Mmene Kulimbana kwa Maboma Kumathandizira Ulamuliro wa America

United States anaimbidwa pa dongosolo la maulamuliro ogaŵanika, koma mizera ya pakati pa boma lakumaloko, la boma, ndi la boma siidziŵika bwino. Pamene milingo imeneyi sikugwirizana, zotsatirapo zingakhale nkhondo zalamulo, malamulo, kapena ngakhale kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Kumvetsa kusemphana kumeneku nkofunika pomvetsa mmene malamulo a boma amagwirira ntchito.

Malamulo a U.S. amakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma limene boma la dzikolo lili ndi maulamuliro oŵerengedwa, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pansi pa Demendment ya Khumi. Maboma a kumaloko, opangidwa ndi maboma, amawonjezeranso kucholoŵana kwina. Mabungwe ameneŵa amapanga kupyolerana ndi kupsinjana, koma pamene mikangano ikula, zotulukapo zimachokera m’maholo a mzinda kumka ku Bwalo Lapamwamba.

Maziko a Kulimbana kwa Boma Logwirizana

Federalism ku United States si udindo woyenerera. Malamulo amapereka mphamvu zachindunji ku boma la boma . Zonga kuwongolera malonda a boma, kupangira ndalama, ndi kuyendetsa nkhani zachilendo . Pamene kuli kwakuti amasunga maulamuliro ena onse ku maboma. Koma nkhani zambiri zamakono, kuyambira pa malamulo a malo okhala kufikira ku thanzi la anthu, zimakhudza ponse paŵiri ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma.

Kutha Kusintha kwa Dziko

Mfundo VI ya Konsichushoni imakhazikitsa kuti lamulo la boma ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dziko, tanthauzo la malamulo a boma amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma kapena Malamulo ali opanda ntchito. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lapanga chiphunzitso chosinthasintha cha kuperekedwa. Kutsenderezedwa kumachitika pamene Congress inena za cholinga chake cha kuchotsapo lamulo la boma.

Mwachitsanzo, Consitution Annoted ikufotokoza kuti lamulo la boma loloŵa m'dziko kaŵirikaŵiri limatsekereza zoyesayesa za boma za kupereka chilango chowonjezereka kwa osamukira m'dziko osalembedwa. Komabe maboma akupitirizabe kukhazikitsa malamulo m'bwalo lino, kutsogolera ku kubwerezabwereza.

M’Bungwe la Khumi Lowonjezera ndi Mphamvu za Apolisi a Boma

Chikalata cha Tenth Amendment chosungidwa ku maboma onse amene sapatsidwa boma. Izi zimaphatikizapo ulamuliro wa apolisi wautali wa kutetezera thanzi, chisungiko, ndi ubwino wa nzika. Maboma ndi madera amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu imeneyi kukhazikitsa malamulo akumanga kuyambira ku mabizinesi a kumaloko. Pamene mabungwe a boma ayesa kukhazikitsa ulamuliro m’zigawo zamwambo zimenezi, nkhondo kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsatira.

Zomwe Zimachitika Nthaŵi Zonse pa Ntchito Yolimbana ndi Boma

Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo amakhalidwe abwino amakhazikitsa dongosolo, mikangano yothandiza imabuka kuchokera ku magwero angapo obwerezabwereza.

Ulamuliro wa Malamulo ndi Mlandu

Kutsutsana pa mlingo wa boma limene lili ndi ufulu wa kuchitapo kanthu pankhani inayake ndiko magwero a nkhondo. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa mliri wa Chovid19, madipatimenti ambiri a zaumoyo a kumaloko anapereka malamulo a kubisa kapena malamulo a malonda. Maboma ena anayesa kutseka zochita za kumaloko, akumanena kuti boma limakhala m'dziko. M’nkhani zina, iwo eni anakhazikitsa malamulo amene amatsutsana ndi malangizo a boma a bungwe la Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Kuyesa Kusuta ndi Kuyesa

Mayiko ndi madera kaŵirikaŵiri amatumikira monga malabola oyesera malamulo, kuyesa njira zimene zimasiyana kwambiri ndi malamulo a boma. Pamene kuyesa kumeneku kusemphana ndi lamulo la boma, kupsinjika sikungapeŵeke. Chitsanzo chapadera ndicho kuvomerezedwa kwa chamba chapamwamba ndi boma, chimene chimatsutsa mwachindunji chikalata cha boma chotchedwa Substances Act. Ngakhale kuti pali mkangano walamulo, boma la boma lakana kukakamiza lamulo la boma m'zigawo zimene zavomerezedwa ndi lamulo, kupanga chikalata choletsa kuletsa kusunthauzira.

