Malamulo angamve kukhala ngati dziko lachilendo, lolamulidwa ndi chinenero chake, miyambo, ndi mitengo yapamwamba. Kwa aliyense aloŵa m'khoti . Ngati ali woweruza, woweruza, wophunzira, kapena wotomerana ndi chiwembu, kuzindikira kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kuzenga mlandu ndi mlandu wachiŵembu nkofunika. Pamene kuli kwakuti zonse ziŵirizo zimaphatikizapo woweruza, woweruza, ndi wotsutsa wa mbali zosiyana, zolinga zofunikira, njira, ndi zotsatira zake nzazosiyana kwambiri.

Kusiyana: Kutsutsana kwachinsinsi ndi Kulakwa kwa Anthu

Kusiyanitsa koyamba ndi kofunika kwambiri kuli kwa amene amayambitsa mlanduwo ndi chifukwa chake. Kuzenga mlandu kwapanthaŵiyo kumabweretsedwa ndi boma (kuweruza) munthu kapena gulu (woimbidwa mlandu) kuimbidwa mlandu wa kuswa lamulo losonyeza kuti munthu walakwa. Kupweteka kumaonedwa kukhala kulakwa kwa anthu onse, monga momwe maupandu amawonongera dongosolo la anthu ndi chitetezo. Cholinga cha boma ndicho kulanga anthu olakwa, kuletsa maupandu a m’tsogolo, ndi kubwezeretsa milandu. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo kuba, kuukira, chinyengo, ndi kuyendetsa galimoto pansi pa chisonkhezero.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, kuzenga mlandu [[FLT: 0] ndi mlandu walamulo woperekedwa ndi chipani chachinsinsi (mlandu) ndi chipani china chachinsinsi (woimbidwa mlandu). Woimbidwa mlanduyo amavomereza kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo analephera kukwaniritsa ntchito yalamulo, kuvulaza kapena kutaikiridwa. Cholinga si kukhaulitsa, koma kuthetsa mkanganowo ndi kupereka mankhwala . Ntchito zimenezi zingabuke kuchokera ku mapangano, mabizinesi, kapena khalidwe lachikhalidwe cha anthu (odziŵika monga matoti). Zitsanzo zofala zimaphatikizapo kuswa pangano, kuvulazidwa ndi ngozi ya galimoto, kuphana ndi kuphana kwa munthu ndi mankhwala, kuphana.

Kachitidwe kamodzi kangatsogolere ku zonse ziŵiri upandu ndi mlandu wa boma. Mlandu wa O.J. Simpson ndi chitsanzo champhamvu. Iye adamasulidwa m'kuzengedwa mlandu wake wakupha koma pambuyo pake anapezedwa kukhala wolakwa m'kuzenga mlandu wa boma chifukwa cha imfa yolakwa. Ichi chimasonyeza bwino lomwe zifuno ndi miyezo yaumboni pantchito: lamulo laupandu limafuna kulanga ndi kuletsa, pamene lamulo lachiŵeruzo likufunafuna kubwezera wophedwayo.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu kwa Chiŵeniŵeni: Kufunafuna Chogamulapo ndi Chilango

Nthawi zambiri, mabotiwo amakhala a ndalama, ngakhale kuti malamulo a khoti angafune kuti anthu azichita kapena kukana kuchita zinazake.

Zolinga Zawo

  • Plaintiff: [[FLT ] Munthu amene alingalira kuti walakwiridwa ndi kuyamba kuweruza mlandu. Cholinga chake chachikulu ndicho kupeza mankhwala, kaŵirikaŵiri kuwonongeka kwa ndalama kuti abwezere chotayika chawo kapena lamulo la kuletsa khalidwe la woimbidwa mlanduyo.
  • Defanti: Chipani chonenedwa kukhala chinayambitsa kuvulaza. Cholinga chawo ndicho kupeŵa kuimbidwa mlandu kapena kuchepetsa chiwongola dzanja chimene angalipire.

