Chiyambi: Mphamvu Zosalimba

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro pakati pa nthambi za malamulo, mabwana, ndi achiweruzo kuli mbali yolongosola dongosolo la malamulo a United States. Malamulo ameneŵa analinganizidwa ndi Oyambitsa kuletsa chinthu chimodzi kuti chisakhale ndi ulamuliro wosaletsedwa. Pamene nthambi ina iswa malire ake alamulo, ikhoza kusokoneza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ndi ulamuliro wa demokalase. Boma lochita zopanda nzeru silimangosokoneza kugawidwa kwa maulamuliro koma lingayambitsenso mavuto monga kuwonongeka kwa ufulu wa anthu, kuchepa kwa ufulu wa anthu, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa mikangano ya ndale. Kumvetsa zimene zimalepheretsa, chifukwa chake kuchitika, ndi mmene kungadziŵikidwire kwa nzika zonse zimene zimafuna kutetezera dziko.

Kumvetsetsa Nthambi za Boma

Malamulo amaika mphamvu zosiyanasiyana m'nthambi zitatu zolingana, limodzi ndi madongosolo alionse oletsa zina.

  • Blantyre (Chorret): Imagwira ntchito ndi kupanga malamulo, kulengeza nkhondo, kuyang'anira malonda, ndi kulamulira bajeti. Mphamvu zake zotchulidwa zandandalika zandandalikidwa m'Nthambi I ya Malamulo.
  • Accutive Branch (Presidenti ndi Administration): Udindo wa kukhazikitsa malamulo, kutsogoza malamulo achilendo, kulamula asilikali, ndi kukhazikitsa akuluakulu a boma. Mfundo zimenezi zimaika maaudindo mu Pulezidenti.
  • Nthambi ya judicial (Makhoti Apamwamba ndi Makhoti Aang'ono): [[FULT:1] Apatsidwa mlandu ndi malamulo omasulira, kupenda lamulo lake, ndi kuletsa mikangano. Mfundo III ikhazikitsa judiary.

Nthambi iliyonse yakonzedwa kuti ithetse zikhumbo za ena. Monga momwe James Madison analembera mu [[FLT: 0] Faterast Ayi. 51, “Chikhumbo chiyenera kupangidwa kutsutsa kukhumba malo. Chifuno chinali kukhazikitsa boma lokhazikika m'lamulo mmalo mwa chifuno cha gulu lirilonse.

Kodi Ndi Mahule Ati Amene Boma Limaloŵerera Mopitirira Malire?

Kusintha kopambanitsa kumachitika pamene nthambi igwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoposa malire operekedwa ndi Malamulo kapena pamene ikuswa ulamuliro walamulo wa nthambi ina. Kukhoza kuonekera monga lamulo limene limaswa ufulu wa munthu aliyense (wochitapo kanthu), machitidwe apamwamba amene amanyalanyaza Congress (wopulukira), kapena malamulo achiweruzo amene amayambitsa malamulo mmalo mwa kumasulira lamulo (wochita zachiwembu). Mafotokozedwe olondola kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa kumasulira kwa malembo alamulo ndi zochitika za nyengo. Komabe, lamulo lamakhalidwe likukhalabe: kachitidwe kalikonse kamene kamasokoneza kulinganizika kwa mphamvu zopatulidwa kuvulaza njira ya democracy.

Zitsanzo Zakale za Kugonjetsa Kopambanitsa kwa Boma

Aluen ndi Sedition Acts (1798)

Federalist Discial anatsogolera bungwe la Alien ndi Sedition Acts popanda kukangana, kupangitsa kukhala mlandu kufalitsa “bodza, zonyansa, ndi kulemba kwanjiru . Malamulo ameneŵa analinganizidwa kuletsa chitsutso ndi kuletsa kusamukira kudziko. Olemba nyuzipepala ambiri anaponyedwa m’ndende. Machitidwewa amasonyeza mlandu woonekeratu wa boma wotsutsa ufulu umene unaswa chitsimikizo cha ufulu wa Oyamba Kukonza Malamulo. Anapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri asiye kutsutsa masankhoti a Thomas Jefferson ndipo anathandizira kutsimikizira masankhoti a Jefferson mu 1800. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, ntchitozo zinatha kapena zinatha kuchotsedwanso, koma iwo adakalibe chitsanzo cha chenjezo cha mmene kuwopa Globation kungachitirize opanga malamulowo kulowa m’mbuyo.

