Chiyambi: Khoti Lalikulu Limateteza Ufulu wa Malamulo

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States limatumikira monga womalizira wogwirizanitsa malamulo a malamulo, kuumba malo amene amalongosola ufulu wa munthu ndi mphamvu ya boma. Mwa zosankha zapadera, Khoti lamasulira malamulo a maziko . Monga njira zoyenerera, chitetezo chofanana, ndi kulankhula kwaufulu . Njira zimene zakula kwambiri kapena, nthaŵi zina, kutsenderezedwa kwa ufulu wa anthu. Nkhaniyi imapereka kufufuza kokulira kwa milandu khumi yaikulu ya Khoti Lapamwamba imene yasintha kwambiri ufulu wa malamulo ndi ufulu wa anthu, kupereka nkhani za mbiri yakale, kulingalira kwalamulo, ndi chiyambukiro chokhalitsa.

Madison (1803): Buku lotchedwa The Bedrock of Judicial Review

Mlandu umenewu unayambika ndi chipwirikiti cha ndale zadziko cha chisankho cha 1800, pamene Pulezidenti John Adams womasuka anakhazikitsa oweruza angapo "aunyamata". Pamene ulamuliro watsopano pansi pa Thomas Jefferson unakana kupereka maodawo, William Marbury anasuta kaamba ka kuikidwa kwake. Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall, polembera khoti, anayang'anizana ndi mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko wovuta: Kupereka lamulo kukanyalanyazidwa, pamene kukana kukafooketsa ulamuliro wachiweruzo.

Marshall anakhazikitsa lamulo la kupenda [[FLT: 0]. ] mphamvu ya makhoti a boma yolengeza ntchito zalamulo ndi maulamuliro popanda boma. Analingalira kuti ndi "mwalamulo chigawo ndi ntchito ya dipatimenti ya komiti ya chiweruzo kuti inene zimene lamulo lili. Nkhaniyi inachititsa kuti bungwe la Judicary likhale nthambi yogwirizana ya boma, kumasulira malamulo ndi kugamula malamulo ndi kupondereza. Popanda Marbury, khoti likasoŵa ulamuliro woyang'anira Congress ndi Pulezidenti, kupangitsa zipambano za boma kulephera.

Kuti mudziwe mozama chiyambi cha kupenda kwachiweruzo, onani [[FLT: 0] chidule cha Marbury . Madison [1]

2. Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Kuthetsa Boma ndi Kugaŵanitsa

Brown v. Board of Education inagwirizanitsa nkhani zisanu zosiyana zotokosa kugaŵana kwa lamulo kwa fuko m'masukulu a boma. Aplitiff, oimiridwa ndi Thirfall Marshall ndi NAACP Legal Defense Fund, anatsutsa kuti "kugaŵana ndi kulingana" kunali kosalingana mwachibadwa. Pachigamulo chimodzi, Mfumu Justice Earl Warren analemba kuti Convition "imasonyeza kudzimva kukhala wotsika... kumene kungayambukire mitima ndi maganizo awo mwanjira yosatheka konse kuchotsedwapo.

Khotilo linagwedeza poyera [[FLT: 0] Plessy v. Ferguson (1996], limene linalola kugaŵana mafuko pansi pa chiphunzitso cha kulekana koma cholingana. Brown [1] [ analengeza kuti malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa masukulu a boma opatulidwa kwa ophunzira akuda ndi oyera anaswa Chitetezo cha 1495. Pamene chigamulocho sichinachotseretu sukulu zachikulu zogwirizana ndi malamulo ena monga [[FLT:] Cooperper v. Aaron [FLD:5] (1988) chinapereka maziko alamulo kaamba ka ufulu wa Chiŵelengezo. Nkhaniyo inakhazikitsanso chitsanzo cha kumasulira kwaumboni yachikhalidwe cha anthu.

Kuti mumvetsetse ntchito ya NAACP m'kutchula kumeneku, chezerani [[FLT: 0] NAACP Legal Defense Fund pa Brown [[FLT: 1].

Kusunga Ufulu Wanu Wakusunga

Roe Vade anachokera ku lamulo la Texas limene linaletsa kuchotsa mimba kusiyapo kupulumutsa moyo wa mayi. Cartiff, "Jane Roe" (Norma McCorvey), , , m’malo mwa akazi onse ofuna kuchotsa mimba. Khoti, m'chigamulo cha 7-2, linazindikira kuti lamulo loletsa kuchotsa mimba mwachinsinsi, kusiyapo ku Servery Claus demente . Pa nthawi yachitatu, iwo angatetezere ku thanzi la amayiwo popanda kuchotsa mimba. Jacy Harry Blackmun adakhazikitsa chiganizo chopitira chopitira patsogolo: mkati mwa chigamu choyamba, malamulowo sakanatha kuletsa kuchotsa mimba; mkati mwa yachiŵiri, iwo angatetezere thanzi; ndipo mkati mwachitatu, iwo angaletsere mimba popanda moyo.