Kupereka Zingwe ndi Malamulo

Maboma a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amabwera ndi mikhalidwe imene imakhala yokhutiritsa kwambiri m'maiko ndi madera kuti igwirizane ndi malamulo a boma. Zimenezi zimayambitsa kusagwirizana pamene maboma a kumaloko akhulupirira kuti mikhalidweyo iri yolemetsa kwambiri kapena yododometsa pa kudzilamulira kwawo. Mwachitsanzo, boma lagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zapamsewu kukakamiza maboma kuchepetsa msinkhu wa kumwa kufikira 21. Posachedwapa, mikangano pa malamulo osavomerezedwa ndi boma iyenera kulipira kaamba ka [1]

Kusiyana kwa Zikhalidwe ndi Zandale

Kulimbana kwakukulu kwa maboma kumayambika ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa ndale ndi chikhalidwe. Malo a m'matauni kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi malamulo ololera pankhani monga kusungitsa anthu kusamukira kudziko ndi malamulo a malo okhala, pamene madera akumidzi ndi nyumba za boma zingakhale ndi malingaliro okhwima kwambiri. Pamene maboma a boma ndi maboma akulamuliridwa ndi zipani zosiyanasiyana, mikangano yokhudza kutha kwa malamulo a m'dzikolo imakhala yofala. Mayiko akhala akugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri malamulo otsekereza kuwonjezeka kwa malipiro a kumaloko, kulipira mafoko odwala, ndi njira zoletsa kusagwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.

Kufufuza Mlandu wa M’mbiri ya Kulimbana kwa Boma

Mbiri ya ulamuliro wa United States ndi mbiri ya mkangano wa zochitika zingapo zosonyeza mmene kulimbana kumeneku kumalamulira.

Kuleka Kuphunzira ndi Kukakamiza

Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu 1954 Brown v. Board of Education , madera ambiri a sukulu ku South anakana kugwirizana. Maboma anakhazikitsa malamulo otsutsa malamulo a boma, ndi mikangano pakati pa mabungwe a boma, akuluakulu a boma, ndi otsutsa a kumaloko anakhala ofala. Pulezidenti Dwight Eisenhower wa chigamu cha ku Little Rock, Arkansas, mu 1957 kukhazikitsa lamulo la ku Central High School kumakhala chimodzi cha zitsanzo zazikulu koposa za kuloŵerera kwa boma. Mpatuko inatsimikiziranso ukulu wa lamulo la boma la boma pa malamulo ndi malamulo a boma.

Kuvomerezedwa kwa Malamulo ndi Lamulo la Mafuko

Chiyambire 1996, chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha maboma a boma alola mankhwala kapena chamba, mosasamala kanthu za kuikidwa kwake monga Sedynal I ya gentime pansi pa lamulo la boma. Nkhondoyo yayang'aniridwa ndi malamulo a nthambi ya boma, monga Cole Memorie pansi pa ulamuliro wa Obama, imene inalangiza ozenga milandu a boma kuchotsa lamulo m'maboma ndi madongosolo oletsa kuyendetsa moŵa. Komabe, kutsutsana kwalamulo kukupitirizabe. Mabizinesi m'maboma angayang'anizanebe ndi boma, ndipo mabanki akuopa kuwatumikira chifukwa cha kuyang'anirana kwa boma chifukwa cha malamulo a bungwe la la la osunga malamulo. Kulimbana kumeneku kumasonyeza mmene kutsutsana kwa boma kungayambire kusatsimikizirika kwa nzika ndi makampani.

Mizinda Yoyera ndi Kusamuka

Maboma ena ayamba kutsatira malamulo amene amachepetsa kugwirizana kwawo ndi akuluakulu a boma oloŵa m’dziko. Malamulo oimira malo opatulika ameneŵa amatsutsa kuti apolisi a m'deralo sayenera kuikidwa m'gulu la boma losungitsa anthu, monga momwe angachepetsere chikhulupiriro cha anthu. Boma la boma lachitapo kanthu mwa kuopseza kuti lingasiye kupereka ndalama ndi kulamula kuti litsutse malamulo a dziko. Nkhaniyi yafika mobwerezabwereza kumakhoti, ndi milandu yonga ngati City of Chicago v. Barr

Kusintha Malo ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma

Lamulo la malo okhala ndi malo abwino kwambiri kuti nkhondo za boma zichitike. Ceador Air Act ndi Clean Water Act imakhazikitsa malamulo a boma koma imalola maboma kugwiritsa ntchito maprogramu awo. Pamene maboma onga California akhazikitsa miyezo yoletsa kutulutsa mpweya kwambiri kuposa boma la boma, iwo achita zimenezo pansi pa kuchotsa kwa Environmental Protection Agency. Komabe, oyang'anira Trump anayesa kuchotsa California chida cha mchira cha mchira wake kuti akhazikitse malamulo a mchira wake, kutsogolera ku nkhondo yalamulo. Khoti Lapamwambalo limayesanso kuchepetsa mphamvu ya dziko pansi pa ulamuliro wa Zamadzi pansi pa milandu yonga [[FLT:] . . . . .

