Khoti ndilo maziko a anthu alionse olamulidwa ndi lamulo. Limapereka njira yolinganizika ndi yodziŵira yothetsera mikangano, kutetezera ufulu, ndi kuchititsa anthu ndi mabungwe kuŵerengera. kwa ophunzira alamulo, aphunzitsi, kapena aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsetsa malamulo, kuwona ulendo wa mlandu . Kuyambira panthaŵi imene kudandaula kwaikidwa ku chiweruzo chomaliza ndi kupitirira. Nkhaniyi imaswa mbali iliyonse ya kutsutsidwa m'khoti la United States, kupereka tsatanetsatane, mapu a njira yodalirika ya mmene mlandu wa anthu umayendera kudzera m'dongosolo la milandu. (milandu imatsatira kachitidwe kofananako koma imaphatikizapo boma ndi malamulo ena otetezera.) Pofika pomaliza, mudzakhala ndi njira yothandiza, mwa kumvetsetsa njira ya malamulo ndi njira ya chigamulo cha boma.

Kumvetsa Maziko a Khotilo

Asanaloŵe m'masitepe a nkhani, nkofunika kumvetsetsa dongosolo la milandu limene limagwira ntchito. United States ili ndi dongosolo la makhoti aŵiri: makhoti a boma ndi makhoti a boma. Iliyonse ili ndi ulamuliro wake, koma akuluakulu a boma ali ofanana. Pansi pake pali makhoti ozenga milandu, kumene milandu imamvedwa ndi kutsimikizidwa. Pamwamba pawo pali makhoti ozenga milandu a boma. Khoti lalikulu kwambiri la U.S. Khoti Lapamwamba la milandu ya boma, ndi bwalo lapamwamba la boma lililonse (nthaŵi zambiri limatchedwa Bwalo Lapamwamba kapena Bwalo lamilandu la apilo).

  • Makhoti a Chigamulo [[FLT :1] (mlongo, Makhoti a Chigawo, Boma Lapamwamba la United States) – Awa ndi “opeza apangano. Akumva umboni, kupenda mboni, ndi kupereka zigamulo kapena ziweruzo.
  • Khoti la Appellet (mlongo, Makhoti Achigawo a Zipilo, Boma la Chifuniro) - Makhoti amenewa sayesanso mfundo. M’malo mwake, amapenda mbiri yonena za mlanduwo kuti atsimikizire ngati lamulolo linagwiritsidwa ntchito molondola ndi ngati zolakwa za m’malemba zinakhudza zotsatira zake.
  • Makhoti aakulu (mlongo, Khoti Lapamwamba la United States, Makhoti Apamwamba) – Awa ndi makhoti omalizira ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Iwo amamva kokha chigawo chochepa cha milandu, kaŵirikaŵiri imene imaphatikizapo mafunso alamulo kapena mikangano pakati pa makhoti aang'ono.
  • Makhoti ovomerezeka – zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo makhoti a ngongole, makhoti a msonkho, ndi makhoti abanja. Zimasamalira mitundu yakutiyakuti ya mikangano ndi njira zogwirizana ndi ukatswiri.

Kudziŵa kuti ndi khoti liti limene lili ndi ulamuliro ndilo chigamulo choyamba. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu yokhudza lamulo la boma, kusiyana kwa unzika (magawo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi ndalama zotsutsana zopitirira $75,000), ndi nkhani zina monga lamulo lalamulo la ufulu kapena lapanyanja. Makhoti amasamalira milandu yambiri ya boma, kuphatikizapo mapangano, kuvulala, ndi mikangano ya katundu. Kumira kwambiri, onani kaundula wa U.S.

Kuloŵetsamo Lamulo: Chopinga cha Kudzikupiza

Chiyambi chalamulo cha mlandu ndicho kulembetsa “mawu achidule” (kapena, m'nkhani zina, pempho). Chikalata chimenechi chimapereka zinenezo za mtsogoleri wa boma, maziko alamulo a chinenezocho, ndi chithandizo chimene chinafunidwa. Chidandaulo chiyenera kukhala“ choperekedwa bwino [1] .

