Mmene Khoti Linayambira ku United States

Malamulo a khotili amatumikira monga maziko a dongosolo la lamulo pa pafupifupi demokrase iliyonse yamakono. Ndilo bungwe limene malamulo amamasuliridwa, mikangano imathetsedwa, ndipo chilungamo chimaperekedwa m’njira yosasintha ndi yopanda tsankho. ku United States, jaji imagwira ntchito monga nthambi yodziimira ya boma, yosiyana ndi nthambi za malamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma, yogwirizana, yoyambira mfundo za malamulo ndi malamulo a boma. Khotiliti si chinthu chimodzi, koma ndi dongosolo lokhala ndi lamodzi koma ndilo lopangidwa ndi mipangika ya mizera yambiri, lililonse lili ndi maudindo odziŵika bwino. Kumvetsa mmene mitu ya malamulo ameneŵa iliri yofunika kwa aliyense, malamulo, kapena malamulo a anthu. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda kodzala kwa malamulo osiyanasiyana mkati mwa khoti la U. U.

Cholinga cha Khoti Lokhala ndi Anthu

Nchifukwa ninji pali milingo yambiri ya makhoti? Yankho nlofunika kuti alinganize, chilungamo, ndi kusasinthana m'kuyang'anira chiweruzo. Makhoti amilandu alinganizidwira kuthetsa mikangano yeniyeni ndi kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo ku mikhalidwe yowonetsera. Komabe, ngakhale kuzenga kosamala kwambiri kungatuluke ndi zolakwa za lamulo, kuvomereza mmene malangizo a aupoti anaperekedwa, kapena mmene malamulo anasuliridwira. Makhoti alipo kuti agwire ndi kuwongolera zolakwazo. Popanda pulotaste linzalo, woweruza mmodzi kapena juli akanakhala ndi mawu omalizira, kuwonjezera upandu wa zotulukapo zosalungama.

Makhoti aakulu, pamlingo wapamwamba koposa, amagwira ntchito yaikulu: amatsimikizira kuti lamulo limatembenuzidwa mofanana pambali zonse. Popanda khoti la zigamulo zomalizira, makhoti osiyanasiyana angapereke zigamulo zotsutsana pa funso lalamulo limodzimodzilo, kuyambitsa chipwirikiti ndi kusatsimikizirika kwa nzika, mabizinesi, ndi mabungwe a boma. Chotero kapangidwe kake sikakhala ka pulogalamu ya macheke ndi miyeso yolinganizidwa bwino lomwe m'boma la judiary.

Khoti lalikulu limapereka chitetezo chomaliza pa boma lochita zinthu mochenjerera.

Mabwalo Amilandu Atatu Aakulu

Pamene kuli kwakuti dzina lenileni ndi kulinganiza kwa makhoti kumasiyana m’boma ndi pakati pa maboma ndi madongosolo a boma, dongosolo lalikulu nlosasintha kwenikweni. mabwalo amilandu ambiri mu United States ali mndandanda waukulu wa mizere itatu: makhoti ozenga milandu, makhoti apakati, ndi bwalo lamilandu lopezerapo njira, lomwe kwenikweni limatchedwa khoti lalikulu koposa.

Makhoti Ozenga Milandu: Pamene Milandu Iyambika

Makhoti a khoti ndi amene amayambitsa milandu yonse ya milandu.

Makhoti a milandu ndi amene amaimba mlandu. Mlandu wa milandu umapereka umboni wotsimikizira mlandu wa woimbidwa mlanduyo popanda kukaikira, pamene kutsutsa kotsutsana ndi umboni ndi kupereka kwa iye mwini. M’nkhani ya boma, wotsutsa mlandu ayenera kutsimikizira mlandu wawo mwa kupenda umboni. Juries angakhale wophatikizidwa m'nkhani zonse ziŵiri, ngakhale kuti milandu yambiri imagamulidwa ndi woweruza yekhayo m’chimene chimatchedwa mlandu wa pa ben ben.

Mabungwe ozenga milandu ndi olondola. Kodi woimbidwa mlanduyo anatsatiridwa ndi mapepala ofufuzira? Kodi apolisi anali ndi chifukwa chomveka chofunsira?

Mitundu ya Makhoti Ozenga Milandu m’Nkhondo ya Boma

Makhoti a boma ndi ovuta kumvetsa ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amaphatikizapo makhoti angapo apadera.

