dongosolo la zigawenga. Malo achinayi ofufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda; apolisi amafunikira chilolezo chochirikizidwa ndi chothekera. Lachisanu ndi chisanu limaletsa kudzivulaza, kuopsa koŵirikiza, ndi kutsimikizira kuti nthaŵi yake iyenera kuchitika moyo usanayambe, ufulu, kapena katundu ikhoza kutengedwa. Lachisanu ndi chimodzi limatsimikizira kuzengedwa mlandu wapo ndi abusalabu lopanda tsankho, loyenera kupatsidwa uphungu, ndi kuyenera kwa Mboni.
Kuvomereza Ufulu
Kuyenera kwa kupatsana ndalama ndi kofunika kwambiri koma kwakhala kogwirizana ndi kusintha ndi malamulo. The 155th Commission (170) inaletsa tsankho la mafuko posankha; la 199 (1920) linawonjezera kuphatika kwa akazi; makumi aŵiri ndi Four64) linaletsa kufunsira; ndipo zaka za kuvota zina 20 ndi 0971 zinachepetsa zaka za kusanthula kufika pa 18.
Kuposa Malamulo a Ufulu
Pambuyo pake kukonzanso kwawonjezera ufulu ndi kuthetsa nkhani za nyumba. Zachisanu ndi chimodzi zathetsa ukapolo; za 14 zinatsimikizira chitetezo chofanana ndi njira yoyenerera molimbana ndi maboma a boma; za 15, monga momwe kwatchulidwira, zovotera amuna akuda. Makhoti achiŵiri, otembenuzidwa mu Diquality of Columbia v. Heller [2008], amatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense wokhala ndi mfuti kaamba ka ufulu wa kudzifera yekha. Makhoti akupitirizabe kuyeretsa ufulu umenewu, kuwagwirizanitsa ndi ubwino wa anthu onse ndi zikondwerero za boma.
Mndandanda wokwanira wa kusintha kwa malamulo umapezeka pa USA.gov’s andustruction confice
Udindo wa Nzika: Ntchito Yochirikiza Demokrase
M’munsimu, boma liyenera kukhala ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso limathandiza kuti boma likhale ndi udindo wosamalira anthu onse.
Kugwira Ntchito ndi Kukhala ndi Mbali m’Zosankha
Njira yachindunji kwambiri imene nzika zimasonkhezera boma ndiyo mwa kuvota m'boma, m'boma, ndi m'masankho a kumaloko. M'dziko la United States muli mademokrase ena, koma ngakhale voti limodzi lokha lingasankhe mafuko apafupi / makamaka m'mipikisano ya kumaloko. Kuvota kodziŵika bwino kumafuna ofunsira, nkhani zomvetsetsa, ndi kutsimikizira masiku olembetsa.
Kumvera Malamulo ndi Kukhoma Misonkho
Malamulo amapanga maziko odziŵika bwino kwa anthu. Nzika zimayembekezeredwa kuzimvera, kuyambira pa malamulo a pamsewu kufikira ku malamulo a boma. Kutsutsa kodzifunira kumafooketsa dongosolo la anthu. Mofananamo, kupereka misonkho (ndalama), kugulitsa, katundu [1] kumasangalatsa nzika za ntchito zodalira: misewu, sukulu, chitetezo cha dziko, kusungitsa malamulo, ndi makonde. Kupeŵa malamulo kuli kosaloleka ndipo kumachepetsa mphamvu ya onse ya kutumikira zabwino.
Kutumikira pa Mapeya
Gawo la Jury ndi ntchito ya lamulo. Pamene laitanidwa, nzika ziyenera kusimba za kuopsa kwa chivoir ndi kukhoza kutumikira pa khoti loweruza milandu. Mapempho a Sikisi ndi Sevete anatsimikizira kuyenera kwa ajuli m'milandu ya apandu ndi milandu yambiri yachiŵeniŵeni. Popanda nzika kukhala ndi phande, dongosolo la chiweruzo silingagwire ntchito. Makhoti amapereka malipiro ochepa, koma utumiki ndiwo maziko a chiweruzo cha democracy.
Kuloŵa m’Nthaŵi ya Kusamba Kuposa Bokosi la Mpira
Democracy imakula kwambiri ngati nzika zakhala zikuposa pa kuvota. Kupita ku misonkhano ya m'tauni, kulembera akuluakulu osankhidwa, kudzipereka pa mautumiki, kuthamangira ntchito, ndi kutumikira pa mabungwe a anthu ndizo njira zonse zopangira malamulo. . .CUP] Mabungwe a aphunzitsi, mabungwe akwanu, mabungwe osapanga phindu, "kulola kuloŵerera mwachindunji m'mavuto. Kuwonjezera apo, nzika ziyenera kukhala zodziŵidwa ponena za nkhani za anthu mwa kuŵerenga nkhani zodalirika, mfundo zenizeni, ndi kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa malingaliro ndi manyuzipepala.