Kukonzekera Kudandaulako

Kuthetsa chidandaulo ndiko luso ndi sayansi yomwe.

  • Juristivation zinenezo – kulongosola chifukwa chake khotili lili ndi ulamuliro wa kumvetsera mlanduwo.
  • Malo a mfundo [[FLT :1] – kulongosola komvekera bwino, kotsatira nthaŵi ya zimene zinachitika, kosonyezedwa m'mandime oŵerengedwa.
  • Mapangano kaamba ka chithandizo (magawo) – kuŵerengera kulikonse kumazindikiritsa nthanthi yalamulo yachindunji (m., kuswa pangano, kunyalanyaza, chinyengo).
  • [[MLT:0] Pemphero la chithandizo – chigamulo kapena mankhwala padera opezedwa (zivulazo, kuchepetsa, kuchotsapo chigamulo).

Nthawi zambiri, mbalamezi zimatha nthawi yaitali zikukonza zikalata zimenezi kuti zithe kuzichotsa m’manja n’cholinga choti zipeze njira yozitulukira.

Kugwirizana ndi Mlembi wa Bwalo Lamilandu

Atamaliza kudandaulako, loya wa mtsogoleri wa khotiyo akuijambula ndi kalaliki. Sitepe limeneli limafuna kulipira ndalama (mwachisawawa madola mazana angapo m'khoti la boma; malipiro a boma amasiyana) ndi kupereka ndalama zoyambirira limodzi ndi makope okwanira. Olemba mapepala angapemphe kulipira ndalama mwa kukonza nambala ya mlandu ndi woweruza (nthaŵi zambiri) ndi kutsegula mlanduwo.

Ntchito Yoyendetsa Zinthu

Pambuyo pa kukonza, woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kudziŵitsa mwalamulo woimbidwa mlandu. Izi zimatchedwa “kuyendetsa ntchito. . Woyang'anirayo amakonza maaundi a maaunding (chikalata choperekedwa ndi khoti limene limalamula woimbidwa mlandu kuwonekera ndi kuyankha) ndi kuitumikira limodzi ndi kope la kudandaula kwa woimbidwa mlandu. Utumiki uyenera kuchitidwa mogwirizana ndi malamulo okhwima: kupereka kwa munthu woimbidwa mlandu, kupereka kwa munthu wa msinkhu woyenera panyumba ya woimbidwa mlandu, kapena, m'nkhani zina, ndi makalata ovomerezeka kapena kupyolera kumbuyo kwa ntchito. Utumiki woyenerera ndi wofunika chifukwa umapatsa ulamuliro wa kukhotilo. Ngati ntchitoyo njolakwa, mlanduwo ungachotsedwe. Nkhaniyo njofunikanso kuperekedwa pa [FLD: 0] Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Lamulo cha Lamulo cha Malamulo cha lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la [4]

Zimene Mteteziyo Anachita ndi Zotsatira Zake

Akapatsidwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo amakhala ndi nthaŵi yochepa yoyankha — masiku 21 m’khoti la boma (malamulo a boma amasiyanasiyana, kaŵirikaŵiri masiku 30).

Kuyankha Kudandaula

Yankho lofala kwambiri ndilo “Kuyankha,” kumene woimbidwa mlanduyo akuvomereza kapena kukana chinenezo chilichonse m’kudandaula. Yankho lake lingakhalenso kuvomereza zitetezero (m’chitsanzo, lamulo la kulephera, kugwirizana ndi chikhutiro, kutsutsana ndi kuopsa) ndi kutsutsa woimbidwa mlandu. Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo alephera kuyankha pa nthaŵi yake, woimbidwa mlanduyo angapeze chiweruzo chotsimikizirika mwa kupambana chifukwa chakuti woimbidwa mlanduyo anakana kutengamo mbali.