Mtolo wa Umboni: Kulingalira za Umboniwo

M'kuzenga mlandu kwa boma, woweruzayo ali ndi thayo la kutsimikizira mlandu wake ndi kutsimikizira umboni . Uku kuli muyezo wotsika kwambiri. Kumangotanthauza kuti ajuli kapena oweruza ayenera kukhala otsimikiza kuti "kuthekera kwambiri kuti "patali" (kuthekera kwa 50%) kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi liwongo la kuvulaza. Ngati muyerekezera muyeso wa chilungamo, woweruzayo afunikira kuwapatsa nzeru pang’ono kwambiri kuti apambane. Myezo wotsikawu umasonyeza kuti chotulukapocho ncha ndalama, osati kutayikiridwa kwa ufulu. Kuloŵa pansi pa muyezo, kutsika muyezo [FLL:] Chidziŵitso cha Chidziŵitso pa Corlson: FFF]

Kuzenga Mlandu wa M’dziko

Kuzenga mlandu kwa boma kumatsatira njira yolinganizidwa kuyambira pa pepala loyamba mpaka pa chigamulo chomaliza.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuzengedwa mlandu kumayamba mwalamulo pamene mafashoni aupoto asintha avomereza ndi kuitumikira pa woimbidwa mlandu. Kudandaula kumalongosola maziko alamulo a mlandu ndi mankhwala ofunidwa. Wozengedwayo akuyankha ndi , kuvomereza kapena kukana zinenezo, ndipo angawonetse mlanduwo motsutsana ndi mtsogoleri wachipembedzo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kudziwitsa: [[FLT :1] Imeneyi ndi mbali yaitali ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri. Opanga aŵiriwo amasinthana chidziŵitso ndi umboni kuti adziŵe za mbali ina. Cholinga nchakuti achotse zodabwitsa pozenga mlandu ndi kupititsa patsogolo malo ena. Zida zotulukira zimaphatikizapo:
      [[FLT :] ['] Matanthauzo: [[FLT:]] Mafunso olembedwa amene ayenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro.
    • Malamulo: [ Umboni wa Mawu woperekedwa pansi pa lumbiro, wolembedwa ndi mtolankhani wa khoti, kumene maloya angafunse mboni ndi zipani.
    • Mapempho kaamba ka Kutulutsa: Mapempho kaamba ka zikalata, ma email, zithunzithunzi, ndi umboni wina wowoneka.
    • Mapangano a Kuvomereza: Mawu amene munthu wina ayenera kuvomereza kapena kukana kuchepetsa nkhani zotsutsana.
  • APPUTS: Asanazenge mlandu, maloya angapereke njira zothetsera nkhani za lamulo kapena kuchepetsa mlandu. Kachitidwe kofala ndiko kuweruza kwachidule [, kumene gulu limatsutsa kuti mfundozo nzosatsutsidwa ndipo nzoyenera kuweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo popanda kufunikira kuzenga mlandu.
  • :[[FLT :1] [[FT:2] [[FT:3]] Chosankha [[FT:4] Chosankha (Kudziwitsa): Atnoys kuchokera ku mbali zonse zikukayikitsa kuti chisankho chingadziŵike ndi kusankha juli yolungama ndi yopanda tsankho.
  • Mfundo zotseguka: [[FLT :1] Mbali iliyonse imapereka mapu a umboni umene afuna kupereka. Cattiff imayamba.
  • Kase-in-Chief : Cattiff akupereka umboni wawo (mboni, zikalata, umboni waluso). Kutetezera kuli ndi kuyenera kwa kudutsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mboni iliyonse. Kudzitetezerako kumalongosola nkhani yake kwa mfumu.
  • Kufotokoza Ndemanga: Attorney afupikitsa umboni ndi kutsutsa chifukwa chake ajuli ayenera kupeza chiyanjo chawo.
  • Dict and Justice: Oweruza amapanga dala ndi kubwezera chigamulo kwa wansembe kapena woimbidwa mlandu. Ngati mtsogoleri wachipembedzo apambana, chiweruziro amaloŵa pa chiwonkhetso cha malipiro operekedwa. Post-tria, chipani chotayika chingapereke njira za kuzenga mlandu watsopano kapena kufunsira chigamulo.