Mlanduwu unakhala maziko a ufulu wobereka, kuyambitsa zaka makumi ambiri za nkhondo za ndale zadziko ndi zamalamulo. Chigamulocho chinatsimikizira kuti akazi ali ndi ufulu pa matupi awo m'miyezo ina, komanso chinasonkhezera magulu oletsa kuchotsa mimba. Mu 2022, Bwalo lamilandu lalamulira [ Roe mu [FLT]. Jackson’S Health Organization , kubwezera malamulo a ku maulamuliro a kuchotsa mimba. Ngakhale pambuyo pake [FLT:], mfundo zalamulo mu [FLT:] [FLT] [F:]

Ŵerengani lingaliro lonse pa [FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information Institute's mlandu wa mlandu .

Miranda ndi Arizona (1966): Kuteteza Ufulu wa Woimbidwa Mlandu

Mu Manda v. Arizona, Bwalo linalingalira milandu inayi yotsimikiziridwa kumene oimbidwa mlandu anapanga ndemanga zotsimikizira popanda kuuzidwa za zoyenera zawo. Nkhani inali yakuti kodi kutetezera kwa Fiteme Amendment kunali kofunikira apolisi kuchenjeza okayikira asanafunsidwe mlandu. Woweruza Wamkulu Warren, kulemba kwa 5-4, anakhulupirira kuti oimba mlandu sakanatha kugwiritsira ntchito ndemanga za kufunsa mlandu ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo sanachenjezedwe kuti ali ndi ufulu wa kukhala chete, kuyenera kwa loya kwa woimba mlandu, ndi mfundo imene inanenedwa kuti ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito m’khoti.

Chigamulocho chinayambitsa "Malizar" kubwerezabwereza kumene anthu a ku America amamva pafupifupi pa sewero lililonse la upandu. Chinali ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa ntchito zosungitsa lamulo: madipatimenti a apolisi anapendanso malamulo awo ofunsira mafunso, ndipo ambiri okayikira anayamba kutchula kuyenera kwawo kuti apereke uphungu. Otsutsa atsutsa kuti [[FLT: 0] Manda] [[FLT]] imaletsa kugwira ntchito kwa apolisi, koma imakuona monga chitetezo chofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi kuvomereza machimo ndi zikhululukiro zonyenga. [[FLT:] Manda [1] akukhala chenjezo yaikulu ya njira zaupandu za ku America, kuletsa anthu onse (kusiyana ndi "kutetezekakhalidwe"] ku : FT.[2]

Kusonyeza Chikondi m’dziko la Virginia (1967): Kutsimikizira Ufulu Wokwatira Kapena Kukwatiwa Kutali ndi Fuko

yosiyana ndi . Virginia . inaswa lamulo la Virginia lomwe linaletsa ukwati wa mafuko. Richard Loving, mwamuna woyera, ndi Mildred Jeter, mkazi wakuda, anakwatiwa ku Washington, D.C., koma anaimbidwa mlandu ku Virginia chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo la Upingo wa Chikhalidwe cha Mafuko. Khotilo linzake linavomereza kuti kusankhana mafuko m’malamulo a ukwati kumaswa zonse ziŵiri Chitetezo ndi Kutsatira Kayendedwe ka Classiones a Bungwe la 145. Woweruza wamkulu Warren analemba kuti: "Ufulu wa kukwatira kwakhala chimodzi cha ufulu wofunika kwambiri ku ku kulondola kwamwaŵitsa kwa anthu aufulu."

Nkhani imeneyi inali yothandiza kuchotsa lamulo la kusankhana mafuko. Inachotsa malamulo otsutsa ufuko m'maboma 16 panthaŵiyo ndi kukhazikitsa kuti ukwati uli ufulu wofunika kwambiri umene sungakanizidwe pa fuko lokha. Kuwomba kukhozanso kutumikira monga chitsanzo chachikulu cha anthu amene angakwatire pa nkhani za kulingana kwa pambuyo pake, kuphatikizapo . [Obergefell v. Hodges . . Chigamulocho chinasonyeza kusintha kwakukulu kwa kuzindikira kuti boma silingalamulire anthu amene angakwatire pa fuko.