MAKONZEDWE APASANTHA

M’malo moyankha, woimbidwa mlanduyo angapange kachitidwe ka kuchotsa (kamenenso kamatchedwa “demurrer” m'mayiko ena) pansi pa Lamulo 12(b). Malo amaphatikizapo kusoŵeka kwa ulamuliro wa anthu, kusoŵa ulamuliro wa munthu, malo osayenerera, ntchito yosakwanira, kulephera kukhazikitsa chinenezo chimene chithandizo chingaperekedwe, kapena kulephera kugwirizana ndi gulu lofunikira. Chofala kwambiri ndicho kulephera kuletsa zonena (Rule 12(b)(6), zimene zimatsutsa kuti ngakhale ngati zinenezo zonse za m’tchalitchi ndi zowona, lamulo silimapereka mankhwala.

Kuyenda kwina kwamphamvu kwapasadakhale ndiko chigamulo cha chiweruzo chachidule . Atatulukira, kachitidweka kamanena kuti palibe mkangano weniweni wa zinthu zakuthupi, ndi kuti gulu loyendalo lili ndi ufulu wa kuweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo. Ngati liloledwa, kuweruza kumapeŵedwa kotheratu. Chiweruzo chachidule ndicho maziko a njira yachiŵeniŵeni, kaŵirikaŵiri chimagamula za kuikidwiratu kwa nkhani. Miyezo njotsimikizirika . Umboniwo iyenera kuonedwa moyenerera kwenikweni kwa gulu la anthu osayenda panthaneti.

Njira zina zapatsogolo pa makhoti zimaphatikizapo kukakamiza kutulukira, kuchita mwa njira yokakamiza kaamba ka mawu otsimikizirika, ndi kutsata mwamwambo kuukira zinthu zosayenera kuchokera ku kuchonderera. Kutsutsana kwa m’mabwalo kumeneku kungaumbe ukulu ndi njira ya nkhaniyo.

Zimene Apeza: Kufukula Zoona Zake

Kufufuza ndi njira yaikulu kwambiri komanso yofunika kwambiri yofotokozera nkhani. Njira yolowera anthu otere ndi yothandiza pokambirana zinthu zogwirizana ndi zimene akufuna ndiponso zimene angadziteteze. Cholinga chake n’chakuti anthu onse asiye kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zimene sakudziwa poyesedwa ndiponso kuti aone ngati zimene akulakwitsazo zili zabwino kapena zolakwika.

Federal Malamulo a Chigawo Procedare amalola mbali yaikulu ya kutumba: nkhani iliyonse yosaloledwa imene ili yogwirizana ndi zonena kapena chitetezo cha chipani chilichonse ndi yogwirizana ndi zosoŵa za mlanduwo. Ziŵiya zopezerapo zofunika zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kudziwitsa – mafunso olembedwa amene ayenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro. Malamulo a Federal amalekezera nambalayo 25 (kuphatikizapo mbali zina). Ndi othandiza kupeza chidziŵitso choyambirira monga maina a mboni, kukhalapo kwa zolembedwa, ndi nthanthi za lamulo.
  • Mapempho kaamba ka Kutulutsidwa kwa Mabuku -Paries amapemphana kutulutsa zikalata zoyenerera, zolembera zamagetsi (makalata, zilembo, mauthenga a foni), ndi zinthu zina zowoneka. Nthaŵi zambiri pamene “mfuti yosuta” imatulukira.
  • Malo otsimikizira – Kufunsa kwa Mawu kwa umboni (kapena kuti si apartime) pansi pa lumbiro, kope lolembedwa ndi mtolankhani wa khoti. Malolezo amalola maloya kufufuza nkhani ya mboni, kutsimikizira kudalirika, ndi lock mu umboni umene ungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kutsutsa mlandu.
  • Mapangano kaamba ka Kuvomereza [1] Mawu olembedwa a chenicheni amene munthu wina ayenera kuvomereza kapena kukana. Mawu ololedwa amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchepetsa nkhani za mlandu.
  • Kusanthula kwa m'thupi ndi m’Malingaliro – m'zochitika pamene mkhalidwe wakuthupi kapena wamaganizo wa munthu uli m’mikangano, khoti lingafune kuti afufuzidwe paokha (IME).