    • Mitundu Yofala ya Milandu ya Chiŵeniŵeni

    Lamulo lachiŵeni limaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ya mikangano. Magulu ambiri amaphatikizapo [[FLT: 0] lamulo loyenera (nagligen , zotulukapo, kuipitsa), kuvomereza lamulo lapakhomo [ [mapangano], [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] [4] lamulo loyenera [[FLT] [magawa] pa dziko kapena malo, ndi lamulo la banja [[[FLT:] (kapena, kusunga ana),. Zambiri za zochitika zimenezi zatsimikizidwa mwa kulowa kapena kutsutsana ndi chisankhoti (ADRR], zimene zingachitike mofulumira ndi kukwera kwa ndalama zambiri.

    Kuzenga Mlandu wa Mpandu: Nkhani ya Boma ya Chilungamo ndi Kuŵerengera

    Kumeneku, mphamvu yaikulu ya boma imaperekedwa kwa munthu, kupangitsa malamulo a ku United States kukhala ofunika kwambiri.

    Magawo ndi Matumba Ake

    • Kumasulira: imaimira boma (boma, boma, kapena loya wa chigawo). Ntchito ya loya wa boma si kungopeza chitsimikizo koma kufunafuna chilungamo. Amasankha kuti ndi apilo yanji ndi kukhala ndi nzeru pokambirana.
    • . Munthu woimbidwa mlandu, amene amalingaliridwa kukhala wopanda liwongo kufikira atapezedwa ndi liwongo. Mitengoyo njokwera modabwitsa, imaphatikizapo kutaikiridwa ufulu, malipoti olemera, ndi mbiri yaupandu yachikhalire. Lamulo limapatsa woimbidwa mlanduyo ndi chitetezo chachikulu, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa loya, kuyenera kukhala chete, ndi kuyenera kwa kuzengedwa mlandu mofulumira. Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo satha kulipira loya, mmodzi ayenera kuperekedwa ndi boma.

    Umboni Wochuluka: Sitikukayikiranso

    Umenewu ndi muyezo wapamwamba kwambiri wa umboni m'malamulo a ku America. Mlanduwo uyenera kutsimikizira mbali iliyonse ya upanduwo kufikira pamlingo umene [[FLT: 0] ] suyenera kukayikira koyenera m’maganizo a woweruza wololera. Zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti "kutsimikizira," koma kuti umboniwo uli wokhutiritsa kwambiri kuti munthu wololera angadzidalire popanga chigamulo cha woimbidwa mlandu. Ngati ajuli ali ndi chikayikiro chabwino, ayenera kuwona kuti wolakwayoyo saali wolakwa. Muyezo wapamwamba umenewu ndi chitetezo chadala pa zikhulupiriro zolakwika. Cornell Information Information [FFFLD:3]

    Kuyambika kwa Mlandu wa Mpandu

    Njira ya upandu imaphatikizapo masitepe ovuta angapo a milandu isanayambe amene ali osiyana ndi milandu yachiŵeniŵeni.