  • General Juristion Courts: Awa ndi makhoti aakulu m'maboma ambiri. Iwo amasamalira milandu yaikulu ya upandu (maupandu), mikangano yaikulu ya boma, ndi nkhani zina zazikulu. Angatchedwe makhoti aakulu, makhoti adera, kapena makhoti achigawo malinga ndi boma.
  • Makhoti Oimbidwa mlandu: Makhoti ameneŵa amasamalira milandu yamtundu wina, monga kuswa malamulo a pamsewu, zinenezo zazing'ono (makangano amodzi pa ndalama zadola imodzi), ndi olakwa. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo makhoti a m'makhoti, makhoti achiweruzo, ndi mabwalo a milandu a majaji.
  • Makhoti a Banja: Magaŵano apadera m'makhoti ozenga milandu amene amasamalira chisudzulo, kusunga ana, kuchirikiza ana, kulera ana, ndi milandu yachiwawa yapanyumba. Makhoti ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito njira yochepekera yochitira zinthu ndipo angaphatikizepo mautumiki a mayanjano.
  • [[FLT: 0] Makhoti a Juvenile: Makhoti ameneŵa amasamalira milandu yokhudza ana, kuphatikizapo kupulupudza (pamene wachichepere aimbidwa mlandu wa mlandu umene ungakhale mlandu ngati wachitidwa ndi wachikulire) ndi kudalira (ngati wamng'ono wachitiridwa nkhanza, kunyalanyazidwa, kapena kusiyidwa). Chikhoterero m’khoti la achichepere kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala kukonzanso zinthu mmalo mwa chilango.
  • [[MLT:0] Probate Makhoti: Makhoti ameneŵa amasamalira zikalata zachifuno, malo, zotetezera, ndipo nthaŵi zina zoikizira za umoyo wamaganizo.

M'boma, khoti lamilandu limatchedwa kuti United States District Courts. Pali makhoti 94 a boma m’dziko lonselo, lililonse lokhudza malo a dziko. Makhoti a boma a Federal amaweruza milandu yokhudza lamulo la boma, Constitution ya United States, mikangano pakati pa nzika za mayiko osiyanasiyana (ngati ndalama zimene zakhala zotsutsana zikupitirira malire ena), ndipo nkhani zimene boma la United States limachita ndi mbali yake.

Makhoti Ozenga Mlandu: Deti Loyamba la Kupenda

Nsanja yachiŵiri ya khoti ili ndi makhoti apakati. M'dongosolo la boma, ameneŵa amatchedwa United States Courts of Appeals, ndipo pali 13 a iwo: madera 11 okhala ndi manambala, D.C. dera, ndi Federal . M'mayiko ambiri, makhoti a appeltte amatchedwa makhoti a apilo kapena khoti la appellate.

Makhoti a milandu sapereka milandu yatsopano. Iwo samva mboni, salandira umboni watsopano, kapena kuchita mlandu wachiŵiri. Mmalomwake, amapenda mbiri ya kuzenga mlandu kwa khotilo . "malembo apamanja, zisonyezero, kutsata, ndi zigamulo . Kutsimikizira kaya ngati zolakwa zalamulo zinachitikira zimene zinayambukira chitsiriziro cha mlanduwo. Nkhani si yakuti ajuliwo anafika ku chigamulo cha "kumanja" koma kaya mlanduwo unachitidwa bwino ndi mogwirizana ndi lamulo.

Zipilo sizimangochitika zokha pa nkhani iliyonse. Munthu amene akufuna kupempha, dzina lake apnellant, ayenera kulemba chikalata choitanira pa nthawi yokhwima (kaŵirikaŵiri masiku 30 kuchokera pamene aloŵa m'chiweruzo). Nthaŵi zina, woimba mlandu ayeneranso kutchula cholakwika chalamulo chimene chinachitika pozenga mlandu. Ngati palibe cholakwika chimene chapezeka, apiloyo ingachotsedwe.

Mmene Njira Yoyendera Imagwirira Ntchito

Kumvetsa mfundo iliyonse kumathandiza kufotokoza bwino mmene dongosolo la khoti limatsimikizira kuti liyenera kuyankha mlandu ndiponso limachita zinthu molongosoka poweruza milandu.

