Table of Contents

Khoti la Federal ndilo malo alamulo apadera amene amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'dongosolo la milandu ku America. Kumvetsetsa zimene zimachitika pamene mupita ku khoti la boma kungathandize anthu, mabizinesi, ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo kuyendetsa njira yocholoŵana imeneyi modalirana kwambiri. Kaya mukhale mutaloŵa m'mikangano ya boma, kuyang'anizana ndi milandu, kapena kungofuna kudziŵa mmene dongosolo la khoti la boma limagwirira ntchito, wotsogolera wodziŵa bwino ameneyu adzakutsogolerani kumbali iliyonse ya khoti la boma.

Kodi Khoti Lalikulu N’chiyani Ndipo N’chifukwa Chiyani Zili Zofunika?

Makhoti a Federal ndi "mabwalo a ulamuliro wochepa," potsutsana ndi makhoti a boma, amene amalingaliridwa kukhala ndi ulamuliro wa nkhani pa mlandu. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kumeneku kumasintha mmene milandu imasamalidwira ndi malo alamulo oyenerera pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mikangano.

Ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma wafotokozedwa ndi Malamulo, malamulo a malamulo, ndi zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba la United States. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti makhoti a boma angangomva mitundu yakutiyakuti ya milandu imene imaloŵa m’lamulo lawo ndi m’malamulo.

Makonzedwe a Khoti Lalikulu

Makhoti a boma ndi makhoti a khoti la boma. Pali makhoti 94 a boma ku United States, ndipo boma lililonse lili ndi chifupifupi chimodzi. Makhoti ameneŵa ndiwo amaloŵa m’milandu yambiri ya boma.

Pali madera khumi ndi aŵiri a boma amene amagawa dzikolo kukhala madera osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, dera lachisanu, limaphatikizapo maboma a Texas, Louisiana, ndi Mississippi. Milandu ya makhoti a chigawo cha maboma amenewo imapitidwa ku Khoti la Apilo la United States la Dera lachisanu, lomwe lili ndi mutu wa chigawo cha ku New Orleans, Louisiana.

Pamwamba pa akulu a boma la boma la boma pali Khoti Lalikulu la United States, limene limatumikira monga wopereka lamulo lomalizira la boma ndi kumasulira kochitidwa ndi lamulo.

Mitundu ya Milandu Yomwe Imamvedwa m’Khoti la Federal

Kumvetsetsa milandu imene ingakhale yoyenerera kulamulidwa ndi boma n’kofunika kwa aliyense amene akuganiza zopereka mlandu kapena kuyang’anizana ndi mlandu.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu kwa Funso la Federal

Congress amamanga makhoti a boma okhala ndi ulamuliro wa nkhani za nkhani zokhudza nkhani za lamulo la boma: " Makhoti a boma adzakhala ndi ulamuliro woyamba wa zochita zonse za boma zokhalapo pansi pa malamulo, malamulo, kapena mapangano a United States. 28 U.S.C. 761.

Kuti khoti la boma likhale ndi ulamuliro wa boma, nkhaniyo iyenera kubuka pansi pa lamulo la boma. Lamulo la lamulo limapatsa makhoti a boma ulamuliro pa "milandu yonse, m’lamulo ndi m'zonse, kubwera pansi pa Malamulo, malamulo a United States, ndi mapangano opangidwa, kapena amene adzapangidwa, pansi pa ulamuliro wawo.

Milandu ya mafunso imaphatikizapo mikangano yokhudza ufulu walamulo, malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, ndi mapangano.

Kuzengedwa Chilango Kosiyanasiyana

Kulamulira kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumalola mtsogoleri wa boma limodzi kulembetsa mlandu m’khoti la boma pamene woimbidwa mlandu ali m’boma losiyana. Kubweretsa lamulo la boma m’khoti la boma, onse a m’dziko losiyana kuyenera kukhala m’maiko kuposa oimbidwa mlandu onse, ndipo "ali m'mikangano" ayenera kukhala oposa $75,000.

Kulamulira kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumagwira ntchito pamene zigaŵengazo zili za maiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo kudzinenerako kuli kwa ndalama zoposa $75,000. Kusiyanasiyana kotheratu kumafuna kuti palibe wofufuza aliyense amene angachokere ku mkhalidwe umodzi ndi woimbidwa mlandu aliyense.