    • [[FLT: 0] Kutsekera ndi Kuwoneka Koyamba: [[FLT :1] Atagwidwa, woimbidwa mlandu amaperekedwa kwa woweruza kaamba ka kuwonekera koyamba. Woweruza amadziŵitsa woimbidwa mlanduyo, amawapatsa uphungu wa zoyenera zawo, ndi kuika belo.
    • Kukhulupirira Kumva / Grand Jury: [[FLT :1] kaamba ka milandu ya kulakwa, kuzenga mlandu koyambirira kumachitidwa kutsimikizira ngati pali chochititsa chotsutsidwa kukhulupirira woimbidwa mlanduyo. Kapena, [[FLT:] khoti la agnagrand (kagulu kapadera ka nzika za nzika) kangamve umboni kuchokera ku mlandu ndi kutulutsa chilango.
    • Upo: Woimbidwa mlandu amaŵerengedwa mwalamulo milandu ndi kupemphedwa kuloŵa m'kuchonderera. Zifunsiro za anthu onse zimaphatikizapo liwongo, osati liwongo, palibe mpikisano (nolo imastere), kapena kuima wosalankhula (zimene zimatulukapo kuchonderera kwa wosalakwa).
    • [[FLT: 0] Nkhokwe zambiri za upandu (zoposa 90%) zimathetsedwa mwa mbali zonse ziŵiri zikusinthana umboni. Umboni uli ndi ntchito ya lamulo kugawana umboni uliwonse umene uli wovomerezeka kwa woimbidwa mlandu (umboni wopereka). Unyinji wa milandu (woposa 90%) umathetsedwa mwa kukambirana [], kumene mlandu akuvomereza kugamula mlandu wa mlandu wochepa kapena kulandira chigamulo chochepetsedwa cha kusinthana ndi kuyenera kwawo kwa kuzenga mlandu.
    • APPP-Priver Act:[[FT:1] Kuyendayenda kodetsa nkhaŵa ndiko mphamvu ya kutsekereza, kumene kudzitetezera kumatsutsa kuti umboni unapezedwa mosemphana ndi lamulo (m'b., kupyolera mwa kufunafuna kapena kufunsa kosakhala kwa lamulo) ndipo kuyenera kuchotsedwa ku chiyeso.
    • . . [[FT:2] [[FT:3] Chosankha [1] Chosankha: Kuteteza ndi kuweruza amasankha ajuli. Woimbidwa mlandu ali ndi ufulu wa kuzenga mlandu kwa ajuli.
    • Mfundo zotsegulira: Chiweruzo chimayamba kulembedwa, kulongosola mlandu wawo.
    • Case-in-Chief : Tchulani umboni wake. Kutetezera kungawoloke-examine . Woimbidwa mlandu safunikira kupereka umboni kapena kupereka umboni uliwonse (chitetezero cha Fifth Amendment). Ngati apereka umboni, iwo angawonedwe kudutsa.
    • Kulongosola mikangano: Mbali zonse ziŵiri zikufupikitsa umboni wa oweruza.
    • [[FULT:0] Mitemo: Woweruza amalangiza ajuli pa lamulo loyenerera limene liyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito pa nsonga.
    • Dielebation ndi Vership: Oweruza achinsinsi kuti afikire chigamulo. M'maiko ambiri, chiweruzo cha upandu waukulu chiyenera kugwirizana. Ngati satha kuvomereza, ndi "juli yopanda pake," ndipo oweruza angasankhe kuyesa mlanduwo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuzengezera: [[FLT :1] Ngati woimbidwa mlandu apezedwa ali ndi liwongo, kuweruza kwapadera kuchitidwa. Woweruza amalingalira ukulu wa upanduwo, mbiri ya upandu wa woimbidwa mlandu, ndi ziganizo za mikhole kutsimikizira chilango (m’ndende, kugamulidwa, faindi, utumiki wa m’chitaganya).
  • Appal : Mosiyana ndi m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, boma silingapereke chigamulo chakuti alibe mlandu. Woimbidwa mlandu angapereke chikhululukiro chozikidwa pa zolakwa za lamulo zopangidwa mkati mwa mlandu.

    • Kusiyana Maganizo pa Nkhani Yochita Zinthu Mopitirira Malire

    Pamene kuli kwakuti madongosolo onse aŵiriwo amalunjikitsa chilungamo, malamulo awo amakhalidwe abwino ndi okonza galimoto ngosiyana.

    Kusintha kwa Zinthu ndi Zotsatira Zake

    Chinenero chogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'dongosolo lililonse nchosiyana. M’nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni, woimbidwa mlandu amapezedwa [[FLT: 0] wololera kapena wosayenerera . Mlandu, woimbidwa mlandu amapezedwa [[[FLT:] woimbidwa mlandu, ngakhale [[FLT:] [FLT] kapena [FLT:] wosalakwa [[FT:7]. [FTT:7]. Mlawulo wa mlandu wa zachuma. [FLT:]