Maboma Othandiza Anthu Kuti Akhale ndi Thanzi Labwino

Mliri wa Covid-19 unachititsa kusagwirizana kwa boma. Malangizo a Federal pa mask, ma locking, ndi akatemera anali otsutsana kaŵirikaŵiri kapena kusintha mofulumira. Maboma anapereka malamulo awoawo angozi, nthaŵi zina otsutsana ndi njira za kumaloko. M'maboma angapo, olamulira anayesa kuchotsa madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m'dzikolo a ulamuliro wawo kapena kuletsa malamulo m’masukulu. Malamulo amaletsa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma, kuletsa chipembedzo, ndi ulamuliro wa mabungwe a boma kulamula kuti antchito ndi apaulendo aloŵe m’mabwalo a milandu.

Mbali ya Nthambi Yoweruza Pothetsa Mikangano

Makhoti ndiwo amayambitsa mikangano ya m’boma.

Kupenda Chiweruzo Monga Chigamulo Chotsutsana cha Njira Zopangira

Mphamvu ya kupenda chiweruzo imalola makhoti a boma kuchepetsa boma ndi malamulo a boma amene amatsutsana ndi Malamulo kapena malamulo a boma. Mu Arizona v. United States [1] (2020: 2), Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula zopereka malamulo angapo a kusungitsa anthu ku Arizona, S.B. 1070, chifukwa chakuti anachotsedwa ndi lamulo la boma. Chigamulocho chinatsimikizira kuti kutsata kusamuka kuli thayo la boma, koma chinasiya kuthekera kwa kugwirizanitsa boma m’njira zochepetsedwa.

Nkhani Zoyamba Kuikidwapo

Milandu ingapo yotchuka ya Khoti Lalikulu yafotokoza malire a ulamuliro wa boma:

  • Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) anakhazikitsa kuti lamulo la boma ndilo lapamwamba ndi kuti maboma sangakhoze kukhoma msonkho wa makampani.
  • New York v. United States [1] (1992 [1] [[FLT: 3] adakhulupirira kuti Congress sangalamulire makhomagedi a boma kukhazikitsa kapena kukhazikitsa maprogramu auyang'aniro a boma.
  • .[FLT .1] Printz v. United States[FLT :2] (1997) pulinsipulo loletsa lamulo linafutukula kwa akuluakulu a boma, kuswa lamulo la boma lofuna kuti ayang'anire malowo.
  • [FLT] Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [1] ((20: 2) anachirikiza lamulo la munthu la chisamaliro monga msonkho koma mphamvu ya Nyumba ya Malamulo yochepetsera ndalama kuchokera ku maiko amene anakana kufutukula programu.

Malire a Chigamulo cha Chiweruzo

Makhoti sangathetse mikangano yonse ya boma. Nkhondo zina ziri zandale mmalo mwa lamulo, ndipo oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amagonjera nthambi za ndale zadziko pa mafunso a chipani. Ndiponso, kufulumira kwa kukambirana kumatanthauza kuti mikangano ingapitirize kwa zaka zambiri chigamulo chomalizira chisanathe. Panthaŵi imeneyo, maboma angagwire ntchito m’mkhalidwe wa kukayikira kwa lamulo, ndipo nzika zikhoza kusenza mtengo.

Zimene Zimafuna Kuti Anthu Azitsatira Malamulo a Anthu Onse

Maboma a m’deralo, a boma, ndi a boma akasemphana maganizo, zotsatira zake zimakhudza mmene malamulo amagwiritsidwira ntchito ndiponso mmene nzika zimaonera maboma.

Kugawanika ndi Kusasintha

Kumenyana kwa boma kumachititsa kuti m’mayiko ambiri mukhale malamulo osiyanasiyana. Mabizinesi osiyanasiyana angafunikire kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuti apeze chilolezo cha malo okhala, malamulo a ntchito, kapena zinthu zina zobisika.