  • Notice of Appeal: Mafaelo otsatizana ndi chilengezo chalamulo ndi khoti lozenga mlandu kusonyeza cholinga cha kukopa. Chikalatachi chimachititsa kusamutsira mlanduwo ku khoti la aupellate.
  • Copedi pa Apilo: [[FLT :1] Kalaliki wa khoti amasonkhanitsa cholembedwa chalamulo, kuphatikizapo zifunsiro zonse, kuyendetsa zinthu, mapepala aumboni, zionetsero, ndi chigamulo cha khoti lozenga mlandu. Nkhaniyi ndiyo chidziŵitso chokha chimene khoti la audoma lidzalingalira.
  • Mabungwe: Magulu onse aŵiri akupereka zigomeko zolembedwa zodziŵika monga zachidule. Mawu a apulontant amafotokoza chifukwa chake khoti lozenga mlandu linachita cholakwa cha lamulo ndi chifukwa chake kulakwako kumafuna kusinthidwa kapena kuzenga kwatsopano. Aumelle (m’gulu limene linapambana pamlandu) amatsutsa mwachidule kuti chigamulo cha khotilo chinali cholondola ndipo chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa. Amicuscuriae (bwenzi la khoti") lingasungidwenso ndi anthu okondwerera atatu.
  • Mlandu wa mawu: [[FLT :1] M'milandu yambiri, mandandanda a khoti a kutsutsana, pamene maloya a mbali zonse ziŵiri akupereka mfundo zawo zazikulu ndi mayankho a mafunso kwa oweruza. Nkhani za mlomo zimakhala zazifupi kwambiri [1] Nthaŵi zambiri 15 mpaka 30 mphindi pambali iliyonse , ndipo si nkhani yofotokozanso mfundo koma nkhani yapamwamba ya nkhani za lamulo.
  • Chigamulo: Pambuyo polingalira mfundo zazifupi ndi zapakamwa, khoti lamilandu lipereka lingaliro lolembedwa. Lingalirolo limafotokoza kulingalira kwa khoti ndi kunena zotsatira zake: kutsimikizira (kusintha chigamulo cha khoti lozenga), kubwezera (kubwezera chigamulocho), kubwezera (kubwezera mlandu ku khoti lozenga mlandu kaamba ka kutsutsana ndi lingaliro lowonjezereka), kapena kuwongolera (kusintha mbali za chigamulo).

M’makhoti ena osapezekapezeka ndiponso ofunika kwambiri, khoti lonse likhoza kuweruza mlanduwu moletsa, kutanthauza kuti oweruza onse olimbikira a m’khotilo amatenga nawo mbali pa chigamulocho.

Khoti Lalikulu: Khoti Lotsiriza

Pachimake pa akulu a akulu a zachiweruzo ali m’khoti lalikulu. M'dongosolo la boma, ili ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States. M'madongosolo a boma, ilo limatchedwa kwenikweni khoti lalikulu la boma (M’dera la New York, khoti lapamwamba limatchedwa Bwalo la Apilo, limene lingakhale magwero a chisokonezo). Khoti lalikulu ndilo ulamuliro womalizira pa mafunso a lamulo pakati pa bomalo.

Ntchito ya bwalo lamilandu lalikulu njosiyana kwenikweni ndi ija ya bwalo lamilandu kapena khoti lozenga mlandu. Makhoti aakulu samadera nkhaŵa kwenikweni ndi kuwongolera zolakwa za munthu; imeneyo ndiyo ntchito ya makhoti apakati. Mmalomwake, makhoti aakulu amasumika maganizo pa nkhani za kufunika kwakukulu kwa lamulo ndipo amalingalira zimene zimayambukira ulamuliro wonse ndi kufuna chigamulo chofanana.