Eûdifixey (kuvumbula chidziŵitso chosungidwa pa kompyuta) yakhala mbali yaikulu. Nthaŵi zambiri madansi a mametaimu, matepi othandizira, ndi malo olankhulira a anthu. Kulephera kusunga umboni kungatsogolere ku zidzudzulo zowopsa, kuphatikizapo malangizo osonyeza kulakwa kapena ngakhale kuchotsedwa. Kupambana pa Eיdifibility, Malamulo a Chigamulo cha Civil Procedure (maka Makamaka 26, 34, ndi 37) kumapereka chikalata.

Msonkhano Wapachiyambi ndi Zoyesayesa za Kukhazikika

Khoti lisanaikidwe mlandu, nthaŵi zambiri limakhala ndi msonkhano wa anduna (nthaŵi zina wotchedwa msonkhano wapamwamba) pansi pa Ulamuliro 16. Woweruza ndi maloya akukambirana za kuyang'anira milandu, kutulukira nthaŵi, kuyendetsa zinthu, ndi kuthekera kwa kugamulidwa. Makhoti ambiri amafuna kuti mabwalo ayese kufalitsa kapena mitundu ina ya kutsutsana kwa chigamulo (ADR). Mlandu umaphatikizapo gulu lachitatu losaloŵerera m’nkhani, koma mkhalapakati satha kukhazikitsa chigamulo. Ngati maguluwo afikira kusudzulo, iwo amakana mlanduwo ndi chigamulo chovomerezedwa kapena chigamulo. Koposa 95% ya milandu yachiŵenga isanaweruzidwe, chotero mbali imeneyi ndiyo imakhala pomalizira milandu yambiri.

Ngakhale mlanduwo utakhala kuti sutha kuthetsedwa, msonkhano wa milandu yapachilumbachi umathandiza kuti nkhanizo zikhale zopereŵera, zisonyezero za zionetsero, ndi mafaelo a milandu.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu: Kutha Mwapang’onopang’ono

Ngati mlandu ukhalabepo chikhalire Polerapo mlandu ndi kulephera kuimbidwa mlandu, ikhoza kukhala kuzenga mlandu pa benchi (kugamula mfundo ndi lamulo) kapena kuzenga mlandu wa ajuli (kugamula mfundo; kugamula lamulo). Kuyenera kwa mlandu wa ajuli m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni kumatsimikizidwa ndi Seventh Amendment ku U.S. Constitution , koma kokha ndi masuti a lamulo logwirizana kumene unyinji wa maganidwewo umaposa $20.

Kusankha Zochita za Jury (Kukonda Kudya Moŵa)

Pa mlandu wa ajuli, chinthu choyamba ndicho kukhazikitsa malo oweruza. Woweruza ndi maloya amafunsa oweruza amene angapeze tsankho kapena kulephera kukhala opanda tsankho. Mbali iliyonse ingatokose chiŵerengero chochepa cha ajuli “kukonda chifukwa” (opanda malire ngati pali tsankho lenileni) ndi chiŵerengero chochepa cha“ mavuto opitikitsa” (koyamba 3 m’nkhani za boma, palibe chifukwa chofunikira, ngakhale kuti sangagwiritsiridwe ntchito mokondera). Cholinga chake ndicho kusankha komiti yoweruza yoyera ndi yopanda tsankho.

Mawu Otsegulira

Pagulu lililonse pamakhala mawu oyamba chidule cha umboni umene akuyembekezera kupereka. Mawu otsegulira sayamba amveka, ndi mapu a msewu. Attorney ayenera kumamatira ku mfundo zimene akufuna kutsimikizira, ndi kupeŵa mawu osocheretsa.