Kuloŵerera kwa ku Japan kwa America (1942)

Pambuyo pa Japan anaukira Pearl Harbor, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt anatulutsa Lamulo Lolamulira 9066, likumaloleza kuchotsedwa ndi kuikidwa m'ndende kwa Ajapani oposa 1200,000 Aamereka .NU ziŵiri mwa amene anali nzika za United States. Asilikali ananena kuti kunali kofunika kaamba ka chisungiko cha dziko, koma panalibe umboni wa kusakhulupirika umene unatulutsidwa. Pambuyo pake Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulolo [[FL:0] Korimatsu v. United States [19444], chigamulo chinatsutsidwa mokulira monga kulephera kwa kuyang'anira nduna. Zaka makumi ambiri pambuyo pake, boma linavomereza mwalamulo chisalungamo ndi kubwezera.

Kachipangizo ka Watergate (1972-1974)

Pulezidenti Richard Nixon analamulira machitachita oletsedwa, kuphatikizapo kuswa, kuswa, ndi kutsekereza chilungamo. Pamene Congress anafufuza, Nixon anatsimikizira kukhala ndi udindo wapamwamba ndi kukana kugwirizana. Khoti Lapamwamba linamulamula kuti atulutse matepi a Oval Office mu [FLT: 0] [[FLT] United States] v. Nixton . . Kuyang'ana , iye adasiya. Watergate monga chitsanzo chamakono chodabwitsa cha makampani, ndipo anasonyeza kuti mayeso ndi malingana ndi masitemu a za pulogalamu angawo, ndi makonzedwe okwanira, m'kakonzedwe, mu pulezidenti.

Marbury ndi Madison ndi Diectorius Guide (1033)

Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall anakhazikitsa lamulo la kupendanso makhoti . M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, mphamvu ya makhoti kulengeza malamulo popanda lamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti mphamvu imeneyi iri maziko a ntchito ya jaji, osuliza panthaŵiyo anatsutsa kuti inaimira kuukira kwachiweruzo chifukwa chakuti Malamulo samapatsa makhoti ulamuliro umenewu. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kupenda kwa khoti kunakhala maziko a lamulo lalamulo la American. Mlandu umasonyeza kuti zimene poyamba zimaonedwa monga zolakwa zingavomerezedwe kukhala zofunika kuti dongosolo ligwire ntchito, kugogomezera mphamvu zamphamvu za kulinganiza.

Kuzenga mlandu ku khoti (1937)

Oipidwa ndi zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba zimene zinagwetsa lamulo la New Deal , Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt analinganiza lamulo lowonjezera zigamulo zatsopano zisanu ndi chimodzi ku Khoti. Osuliza anatsutsa kuti kuyesayesa kumeneku kunali koonekeratu kuti afooketse ufulu wa chiweruzo ndi kusintha malongosoledwe a khoti. Malingalirowo anayang'anizana ndi chitsutso chowopsa ndipo analephera. Komabe, inachititsa khotilo kuchotsa kaimidwe kake pa malamulo a zachuma. Khoti lozemba lozemba limakhalabe chitsanzo cha buku la akatswiri otsutsa malamulo apamwamba amene anayesa malamulo a malamulo a malamulo a boma.

Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam ndi Nkhondo ya Ulamuliro (1973)

Pulezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson ndi Richard Nixon anakulitsa kuloŵerera m'zankhondo ku Vietnam popanda chilengezo chalamulo cha nkhondo kuchokera ku Congress. Mtsogoleri ameneyu anaukira Congress kupambana Chigamulo cha Nkhondo cha 1973 pa chikalata cha Nixon, kupempha pulezidenti kufunsa Congress asanapereke asilikali ku nkhondo. Lamulo limayesa kukhazikitsanso ulamuliro wa malamulo wa Congress Congress kulengeza nkhondo, ngakhale kuti mphamvu yake ya kuyambitsa nkhondoyo yakhala ikutsutsana kuyambira pamenepo.

Zotsatirapo za Kuchulukitsa

Kusokonekera kwa Maufulu a Chiŵeniŵeni

Ochita malonda a boma akapitirira malamulo awo, ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha umawonongeka.

Kutayikiridwa ndi Anthu

Boma lochita zinthu mochenjerera limachititsa anthu kukayikira ndi kunyozana. Pamene nzika zizindikira kuti malamulo amatsatira mosayenerera kapena kuti atsogoleri amachita zinthu popanda chilango, chikhulupiriro m’mabungwe a demokalase chimawonongeka.