Ntchito Yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu

  • Mkulu wa malamulo a Chilamulo: Zigamulo za khoti lalikulu n’zofunika pa makhoti onse aang’ono m’manja mwake. Pamene Khoti Lalikulu la U.S. limasulira lamulo la boma kapena la Malamulo, makhoti onse a boma ndi boma ayenera kutsatira kumasulira kumeneko. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kusasintha ndi kuneneratu m’lamulo.
  • Constitugational Interpretation: makhoti aakulu ali ndi mphamvu ya kupenda malamulo ndi machitidwe a boma kaamba ka malamulo alamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi, yodziŵika monga kupenda kwachiweruzo, inakhazikitsidwa m'nkhani ya mlandu wapamwamba wa Marbury . Madison (1033). Khoti lalikulu lingakantha lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress kapena chigwirizano cha boma ngati liswa malamulo.
  • Kukhazikitsa Malamulo: Zigamulo za khoti lapamwamba zimapereka zitsanzo zogwirizana zimene zimaumba kupangidwa kwa lamulo kwa zaka makumi ambiri kapena ngakhale zaka mazana. Nkhani zolemba zapansi monga Brown v. Board of Education (1954), zimene zinalengeza kugaŵikana kwa mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse, ndi Roe v, zimene zinavomereza kuyenera kwa lamulo lalamulo la kuchotsa mimba, zikusonyeza mphamvu yaikulu ya malamulo a khoti lalikulu pa chitaganya.
  • Imasankha milandu imene ingamvedwe. M'khoti Lapamwamba la U.S., zimenezi zimachitidwa kudzera m'makhoti ozenga milandu ndi makhoti apakati, amene ayenera kumva milandu yoperekedwa pamaso pawo, makhoti aakulu ambiri ali ndi ulamuliro wogamulapo. Makhoti aakulu amasankha milandu imene angamve. M'khoti Lapamwamba la U.S., zimenezi zimachitidwa mwa njira yochititsa chiwiya cha beretiariri. Khoti limalandira mapempho zikwi zambiri chaka chilichonse koma limapatsa ochepera 100 kuti lipende. Chigamulo cha kupereka chivoti cha zigamu za zisanu ndi zinayi ("chilamuliro cha zinayi").

Khoti Lalikulu la United States lili ndi oweruza asanu ndi anayi, kuphatikizapo Woweruza Wamkulu ndi Malungamo Anzake asanu ndi atatu. Zoweruza zaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikiziridwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Izo zimatumikira kuikidwa kwa moyo wonse, kumene kuli kolinganizidwira kuwatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko ndi kutetezera kudziimira kwa komiti ya chiweruzo.

Unansi Pakati pa Maboma ndi Makhoti Aunyinji

Chimodzi cha mbali zapadera koposa za dongosolo lamilandu la United States ndicho kakonzedwe kake kaŵiri: madongosolo a boma osiyana ndi a boma akugwira ntchito pamodzi. Dongosolo lirilonse liri ndi makhoti ake ozenga mlandu, makhoti a appendulo, ndi bwalo lamilandu lalikulu. Mfungulo yodziŵira dongosolo la mbali ziŵirizi iri m’lingaliro la ulamuliro.

Makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wa onse pa milandu imene imabuka pansi pa lamulo. Izi zimaphatikizapo unyinji wa milandu ya lamulo: milandu yambiri (kusiyapo ija yokhudza upandu wa boma), mikangano ya pangano, mikangano ya katundu, malamulo a banja, milandu ya munthu mwini, ndi nkhani za mapangano. Boma lirilonse liri ndi malamulo akeake, malamulo a bwalo lamilandu, ndi njira, zimene zimatanthauza mlandu umodzimodziwo ukhoza kuthetsedwa mosiyana m’maiko osiyanasiyana.

Makhoti a Federal ali ndi mphamvu zochepa. Amangomva nkhani zimene zimaphatikizapo nkhani ya boma (chinenezo chobuka pansi pa malamulo a U.S., lamulo la boma, kapena pangano) kapena mitundu ya unzika (pamene maguluwo ali nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana ndi unyinji wa mkangano woposa $75,000). Makhoti a Federal amasamaliranso milandu ya kulephera kwa ndalama, milandu ya kulephera, ndi milandu yokhudza boma la U.S. monga chipani.

Mlandu nthaŵi zina ungamvedwe m’bwalo laboma kapena la boma, mkhalidwe wodziŵika monga mgwirizano wa nthaŵi imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mlandu pakati pa nzika za maboma osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo mkangano ukhoza kuperekedwa m'khoti la boma kapena, ngati ndalama za mkanganowo zipitirira $75,000, m’khoti la boma chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa malamulo. Woimbidwa mlanduyo kwenikweni amasankha chigawo cha chigawocho, koma woimbidwa mlanduyo angakhale ndi ufulu wochotsa mlanduwo ku khoti la boma.