Umboni Wosonyeza

Woimbidwa mlanduyo akupereka mlandu wake choyamba, kuitana mboni ndi kuyambitsa zikalata, zisonyezero, ndi umboni wina. Pambuyo pa kupenda mwachindunji kwa mboni iriyonse, woimbidwa mlanduyo angakwapukire preglareexamine . Ndiyeno woimbidwa mlanduyo akupereka umboni wake, wotsatiridwa ndi umboni wothekera kuchokera kwa mtsutsa. Umboni uyenera kukhala wotsimikizirika pansi pa malamulo a umboni (m’njira, Federal Reslactal of Units). Mawu, diact, ndi nkhani za mwaŵi zimaperekedwa nthaŵi zonse kuchokera ku uphungu wotsutsa. Woweruzayo amalamulira pa chitsutso chilichonse, kaya chichilikizike kapena kuwonjezera.

Pamapeto pa mlandu wa woimbidwa mlandu, woimbidwa mlanduyo angasunthe kaamba ka “kuweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo” (lodziŵika monga chigamulo chotsogozedwa), akumanena kuti palibe juli yoyenerera imene ingapeze kwa woweruza. Ngati aloledwa, mlanduwo umakhala chigamulo cha woimbidwa mlanduyo.

Kutseka Malire

Pambuyo pa kupereka umboni wonse, mbali iriyonse imapereka chigomeko chomalizira, ikufunsitsa umboni ndi kufulumiza oweruza kupeza m’chiyanjo chawo. Woweruzayo amayamba ndipo angakhalenso ndi chitsutso chachidule pambuyo pa chigomeko cha woimbidwa mlandu. Zigomeko zotsekedwa zimaloledwa kukhala zokopa, koma ziyenera kuzikidwa pa umboni m’cholembedwa [1] Maattney sangapereke mfundo zatsopano.

Malangizo ndi Malonjezo

Oweruzawo akuona “malangizo auchigamulo ." miyezo yalamulo ya oweruza iyenera kugwira ntchito pa mfundo. Mwachitsanzo, m'nkhani yosasamala, woweruza adzafotokoza ntchito, kuswa, kuswa, ndi kuwonongeka. Mabungwewo kaŵirikaŵiri amamvera malangizo operekedwa ndi kutsutsana mawu. Atalandira malangizo, oweruza amapuma pantchito yadala m’chipinda chachinsinsi. Iwo ayenera kuweruza mlandu wa boma (ngati maguluwo sagwirizana); maboma ambiri amalola kuti programu yotchukayo igamule pa milandu yachiŵembu (m. g. 9, pa 12 jurs). Ngati oweruzawo sagwirizana, mlandu walakwa, ndipo mlanduwo unganenedwenso.

Chinenezo

Ngati chigamulo cha woweruza chitakhala kuti wapatsidwa chilango, woimbidwa mlanduyo salandira chilichonse.

Kuyenda ndi Kuloŵa m’Chiŵeruzo Pambuyo pa Chiweruzo

Chiweruzo sichimamaliza nthaŵi zonse mlanduwo. Otayikawo angapange madeti a pambuyo pa milandu m'zenera lachidule (monga masiku 28 m'khoti la boma). Zochitika zofala zikuphatikizapo:

  • Kugamulapo kaamba ka Chiweruzo monga Nkhani ya Chilamulo (Kukonzedwanso) [1] [1] – Argues kuti chigamulocho sichili chogwirizana ndi umboni wokwanira wa lamulo.
  • Kudziwitsa kaamba ka Mlandu Watsopano – Argues zimene zimaphophonya mkati mwa kuzenga mlandu (m’chitsanzo, umboni wosayenerera, kusamvera, kuchuluka kwa zowonongeka kapena kusakwanira) zimavomereza kuzenga mlandu watsopano.
  • [[MLT:0] Kusintha kapena Kukhazikitsa Chiweruzo – Afuna kuwongolera zolakwa m'chiweruzo kapena zopezedwa mwalamulo.

Koma ngati khotilo likana kuchita zinthu zimenezi, kalalikiyo ayamba kuweruza mlanduwo ndipo mlanduwo umakhala womaliza.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Mapilo safuna kukonzanso mfundo, koma khoti limafufuzanso mlanduwo kuti lione ngati khotilo linalakwitsa zinthu zimene zinakhudza zotsatira zake. Gululi likufuna kuti likhale “appelle.”