    Kuyenera Kokhala M’nyumba Yokongola

    Uku ndi kusiyana kwakukulu. M'maweruziro a apandu, A Thurt Amendment imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu, ndipo ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo satha kuwapatsa maloya, munthu ayenera kupatsidwa (wotetezera anthu onse). M'mayeso a boma, palibe kuyenera kodzifunira kwa kumasula mwalamulo. Pamene muli ndi ufulu wolemba loya wachinsinsi, boma silimapereka wina, kuyambitsa chopinga chachikulu kwa anthu olandira ndalama zotsika. Ngati mufuna thandizo lalamulo, chuma chonga [[FLT: 0].GOV angathandizire khomo lalamulo laulereya [[FL:1]]

    Kuteteza Malamulo

    Oimbidwa mlandu amatetezeredwa ndi gulu lamphamvu la ufulu umene sumagwira ntchito m’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kukhala chete (mlandu sungakukakamizeni kupereka umboni), kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kofulumira, ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi umboni wosapezeka ngati unapezedwa mwa kufufuza kosakhala kwa lamulo.

    Mbali Yapadera ya Mayaya

    Juries amachita mbali yosiyana pang'ono m'dongosolo lililonse. M'kuzenga mlandu, oweruza (monga ngati anthu 12) ayenera kusankha ngati mlanduwo watsimikizira liwongo mosakaikira. Chigamulo chawo chiyenera kukhala chogwirizana pafupifupi m'mayiko onse. M'kuzenga mlandu, majaji angakhale aang'ono (anthu 6) ndipo sangafune kugwirizana nawo (maiko ena amalola 5 /6 chigamulo chachisawawa). Kusiyanitsa kwina kwakukulu ndiko khoti la akulu a a khoti , lomwe ndi mbali yapadera ya dongosolo laupandu. Oweruza aakulu sagamula mlandu; mmalo mwake, amamva umboni kuchokera kwa woweruzayo kuti asankhe ngati pali chifukwa choyenera kuchititsa mlandu ndi kulakwa kwa wina.

    [[MLT:0] Chitsogozo cha American Bar Association pa mmene khoti ligwirira ntchito [1] chimapereka njira yabwino kwambiri, yatsatanetsatane yoyendera ntchito za ajuli imeneyi.

    Mawu Ofunika a Malamulo Ayamba Kumveka

    Kumvetsa chinenero cha khoti ndi mbali yaikulu yoperekera malamulo.

    Plaintiff
    The party who initiates a civil lawsuit.
    Defendant
    The party being sued or charged with a crime.
    Prosecution
    The government attorney who brings criminal charges against a defendant.
    Burden of Proof
    The obligation to prove one's assertions at trial. In criminal law, it is "beyond a reasonable doubt." In civil law, it is a "preponderance of the evidence."
    Discovery
    The pre-trial phase where parties exchange information and evidence.
    Deposition
    Sworn testimony taken outside of court, used to gather information for trial.
    Indictment
    A formal charge of a crime issued by a grand jury.
    Arraignment
    The court hearing where a defendant is formally charged and enters a plea.
    Verdict
    The decision made by a judge or jury at the end of a trial.
    Tort
    A civil wrong (not arising from a contract) that causes harm, such as negligence or defamation.
    Injunction
    A court order requiring a party to do or stop doing a specific action.
    Subpoena
    A legal document ordering someone to appear in court or produce evidence.

    Kumaliza

    Kumvetsa njira zosiyanasiyana za milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi ya upandu kumafooketsa njira yalamulo ndi kupatsa mphamvu anthu kuti atengemo mbali mwaluso kwambiri. Ngati muli jaji wopenda umboni pansi pa muyezo wapamwamba wa "Kukayikira koyenera," kapena munthu wofuna malipiro a kuvulala kwa munthu, kudziŵa malamulo, mtolo, ndi mathithiransi a kuyesa kwanu kwa mtundu wina wake ndizo njira yoyamba yopezera zotsatira zolungama. Pamene kuli kwakuti wotsogolera ameneyu akupereka maziko aakulu, nkhani iliyonse njapadera. Kufunsa ndi loya kwa loya woyenerera nthaŵi zonse ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yochitirapo kanthu kaamba ka uphungu walamulo kapena poyang'anizana ndi mavuto a kulakwa kwenikweni kwa dziko.