Malamulo a milandu ya boma ndi boma ndi osiyana. Mlandu umene umayamba m'khoti lamilandu umayambira kudzera m'dongosolo la boma ndipo, potsirizira pake, ku khoti lalikulu. Njira yokha imene mlandu wa boma ungafikire ku U.S. Supreme Court ndi ngati ukuphatikizapo funso la boma, monga kunena kuti lamulo la boma likuswa malamulo a U.S.. M’nkhani imeneyo, khoti lalikulu la U.S. lili ndi ulamuliro wopenda chigamulo cha khoti lalikulu la boma.

Mabwalo Amilandu Apadera Mkati mwa Dongosolo

Kupyola pa dongosolo lapadera la mabwalo atatu, pali makhoti angapo apadera amene amasamalira mitundu yakutiyakuti ya milandu. Makhoti ameneŵa alipo ponse paŵiri m'magawo a boma ndi boma ndipo alinganizidwira kukulitsa ukatswiri m’mbali zina za lamulo.

Makhoti Apadera Oyenderana ndi Maboma

Makhoti osiyanasiyana a boma amaphatikizapo makhoti osiyanasiyana okhala ndi mphamvu m’dziko lonselo pankhani zakutizakuti:

  • United States Courts of Appeal for the Federal Friest: Khotili likumva zifunsiro m'milandu yalamulo, milandu ya khoti la Federal Menties, ndi nkhani zina zapadera. Ndi khoti limodzi lokhala ndi ulamuliro wa dziko, mosiyana ndi makhoti a chigawo amene akumva zifunsiro kuchokera ku madera ena.
  • United States Court of International Trade: Khotili likuchita zinthu za boma zophatikizapo malamulo a malonda a dziko lonse ndi miyambo.
  • Khoti la United States Tchata: [[FLT :1] Khotili likumva mikangano pakati pa okhoma msonkho ndi Internal Revolution Service (RS) wokhometsa msonkho asanalipire msonkho wotsutsana.
  • Khoti la apilo la United States la Magulu Onyamula Zida: Khoti limeneli likupenda zikalata za khoti ndi nkhani zina za chiweruzo chankhondo.
  • United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC): Khoti lachinsinsi limeneli limapenda mafomu a kuyang'anira kwamagetsi ndi ntchito zina zosonkhanitsa nzeru mu United States.

Mabwalo a Mabwalo a Milandu Apadera a M’dzikolo

Maboma ambiri akhazikitsanso makhoti apadera, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa makhoti osamalira mavuto, amene amasumika maganizo pa kulongosola nkhani zazikulu zimene zimatsogolera ku mkhalidwe waupandu:

  • Makhoti a mankhwala: Makhoti ameneŵa amapereka chilango china kwa olakwa opanda chiwawa a anamgoneka, kuphatikiza uyang'aniro wachiweruzo ndi kuchiritsa ndi kubwezeretsa.
  • Makhoti a Thanzi la Mantha: Makhoti ameneŵa amapatutsa anthu odwala matenda a maganizo kuchokera ku dongosolo lachiweruzo chamwambo chaupandu kukhala maprogramu a kuchiritsa.
  • Makhoti: Makhoti ameneŵa amasamalira zosoŵa zapadera za asilikali omwe aloŵa m'dongosolo la chiweruzo chaupandu, kaŵirikaŵiri akumapereka chithandizo cha PTSD, kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mankhwala, ndi nkhani zina zokhudza utumiki.
  • Makhoti apakati pa 13: Makhoti ameneŵa amalola achichepere opalamula kuweruzidwa ndi ajuli a ausinkhu wawo, ndi kugogomezera pa kuŵerengera mlandu ndi maphunziro mmalo mwa chilango.

Makhoti apadera ameneŵa amasonyeza kuzindikira kokulirapo kwakuti njira zamwambo zodziŵira milandu siiri yokhutiritsa kwenikweni posamalira nkhani zina, makamaka zija zoloŵetsamo thanzi la maganizo, kumwerekera, kapena olakwira milandu achichepere.

Makhoti a Padziko Lonse ndi Mbali Yawo

Ngakhale kuti nkhani ino ikunena kwambiri za khoti la ku United States, n’koyenera kudziŵa kuti m’mayiko ambiri ndiponso padziko lonse mulinso zigawo za zigamulo zofanana ndi zimenezi.