Kachitidweko kakuyamba mwa kutumiza chidziŵitso cha apilo mkati mwa nthaŵi ya malire (kaŵirikaŵiri masiku 30 m'milandu ya boma). Mambali onse aŵiri amatumiza mawu achidule olembedwa otsutsa chifukwa chake chiweruzo chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa (kuvomerezedwa) kapena kusinthidwa. Kuchonderera kungaphatikizeponso kutsutsana kwa pakamwa pamaso pa gulu la oweruza (mwachisawawa atatu m’mabwalo a apilo). Muyezo wa kupenda ukusiyana: mafunso a lamulo amapendedwa de novo (tsopano); zopezedwadi zimapendedwa pansi pa “myezo wolakwika kwambiri”; zosankha zanzeru zimapendedwa kuti zigwiritsiridwe molakwa.

Ngati khoti lamilandu lapabwalo lipeza cholakwa, lingabwezetse chiweruzo, kuitsutsa, kukonzanso mlandu watsopano, kapena kusintha mankhwala. Ngati palibe cholakwika, chitsimikiza. Mabwalo angayesetse kupendanso ndi bwalo lapamwamba kwambiri (m’mphindi, U.S. khoti Lapamwamba), koma khotilo lili ndi ufulu wovomereza kokha mbali yochepa ya milandu kudzera mwa pulogalamu ya ceretiari. Kaamba ka kufutukulidwa bwino, onani U.

Kuletsa Chiweruzocho

Kupambana chiweruzo si kusonkhanitsa ndalama. Ngati wolepherayo salandira malipiro modzifunira, wopambanayo ayenera kuchitapo kanthu. Wopereka chigamulo (winar) angapeze “chiwembu cha kuphedwa” kuchokera ku khoti, kulangiza woyang’anira milandu kapena U.S. kuti atenge ndi kugulitsa katundu (malo enieni, galimoto, maakaunti a ku banki) kuti akhutiritse chiweruzocho. Zida zina zikuphatikizapo:

  • Garnish Garnish [[FL:1] – Lamulo la khoti lofuna kuti bwana wa ngongoleyo achotse gawo la malipiro ndi kutumiza ilo kwa wobwereka.
  • Levis [1] [1] Freeing Free ndi kulanda ndalama ku banki.
  • Ziwiri [1] – Kuika bodza pa katundu weniweni, chotero wokongola sangagulitse katunduyo popanda kupereka chiweruzo.

Kukakamiza kumalamulidwa ndi lamulo la boma, ndipo okongoletsa chiweruzo kaŵirikaŵiri ayenera kupeza ndalama ndi opatula oyendetsa malo (obwereketsa amaloledwa kusunga zofunika zina). M'khoti la boma, chiweruzo chingalembetsedwe m'chigawo chilichonse chimene wokongolayo ali nacho katundu. Ngongole zina sizingabwezeretsedwe pa kulephera kwa ndalama (mphindi, kuvulaza dala), chotero kusungitsa kungakhale kuyesayesa kwanthaŵi yaitali.

Kumaliza

Ulendo woyambirira woyambira kukonza njira yomalizira / ndi kupitirira , ndi njira yocholoŵana, yochuluka imene imafuna njira yaluso, kudziŵa malamulo achibadwa, ndi kumvetsetsa malamulo apamwamba. Fiji iliyonse, kuyambira pa kudandaula ndi kumaliza mayeso ndi kuonetsetsa, imapereka mpata ndi mbuna. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuphunzira masitepe ameneŵa nkofunika kuyamikira mmene makhoti amachitira chilungamo. Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhaniyi imaphatikiza njira zachiŵembu, imagwira ntchito m'malamulo a milandu (ndi chitetezo chowonjezereka cha oimbidwa). Mwa kuzindikira dongosolo la maluso ndi kuyenda kwa bwalo la milandu, simupeza nzeru ya maphunziro okha komanso nzeru zothandiza zimene zingakuchititseni kuvomereza malamulo ndi kuyendetsa bwino chilungamo.