Kusintha kwa Ndale zadziko

Nthambi ina ikapitirira pang’ono, anthu otsutsa amabwezera, ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti maulamuliro achuluke kwambiri.

Kuloŵererapo pa Nkhani ya Chiweruzo ndi Kuswa Lamulo

Pamene agwidwa mowopsa, makhoti angapemphedwe kubwezeretsa bata. Nkhani zapansi monga Zolemba za Makedzana Sheep & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) (pamene Khoti Lalikulu linalamulira kuti Pulezidenti Truman satha kutenga zitsulo zachitsulo pankhondo ya Korea .

Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika pa Ntchito

Lamulolo limaletsa njira zingapo zoletsera nthambi iliyonse kulamulira:

  • Macheke a Chilamulo pa Uyang'aniro: Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapose mavoti a pulezidenti ndi magawo aŵiri, kuvomereza kapena kukana mapangano, kuchotsa prezidenti ndi akuluakulu ena a boma, kulamulira bajeti, ndi kusanthula zochita za maulamuliro.
  • Macheke a Chikalata pa Judia: Congress amakhazikitsa ukulu wa Khoti Lalikulu, amasankha ulamuliro wa khoti Lapamwamba, angaletse oweruza, ndi kutchula malamulo a lamulo kusintha malamulo a chiweruzo.
  • Kufufuza Malamulo: Pulezidenti angapereke malamulo, kutcha magawo apadera a Congress, ndi kuvomereza malamulo.
  • Zofufuza za Pa Thudia: Pulezidenti amaika oweruza a boma, amakhululukira ndi kubwezera, ndipo angasonkhezere kusungitsa malamulo a khoti.
  • Makhoti a Judicial Sekings pa Uyang'aniro ndi Malamulo: angalengeze malamulo kapena machitidwe audindo osagwirizana ndi lamulo kupyolera mwa kupenda kwachiweruzo. Amamasulira lamulo ndipo angapereke malamulo kuletsa machitidwe osaloledwa.

Macheke ameneŵa amakhala othandiza kokha pamene nthambi iliyonse iteteza ufulu wake ndipo pamene atsogoleri a boma ali ndi mlandu.

Nkhani za Masiku Ano Zothetsa Nzeru

Malamulo a Akuluakulu ndi Mphamvu ya Prezidenti

Unduna wamakono wawona kuwonjezereka kwa malamulo a akuluakulu, amene ena anyalanyaza Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhazikitsa masinthidwe aakulu a lamulo. Mlingo wa ulamuliro m'madera onga ngati kusamuka, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi chisungiko cha dziko watsutsidwa m'makhoti. Otsutsa atsutsa kuti malamulo a akuluakulu sayenera kulowa mmalo mwa malamulo, pamene otetezera anena za lamulo kukhala kulungamitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Obama’s Defer Action for Childhooppellals (DACA) ndi Pulezidenti wa Trump anayang'anizana ndi ziletso zonse za malamulo zimene zinayesa malire a ulamuliro wapamwamba.

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri za Boma Ndiponso Zokhala Pawekha

Kuyambira 9 / 11 ziukiro, nthambi yaikulu yawonjezera kwambiri maprogramu ofufuza. Act, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FA) ndi maprogramu achinsinsi a NSA metadata achititsa nkhaŵa yaikulu ponena za Kukonzanso kwa Fourter. ACLU v. Kulimbana pakati pa chitetezo ndi chinsinsi kumakhalabe kwabwino kwa bungwe la oyendetsa ntchito. (2015), Second Centrent transsion’s project inalamula kuti marekhodi ambiri a staute . Posachedwapa, Congress alola kuti chigawo chokhudzakoso kutha, koma kupitiriza kuvomerezanso. Kupsinjika pakati pa oyendetsa ntchito zaumoyo ndi zachinsinsi kumakhalabe.

Kutsekeredwa kwa Malamulo ndi Ntchito Yosagwirizana ndi Malamulo

Kugaŵanikana kwachititsa kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhale yovuta kukhazikitsa malamulo pankhani zazikulu. Kaŵirikaŵiri kusoŵa kumeneku kumachititsa ntchito yapamwamba monga ntchito yozungulira, mphamvu yowonjezereka ya kusumika maganizo mu White House. Ena amatsutsa kuti kuperekedwa kwa Congress kwa mbali yake ya malamulo kuli mtundu wa gulu lopambana . kapena kulephera kwa thayo. Kusintha kwa ma frock ndi uniteralism kumawononga kulekanitsa maulamuliro ndi kufooketsa njira yochotsera ufulu.