Mtundu umenewu wa ulamuliro umalola ziwalo kuloŵa m’khoti la boma ngakhale pamene mkangano wawo umaphatikizapo lamulo la boma, ngati pakhala kukwaniritsa kusiyanasiyana ndi zofunika za ndalama. Chochititsa kugamulapo kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndicho kupereka uchete pamene zigawo za maiko osiyanasiyana zingayang’anizane ndi chikhoterero chothekera m’makhoti a boma.

Chilango Chotheratu

Makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu yokha pa nkhani zina za kufunika kwa dziko, makamaka nkhani zonga ngati lamulo lalamulo lololeka ndi lolamulira. ulamuliro wokha umenewu umasonyeza chikondwerero chachikulu cha boma pankhani zoterozo ndipo umatheketsa kupangidwa kwa bungwe limodzi la lamulo la boma kulamulira nkhani zovuta ndi ziyambukiro za maiko.

Nkhani zimenezi ndizo ufulu wa makhoti a boma okha ndipo zimaphatikizapo mitundu yotsatirayi ya milandu: Masuti pakati pa maboma . Maboma awiri kapena kuposa ndi gulu. Milandu yokhudza akazembe ndi anthu ena apamwamba. Maupandu a magaŵenga / Crime ofotokozedwa ndi U.S. Constitution kapena aja operekedwa ndi boma. Maupandu ameneŵa amaphatikizapo kuukira United States, kupeka, kuswa, milandu yotsutsana ndi lamulo la mayiko, ndi milandu yokhudzana ndi ulamuliro wa boma la kuyang'anira malonda a dziko. Bankrictacy , kaŵirikaŵiri njira ya malamulo yokhudzana ndi malamulo, imene imayambitsidwa ndi munthu wochotsedwa ndi ngongole zambiri ndi kuyang'anira milandu.

Kuweruza Mlandu m’Khoti Lalikulu

Malamulo a khotili amayamba pamene chipani cha Katolika chipereka chilolezo cha mlanduwo mwa kulemba zikalata zoyenerera ku khoti.

Milandu Yachiŵeniŵeni: Kudandaula

Chikalatachi chimafotokoza zimene anthu anene kuti ndi zoona, chimasonyeza zimene boma likunena, chimasonyeza anthu amene akukhudzidwa ndi mlanduwo, ndipo chimapempha kuti khotilo liwathandize.

Chidandaulocho chiyenera kutsimikizira kuti bwalo lamilandu la boma lili ndi ulamuliro pa mlanduwo, kaya kupyolera mwa ulamuliro wa boma kapena ulamuliro wa mitundumitundu.

Pambuyo pomaliza chidandaulocho, woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kutumikira kope la chidandaulo ndi maina. Makalatawo amavomereza woimbidwa mlanduyo kuti adamzengedwa mlandu ndi kupereka chidziŵitso cha nthaŵi yoperekera yankho. Utumiki wa ntchito uyenera kugwirizana ndi Federal Rules of Civil Procedure kutsimikizira woimbidwa mlanduyo kulandira chidziŵitso choyenera.

Yankho limapereka chinenezo chilichonse pa mlanduwo ndipo lingavomereze kapena kutsutsa wodandaulayo.

Milandu ya Apandu: Mlandu ndi Chidziŵitso

Pachiyambi cha mlandu wa boma, asuŵero aakulu ndiwo loya (loya wa ku United States) ndi ajuli aakulu. Loya wa United States amaimira United States m'milandu yambiri, kuphatikizapo milandu yonse ya upandu. Oweruza akuluakuluwo amapenda umboni woperekedwa ndi loya wa United States ndi kusankha ngati pali umboni wokwanira woperekera mlandu. Milandu yambiri ya boma imayamba ndi "kutsutsa mlandu." Mlandu ndi mawu olembedwa ndi a aujuli wamkulu ndipo umasainidwa ndi woweruza milandu wa boma ndi loyalakwira munthu mmodzi kapena anthu ambiri ndi mlandu.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zigamulo zazikulu za ajuli kuimbidwa mlandu sikufunidwa ndi maboma onse, koma chiri chiyeneretso m’milandu ya boma kusiyapo ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo atsutsa chinenezo chachikulu cha oweruza.