Kuwononga Miseche ndi Kusokonezeka kwa Zinthu

Nkhondo za lamulo zimatha ndalama za msonkho ndi ndalama za boma. Oimira boma nthaŵi zonse amalembetsa milandu ku mabungwe a boma, ndipo maboma akumaloko nthaŵi zina amawononga mamiliyoni ambiri kutetezera malamulo awo. Zithandizo zimenezi zikhoza kuyendetsedwa ku maphunziro, zigwirizano, kapena thanzi la anthu. Kukwera mtengo kwa nkhondo kungakhale kolemetsa kwambiri makamaka kwa maboma aang’ono okhala ndi ndalama zochepa.

Kuchepa kwa Kukhulupirira Anthu

Kukangana kosalekeza pakati pa maboma kungafooketse chidaliro cha anthu m’dongosolo lonse. Pamene nzika ziwona mzinda wawo kutsutsa boma, kapena boma likumenyana ndi boma, zingagamule kuti boma nlopanda mphamvu. Izi zimakhala choncho makamaka pamene mikangano ikhala yosatha ndipo yafalitsidwa ndi ofalitsa nkhani. Kukhulupirirana m’milingo yonse yaposachedwapa kwachepa, ndipo kutsutsana kwa boma kungasonkhezere chikhoterero chimenecho.

Kukonzanso ndi Kuyesa

Kumbali yotsimikizirika, mkangano ungachititse kuyambika kwa malamulo. Boma ndi maboma a kumalo amene amasonkhezera malire kaŵirikaŵiri amayambitsa njira zatsopano zimene pambuyo pake zimasonkhezera lamulo la boma. Mwachitsanzo, kuyesa kwa boma ndi kusinthana kwa inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ndi kufutukuka kwa Medicaid kunadziŵitsa mapulani a Affordible Care Act. Kulimbana pakati pa mgwirizano wa boma ndi kufufuza kwa kumaloko kuli mbali ya dala ya unistism, ndi kulimbana kuli mbali yachibadwa ya mphamvu imeneyo.

Kusintha kwa Ndale ndi Kugawana

M'nyengo ya kugawana kwakukulu kwa ndale zadziko, nkhondo za boma zakhala chiŵiya chothandizira nkhondo za atsamunda. Maboma olamuliridwa ndi chipani chimodzi angatsutse mwamphamvu malamulo a gulu lotsutsanalo. Izi zingayambitse kusintha kwa: boma la boma limagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zowonongera zinthu ndi ulamuliro wake kukakamiza kugonjera, pamene maboma akuvomereza ndi kutsutsa lamulo. Chotulukapo ndicho dongosolo la ulamuliro limene likuwonjezerekakulakulakulakulakula mmalo mwa kugwirizana.

Mapeto ake: Kuyambitsa Chipani cha Federalism

Kutsutsana pakati pa maboma a kumaloko, boma, ndi a boma sikuli zizindikiro za kusweka kwa dongosolo; kuli kwachibadwa kwa dongosolo la boma la America. Lamulolo limapanga dala maulamuliro ogaŵanikana ndi kuyang’anira ulamuliro. Pamene kusamvana kubuka, iwo amayesa malire a ulamuliro ndi kukakamiza milingo yonse ya boma kutetezera malo awo. Mabwalo amilandu, malamulo, ndi akuluakulu a ntchito zonse zimachita mbali m'kuthetsa mikangano imeneyi, koma palibe njira imodzi imene ingathetse kutsutsanako.

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuphunzira nkhondo zimenezi kumapereka masinthidwe a mmene mphamvu yopanga imagwira ntchito m'demokrase yovuta. Kusagwirizana pakati pa kudzilamulira kwakwawo ndi kufanana kwa dziko, pakati pa kuyesa ndi miyezo ya boma, sikuli kanthu kena koyenera kuthetsedwa kamodzi kwa onse. Ndi njira yopitirizabe ya kukambitsirana, kupendutsira, ndi kusintha. Pamene nkhani zatsopano zikutuluka kuchokera ku malamulo opangidwa ndi luntha la kusintha kwa nyengo . Mafunso amodzimodziwo adzabuka: Kodi nchiyani chimene chimachitika pamene sakugwirizana? Mayankhowo adzapitirizabe kuumba ulamuliro wa Amerekani a mibadwo ikudza.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani [[FT:1] Utumiki Wofufuza wa Chikalata pa lipoti la boma la kumasulidwa [[FLT:], ndi kupenda chidule cha [[FLT: 3] Oyez cha Arizona v. United States[FL:4].