Kuweruza Koletsa

Chigamulo cha jaji sichimatetezeredwa kwa ochenjeredwa. Pamene makhoti anena za malamulo amene amapanga lamulo latsopano mogwira mtima, osuliza amawaimba mlandu wa kulamula kuchokera ku ben. Zigamulo za pachizindikiro monga Roe v. Wade [777]] [[FLT]] [B] [B] [[FLT]]] . Hodges [[FLT] adachitidwa phwando ndi kutsutsidwa kwa ntchito yawo yachiweruzo. Nthambi yaboma iyenera kulinganiza udindo wake kutetezera ufulu walamulo ndi kudalira ulamuliro wosankhidwa.

Kuteteza Anthu Kuti Asakugonjetseni

Maphunziro a Mitengo ndi Kusamala

Chidziŵitso ndicho njira yoyamba yotetezera. Kumvetsetsa Konsichushoni, ntchito za nthambi iliyonse, ndi njira za kupima ndi kulinganiza kumapatsa nzika mphamvu ya kuzindikira ochenjera pamene ichitika. Sukulu, zoulutsira nkhani, ndi maprogramu achitaganya ayenera kugogomezera kuzoloŵera kwa malamulo a . Magulu onga National Archives amapereka chuma chaulere waulere kaamba ka kuphunzira.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kuŵerengera

Nzika zingaumirize malamulo amene amakulitsa kuonekera, mphamvu ya maulamuliro, ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu mmodzi. Kuchirikiza mabungwe onga ngati Chivomezi cha American Liberties Union [1] Kuthandiza kuyang'anira zochita za boma. Chitsenderezo cha anthu chingakakamize Nyumba za Malamulo kuchita ntchito yake mwamphamvu. Kulimbana kumaphatikizaponso oimira, otsutsa, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito makhoti kutsutsa ntchito ntchito zosemphana ndi malamulo.

Kutengamo Mbali ndi Kuthandiza

Kulankhula m'masankho alionse . "kuweruza, boma, ndi malo." N’kosavuta kuti akuluakulu a boma alemekeze malamulo pamene akuopa kusankhidwa. Masankho a pakati pa nyengo ya Congress ndi ofunika kwambiri makamaka pofufuza mphamvu za maulamuliro. Ndiponso, kusanthula malo achiweruzo m’mayiko kumene oweruza amasankhidwa kungachititse kulinganiza ulamuliro.

Kusintha kwa Mabungwe

Ena amalingalira kuti asinthe masinthidwe a nyumba kuti achepetse ngozi ya kuchenjerera. Izi zimaphatikizapo malamulo a mawu oikidwa pa zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba, kufuna maulamuliro apamwamba pa zochita zina za akuluakulu, kulimbitsa Maulamuliro a Nkhondo, ndi kuukitsa lamulo la chivomezi (zimene Khoti Lalikulu linakantha mu INS v. Chachaha ) mu 1983. Kusintha kulikonse kuyenera kulinganizidwira kuti kupeŵetse zotsatirapo zimene zingabweretse mipata yatsopano kwa Highner.

Ntchito ya Ofalitsa Nkhani

Manyuzipepala aulere ndi odziimira okha amatumikira monga kuyang'anira kofunikira pa nthambi zonse. Kufalitsa nkhani za m'manyuzipepala kumavumbula nkhanza, kudziŵitsa anthu, ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu kuŵerengera mlandu. Kuwopseza kutsendereza ufulu . Monga ngati atolankhani ankhani kapena milandu yonyozedwa yochitidwa kutsutsa kusuliza .

Kumaliza

Boma likulimbana ndi chitokoso cha lamulo la dziko la Allien. Dongosolo la dziko la America la maulamuliro ogaŵanika ndi mayeso ndi mayeso ndi malingana linalinganizidwa kuyang'anira chitokoso chimenechi, koma limadalira pa kutengamo mbali kokangalika kwa nthambi zitatu zonsezo ndi nzika zake. Mbiri imapereka maphunziro obwerezabwereza onena za maupandu a ulamuliro wosatsekeredwa, kuyambira ku Alien ndi Seddition Acts mpaka Watergate ku machitachita amakono ofufuza. Mwakumvetsetsa zochitika zimenezi ndi kukhalabe ochenjera, Aamereka angasunge kusungitsa kulinganizika komwe kumatetezera ufulu wawo. Chitetezo chachikulu cholimbana ndi kuukira ulamuliro wa olakwa ndi anthu amene amafuna kumamatira ku Lamulo la Malamulo.