Makhoti apadziko lonse, monga Khoti lapadziko lonse la Chilungamo [ICP], Khoti la Zaupandu lapadziko lonse , ndi [PUUN] Court of Human Rights of Human Rights [[FLT]] [FULT] [B] [ECH], (CHOP]), yogwirizana ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana komanso yopendera milandu yadziko. ICJ imathetsa mikangano pakati pa mayiko, kuweruza anthu pa nkhondo, upandu, ndi milandu yotsutsana ndi anthu, ndi ECHRS ikudandaula ndi anthu onse oswa ufulu wa ku Ulaya. Makhoti ameneŵa samachitanso kukambirana ndi makhoti adziko adziko limodzi ndi makhoti aungwe adziko.

N’chifukwa Chiyani Kumvetsa Khotili Kuli Kofunika?

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuzindikira makhoti si njira yongophunzitsa anthu. N’kofunika kwambiri kuti munthu akhale nzika yodziŵa bwino zinthu. Makhoti ndi kumene ufulu wa munthu umatetezedwa, zolakwa zimathetsedwa, ndipo malire a boma amakhazikitsidwa. Amadziwa kuti ndi khoti liti limene limamva milandu yamtundu uliwonse, mmene limagwira ntchito, ndiponso kuti ndi udindo wotani umene khoti lalikulu kwambiri limachita umene anthu amakhala nawo poyendetsa malamulo mwaluso ndiponso kuti likhale ndi mlandu wa boma.

Makhoti amasonyezanso makhalidwe a anthu. Kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu mwachilungamo, kuyenera kwa kupempha chigamulo choipa, ndi lamulo lakuti ngakhale boma liyenera kutsatira lamulo ndizo zizindikiro za chitaganya chimene chimasunga chilungamo ndi malamulo. Chigamulo chodziimira chokha, chopanda kuloŵerera m’ndale, ndicho maziko a ulamuliro wa democracy.

Ndiponso, makhoti amene amagwira bwino ntchito amalimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa chuma mwa kupereka njira yodalirika yotsimikizira mapangano ndi kuthetsa mikangano ya zamalonda. Mabizinesi ndi oikizira ndalama ali pangozi yaikulu yoikiza m’maiko amene amadziŵa kuti ufulu wawo udzatetezeredwa ndi makhoti opanda tsankho.

Makhoti si angwiro. Anthu ambiri angachedwe, kukwera mtengo, ndi osafikirika. Pali mikangano yopitirizabe yokhudza kusankha chiweruzo, ndalama zoperekedwa ndi khoti, kuweruza zolakwika, ndi kufunika kwa kusintha. Koma kuzindikira mmene dongosololi limagwirira ntchito ndiyo sitepe loyamba la kuliwongolera.

Kwa awo amene akufuna kupenda mitu imeneyi, webusaiti ya ya judiary ya boma la United States imaperekanso chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane chonena za dongosolo la khoti la boma, kuphatikizapo zopereka za maphunziro ndi zolemba za milandu. American Bar Association's Division for Public Education imaperekanso chuma cha zinthu zolinganizidwa kuthandiza anthu kumvetsa mmene makhoti akuchitira ndi chifukwa chake ali otero.

Mapeto: Mapekesi ndi Kulinganizika kwa M’kati mwa Chiphunzitso

Makhoti a ku United States ndi malo olinganizidwa bwino kwambiri amene mlingo uliwonse umagwira ntchito yosiyana ndi yofunika. Makhoti a milandu, kaya atakhala audindo kapena audindo wochepa, ndi mahatchi a a ajuli, kuchotsa mikangano yambiri imene imabwera m’makhoti. Makhoti a aprineti akupereka mfundo zotsutsa, kuyang'anira milandu ndi kutsimikizira kuti milandu ikuchitika bwino. Makhoti aakulu, pamwamba pa akulu a boma, amapereka kumaliza, kugwirizana, ndi kumasulira koyenera kwa lamulo ndi Konsiti

Malo atatu aakulu ameneŵa sachita kungokhalapo; amasonyeza kulinganiza kwadala kolinganiza kufunika kwa kulondola ndi kusasintha. Mwa kupereka milingo yambiri ya kupenda, dongosolo la khoti limachepetsa upandu wa zosankha zopanda pake kapena zolakwika pamene limalolanso lamulo kuyambika mwa zochitika zimene zimatsogolera nkhani zamtsogolo.

Kwa aliyense wofuna kudziŵa mmene chilungamo chimachitidwira m’chitaganya cha demokrase, dongosolo la khoti limapereka njira yamphamvu yoonera kuphatikizidwa kwa zenizeni, lamulo, njira, ndi lamulo.