Nixon (1974): Palibe Amene Ali Pamwamba pa Chilamulo

Mkati mwa mbiri yoipa ya Watergate, Pulezidenti Richard Nixon ananena kuti ali ndi mwaŵi waukulu wa kuletsa zojambula tepi ndi zikalata zolembedwa ndi Leon Jaworski Woweruza Wapadera. Khoti linzake linakana chinenezo cha Nixon, ndi kuwona kuti pamene kuli kwakuti pulezidenti ali ndi mwaŵi woyenerera wa kulankhulana kwachinsinsi, mwaŵi umenewo sungathe kuchotsapo kufunika kwa umboni m'nkhani yaupandu. Woweruza Wamkulu Warren Burger analemba kuti "sibe chiphunzitso cha kupatulirana maulamuliro, kapena kufunika kwa kubisa mawu apamwamba, popanda zambiri, ungachirikize mwaŵi wokwanira, wa prezidenti.""

Chigamulo chinakakamiza Nixon kutulutsa matepi, amene anavumbula kuloŵetsedwa kwake m'chikuto ndi kutsogolera ku kuleka kwake mwamsanga pambuyo pake. United States v. Nixon anagogomezera lamulo lakuti palibe munthu, kuphatikizapo Pulezidenti, amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Inakhazikitsa malire pa mwaŵi waudindo, makamaka pamene yalinganizika motsutsana ndi chilungamo cha chilungamo. Nkhaniyo yatchulidwa m'nkhani yotsatira ya mlandu wa prezidenti, kuphatikizapo awo ophatikizapo kufunsira ndi kuyang'anira mayendedwe a nthambi yapamwamba.

Kulemera kwa mabanja (2015)

.Obergefell v. Hodges [FLT :1] imagwirizanitsa milandu yochuluka kuchokera ku maboma angapo kumene okwatirana a kugonana anatsutsa ziletso za ukwati umodzi. Khoti, m'chigamulo 5-4, linagamula kuti Kusintha kwa Zalamulo kwa 1450 kumafuna kuti alembetse ndi kuzindikira maukwati apakati. Woweruza Anthony Kennedy anagogomezera kuti ufulu wa kukwatira ndi wofunika, wotetezedwa ndi Makonzedwe a pulogalamu a , ndi wotetezera Cekanizira kuti malamulo "Malo a onse amene ali m’malo ake," ndi kuti okwatirana amodzimodziwo amagaŵana maukwati omwe ali ndi mfundo yoyenerera ukwati.

Chigamulo chovomerezedwa ndi lamulo la kugonana kwalamulo m'dziko lonse, kugwetsa zisinthiko ndi malamulo a boma amene analongosola ukwati kukhala pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi mmodzi. Chinaimira chimake cha zaka makumi ambiri za LGBTQ+ advocacy ndi kutsata zipambano zoyambirira zonga Lawnce v. Texas [2003] [malamulo], amene amachotsa ufulu wachipembedzo. OFLT]berge wapezekabe ndi mlandu wachiŵeru, ngakhale kuti wayambitsa mikangano yopitirizabe ponena za ufulu wachipembedzo, ufulu wotenga ana, ndi malire a mphamvu zachiweruzo m’kuzindikira zoyenera zatsopano.

Kuchepetsa Ufulu Wopereka Chisamaliro

Mu Shelby County v. Haller , Bwalo lamilandu linapeputsa Chigawo 4 cha Chikalata cha Zoumba Ufulu Woyenera wa 1965, chomwe chinali ndi njira yodziŵira kuti ndi malamulo ati amene akufunika a boma asanasinthe malamulo ovota. Woweruza wamkulu John Roberts, kulemba kwa anthu 5-4, anatsutsa kuti njirayo inadalira pa chidziŵitso chachikale cha 1964 ndi 1972 ndipo inaswa "uchifumu wolingana" wa maboma. Khoti linasiya Gawo 2 la lamulo la lamulolo losasintha, limene limalola mlandu ndi mlandu wachigamulo.

Chigamulocho chinali ndi zotulukapo za nthaŵi yomweyo: chikunena kuti poyambapo chobisidwa ndi chofunika chapadera [1] kwakukulukulu m'Magazini , kuphatikizapo malamulo oletsa ovota, amachepetsa kuvota koyamba, ndi kutsekedwa kwa malo ofunsira. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti Shelby County [] Shelby County adachotsa chimodzi cha ziŵiya zokhoza kugonjetsa tsankho la fuko povota. Ochirikiza amatsimikiza kuti njirayo inali yosafunikira kuyang'anira boma kwapadera. Nkhaniyo ikugogomezera kulimbanira ufulu wovota ndi kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma ndi boma.