Utumiki wa Mtundu ndi Utumiki Wankhondo
Ngakhale kuti ntchito yausilikali ndi yodzifunira, Selo Service System ikufuna kuti amuna a zaka 18-25 alembetse. Pa nthawi ya ngozi ya dziko lonse, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingathe kubwezeretsa ntchito yankhondo. Pambali pa nkhondo, maprogramu ausilikali monga AmariCorps ndi Peace Corps akupereka njira za kuthandizira anthu wamba pa zosoŵa zapanyumba ndi za padziko lonse. Maprogramu ameneŵa amalimbikitsa lingaliro la chifuno chimodzi ndi thayo la chitaganya.
Kulemekeza Ufulu wa Ena
Nzika ziyenera kulemekeza ufulu wa anansi awo, ngakhale pamene sizigwirizana. Mpambo Woyamba umatetezera mawu audani, komanso umatetezeranso luso la ena la kulambira, kulankhula, ndi kusonkhana popanda kuvutitsidwa. Chiŵembu ndi kulolera siziri mathayo alamulo m'nkhani zambiri, koma nzofunika kuti anthu akhale ndi makhalidwe abwino. luso lachibadwa la anthu ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana a kumvetsetsa zimalimbitsa nkhani yapoyera.
Ntchito Yowonjezereka ya Boma m’Chitaganya Chamakono
Ntchito ya boma la United States yakula kwambiri kuposa boma laling'ono loyang’anira usiku limene oyambitsawo analiganizira. Lerolino, boma la boma . . .Imapanga ntchito zambiri zimene zimakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kumvetsa ntchito imeneyi kumathandiza nzika kuona ngati malonda akugulidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma ali ndi mlandu.
Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse ndi Chitetezo cha Dziko
Kupereka chitetezo chofala kuli chifuno chachikulu cha lamulo. Dipatimenti ya Zotetezera imayendetsa nkhondo yaikulu koposa padziko lonse, ndi asilikali amene akuikidwa padziko lonse. Kusungidwa kwa lamulo lapanyumba kumaphatikizapo mabungwe ambiri a boma . FBI, DEA, ATF, US Marshals . Kufufuza milandu yokhudza kutsutsidwa kwa m'mzere. Apolisi a boma ndi oweruza a boma amasamalira nkhani zambiri za chitetezo cha tsiku ndi tsiku. Maboma amathandiziranso madipatimenti a moto, mautumiki a zachipatala, ndi maluso a pheransi kudzera mu FEMA.
Malo Opangira Zinthu ndi Zoyendera
Federal, boma, ndi maboma akomweko amamanga ndi kukonza misewu, maulalo, mabwalo a ndege, madoko, madongosolo a zoyendera za onse, ndi makampani omangidwa m'mabwalo a magetsi. Interstate Highway System, inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi boma mu 1956. Malamulo aposachedwapa a zaumoyo athandiza anthu mabiliyoni ambiri kukonzanso madongosolo aukalamba, kuwonjezera masiteshoni a galimoto zamagetsi, ndi kukonza njanji. Popanda kuyendetsa makampani, ndalama zambiri za boma, kuchuluka kwa malonda ndi ulendo wa tsiku ndi tsiku sizingakhalepo.
Maphunziro ndi Kupita Patsogolo kwa Ntchito
Maphunziro kwakukulukulu ndi thayo la boma ndi la kumaloko, koma boma limapereka ndalama kupyolera mwa maprogramu onga ngati Thet I (masukulu olandira ndalama zochepa) ndi Pell Grants (a ophunzira a pa koleji). Boma lililonse limakhala ndi njira zake zoyambirira, za sekondale, ndi zapamwamba, limakhazikitsa miyezo, maphunziro a sukulu, ndi zofunika zomaliza maphunziro. Boma limaperekanso ndalama zophunzitsira ntchito kudzera ku Dipatimenti ya Labor, maphunziro, ndi makoleji kuthandiza antchito kusinthira ku kusintha chuma.
Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Mautumiki a Mayanjano
Boma limathandiza kwambiri pa zaumoyo. Medare limapereka inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo kwa okalamba ndi anthu ena olumala; Medicaid akubisa anthu ndi mabanja otsika; Affordhable Care Act (ACA) yowonjezera inshuwalansi kudzera mwa kusinthana ndi kuthandizira. Mabungwe a zaumoyo achipatala amathandiza. Mabungwe a zaumoyo a anthu. CDC, FDA, NIH, PHILIG, amavomereza kuti matenda ayambe, ndiponso amakhazikitsa malamulo oteteza. Popanda mapulogalamu ameneŵa, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America sangakhale ndi njira zochiritsira.
Mabungwe a zachitetezo amaphatikizapo kupuma pantchito kwa Social Security ndi mapindu a kulemala, Someral Nutrition Application Program (SNAP), ndalama zothandizira anthu kupeza nyumba, chithandizo cha kanthaŵi kamodzi pa Mabanja (ATANF), ndi inshuwalansi ya ulova. Maprogramu ameneŵa amapanga chitetezo chimene chimachepetsa umphaŵi ndi kukhazikitsa chuma panthaŵi ya mavuto.
Kusintha Zachuma ndi Chitetezo cha Ogula
Boma limalamulira mabizinesi kutetezera ogula, antchito, ndi malo okhala. Secureties ndi Exchange Commission imayang'anira misika ya zachuma; Federal Reserve imakhazikitsa malamulo a ndalama ndi kuyang'anira mabanki; Federal Trade Commission imakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kudalirika ndi kuletsa chinyengo; Dipatimenti ya Ntchito imakhazikitsa malipiro ochepa ndi chisungiko cha ntchito; EPA imaika malire pa mpweya ndi kuipitsa madzi; ndi Consumer Product Safety Commis imakumbukira zinthu zowopsa. Kukonzanso malamulo a kuwongolera kulephera kwa malonda, kunja monga kuipitsa, ndi chidziŵitso monga kuipitsa zinthu, chomwe chingavulaze anthu onse.
Udindo wa Malo Okhala ndi Magetsi
Mabungwe a Federal monga EPA, Department of Energy, ndi National Park Service amayang'anira mayiko onse, amayendetsa mpweya, amapititsa patsogolo mphamvu za chilengedwe, ndi kuteteza zinthu zachilengedwe. Malamulo a mpweya ndi madzi, chitetezo cha nyama zimene zili pangozi, ndi malo aukhondo kwambiri ndizo kuloŵerera mwachindunji kwa boma. Malamulo a mphamvu amagetsi amaphatikizapo zinthu zosonkhezera dzuwa, mphepo, ndi mphamvu ya nyukliya; ndi mafuta oyendera bwino. Kusintha kwa nyengo, ntchito ya boma yakhala yovuta ndi yolimbana ndi nkhondo.
Magaŵano: Kugaŵanikana kwa Maulamuliro
Dongosolo la United States siliri lalamulo lokha; ndi lipabuliki la boma kumene maboma ali ndi ufulu wochuluka. Maulamuliro a Tenth Amendment osagaŵiridwa ku boma la boma kapena anthu. Zimenezi zimalola maboma kukhala monga malaboratori a demokrase . Amasintha ndi malamulo a zaumoyo, maphunziro, chiweruzo chaupandu, ndi msonkho. Maboma a m’dzikolo . "Maboma a zachuma, mizinda, chigawo cha sukulu, polishic, police, mapaki, ndi malaibulale. Nthaŵi zambiri nzika zimachitachita ndi ziyambukiro zachindunji kwambiri pa magawo a za za zaumoyo, kumene akuluakulu osankhidwa ali pafupi ndi nkhani zofunika kwambiri.
Kuloŵa m'ndale ndi mavuto a boma, USA.gov shopu ya boma imapereka magwirizanitso ku malo a boma a boma.
Kumaliza: Kuchita Zinthu ndi Dongosolo
Kuzindikira mmene boma la United States limagwirira ntchito , nthambi za makhoti, kutsimikiza kwake kwa ufulu, udindo wa unzika, ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito yake yamakono . Anthu akulimbana ndi moyo wapoyera. Dongosololi ndi lopanda ungwiro, kaŵirikaŵiri limawononga, ndipo nthaŵi zonse limasintha mwa masankho, zigamulo za khoti, malamulo, ndi zochita za nzika. Koma limalimbabe chifukwa chakuti linalinganizidwa kuti lisinthe. Kutetezera kopambana kotsutsana ndi demokrase kuli kulephera kwa demokrase ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nzika. Ngati ndi kuvomereza, kulipira misonkhoma, kupezeka pa msonkhano wa sukulu, kapena kukhala wodziŵitsidwa, nzika iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu yokonza malamulo a dziko. Boma si chinthu chapadera; ilo n’chiwonetsere anthu onse amene amagwirizana ndi kukhazikitsa unziko.