Kuti mudziwe bwino zotsatira zake, onani lipoti la Brennan Center la Shelby County [[FLT: 1].

Nzika United v. Federal Ecomtion Commission (200): Malo Olankhula ndi Kampeni

Citizens United v. FEC adaloŵetsamo phindu losasintha lomwe linafuna kuulutsa filimu yotsutsa Hillary Clinton ndi kutsatsa malonda oichirikiza m'nyengo yoyamba ya 2008. Bipartarisan Champaign Reformation Act (BRA) yoletsa kukambirana kwa masankho koteroko ndi masunamishoni. Khoti Lapamwamba, m'chigamulo cha 5-4, linagonjetsa ziletsozo, likumati Kukonza Komzenga Koyamba kumatetezera kampani ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa lankhulidwe kandale. Woweruza Kennedy analemba kuti zowonongedwa zaufulu, ngakhale ndi mabungwe opanga makampani, silimapanga chiwopsezo chachikulu cha chiwopsezo cha kapetoko.

Chigamulocho chinatulutsa ndalama zambiri m'ndale za America. Chimalola kupangidwa kwa ma PAC aakulu, kumene kungakweze ndalama zosaŵerengeka kuchokera kwa anthu, makampani, ndi maukwati kuchirikiza kapena kutsutsa oyembekezera, malinga ngati sagwirizana mwachindunji ndi ndawala. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti Chitimale] United [1] wasonkhezera chisonkhezero cha anthu olemera opereka ndi zikondwerero zapadera, kuipitsa kuimira kwa democracy. Otsutsa amanena kuti chimatetezera kulankhula kwa ndale kwamphamvu ndi kuti ndalama zowonjezereka zimapangitsa mkangano wokulira. Nkhaniyo idakalibe imodzi ya chikayikiro cha ndawala ndi yochititsa mkangano kwambiri m'boma la ndawala ya za za za ndawala.

10. Onse Akazi ndi Hellerstedt (2016): Kuteteza Kuchotsa Mimba

Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt . Hellest . anatsutsa malamulo aŵiri a Texas .H.B. .kumene kunafuna otaya mimba kulandira mwaŵi ku chipatala chapafupi ndi malo opatsirako mimba kuti akwaniritse miyezo ya opareshoni ya ambulera. Zofunika zimenezi zikanatseka zipatala zambiri m'dzikolo. Khoti, m'chigamulo cha 5-3, linakantha mautumiki onse aŵiri, kugwiritsa ntchito muyezo wa "utsika mtolo" kuchokera ku Plaviaviav v. Casel . . Malingaliro a Breyey Brey anapeza kuti malamulo oletsa kwambiri kuchotsa mimba popanda kupindulitsa kwabwino kwa akazi.

Chigamulo chimenechi chinatsimikiziranso kulimba kwa [[FLT: 0] kutsendereza. Chigamulo chogogomezera kuti makhoti ayenera kuyesa mavuto oyenera ochotsera mimba. Komabe, kuikidwa kwa machiweruzo oyenerera ndi Pulezidenti Trump adathetsa njira imeneyi. Mu 2021, Khotilo limalola lamulo lofanana ndi la Texas (S.B. 8) kuchitapo kanthu pogwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano yokhazikitsa malamulo, ndi [FL:] DoFF:5] [202] [2] [FF] [F] [3] [FF]] [FFF]

Mapeto ake: Kukhalabe ndi Chisonkhezero cha Zosankha Zapansi

Milandu khumi imeneyi imasonyeza mbali yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu m’kulongosola ufulu walamulo ndi ufulu wa anthu mu United States. Kuchokera kukhazikitsa kupenda kwachiweruzo mu [[FLT: 0] Marbury kutetezera kulingana kwa ukwati ]. Chosankha chilichonse chaumba malo alamulo ndi kuonetsa kuti nthaŵi zinasintha. Pamene kuli kwakuti mapulinsipulo a Khoti ndi filosofi akhalapobe m'nkhani zimenezi amapitirizabe kusonkhezera mikangano pa ufulu, kufanana, ndi chilungamo. Kumvetsetsa malamulo ameneŵa nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kuzindikira mphamvu ya lamulo lachimereka ndi kulimbana ndi kukwaniritsa malonjezo a lamulo la dziko la America ndi kukwaniritsa mapangano a konsipansi.