Oweruza aakulu apenda umboni woperekedwa ndi woweruzayo ndi kuona ngati pali chifukwa choyenera kuperekera milandu.

Pa milandu yapansi pa mlingo wolakwika, oweruza ozenga mlandu angaphonye juli yaikulu ndi kulemba dandaulo la upandu kapena chidziŵitso chaupandu. Oweruza a boma samafuna kuti muikidwe mlandu walamulo kuti akuimbeni mlandu. Zimenezi zingaikidwe mlandu kudzera m'kalata yosadziŵika bwino monga chidziŵitso kapena dandaulo. Komabe, makhoti ambiri a boma amaphatikizapo milandu ya milandu ndipo chotero amachitidwa mwa kuweruza mlandu.

Kuonekera kwa Khoti Loyamba ndi Kupatsidwa Mlandu

Akamaliza kuweruza milandu kapena akapereka chigamulo, anthuwo amapita ku khoti kwa nthawi yoyamba ndipo zimenezi zimayambitsa nkhani iliyonse imene ikubwera.

Milandu ya Apandu: Kuwonekera Koyamba ndi Kubisika

Mlandu wa apandu wa boma unayamba ndi kumangidwa. Patangotha maola 48 kuchokera pamene munamangidwa, muyenera kuonekera kwa Woweruza wa Magi a ku United States kuti muone ngati mungatulutsidwe pa belo kapena ngati mungadziŵidwenso.

Woweruza amalangiza woimbidwa mlanduyo kuti apereke uphungu.

Pabwalo lanu loyamba lamilandu mutaimbidwa mlandu, khoti likukuuzani za milandu, zoyenera zanu, ndi chilango chothekera. Mudzapemphedwanso kuloŵa m'kuchonderera kwa liwongo, osati liwongo, kapena kutsutsana. Khoti linganene ndalama zoperekera mlandu kapena kumasula panthaŵi ino.

Motero, oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amakana kugwirizana ndi woimbidwa mlandu chifukwa cha ngozi ya ndege kapena ngozi ya m’mudzi. Woimbidwa mlanduyo adzamenya nkhondo yaikulu kuti atulutsedwe m’ndende, makamaka pa milandu yaikulu ya anamgoneka kapena milandu yachiwawa.

Ntchito ya Oweruza Odziŵa Kudziŵa

Oweruza a boma amagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’milandu ya boma kumvetsera nkhani zoyambirira (zonga ngati kuzenga mlandu kusanayambe), koma kaŵirikaŵiri samagamula milandu.

M’nkhani zaupandu, oweruza a boma angayang’anire milandu ina, kufunsira ndi kumanga zikalata, kuchititsa milandu poyamba, kukhazikitsa belo, kupanga malamulo (monga ngati kutsendereza umboni), ndi zochita zina zonga zimenezo.

Zimene Apeza: Kufufuza Umboni ndi Chidziŵitso

Kutumbidwa kuli chimodzi cha mbali zofunika kwambiri ndi zopereka nthaŵi za boma. Mkati mwa siteji imeneyi, onse aŵiri amasinthana chidziŵitso ndi kusonkhanitsa umboni womangira nkhani zawo.

Kutulukiridwa kwa Nkhani za Pachiŵeniŵeni

Pankhani za boma, kutulukira zinthu kumalola anthu kupeza chidziŵitso choyenerera kwa wina ndi mnzake ndi kwa mbali zachitatu.

Zida zofufuzira zimene anthu ambiri amatulukira zimaphatikizapo kufunsa mafunso (amene ayenera kufunsidwa polumbira), kupempha kuti pakhale zikalata, kupempha kuti mnzakeyo avomereze (kupempha kuti winayo avomereze kapena kukana mfundo zina), ndi kufunsa (kapena umboni woperekedwa asanaimbidwe mlandu).

Kupezedwa m'bwalo lamilandu la boma kaŵirikaŵiri nkotakata, kumalola mamembala kupeza chidziŵitso chimene chiri choyenerera ndi chodzitetezera chirichonse ndi chogwirizana ndi zosoŵa za mlanduwo. Komabe, chidziŵitso china chingatetezeredwe ku mwaŵi wonga ngati mwaŵi wotchuka wa loya, chiphunzitso cha malonda, kapena zitetezero zina zodziŵika.

Kupezedwa m’Milandu ya Apandu

Chiweruzo chisanayambe, mlandu ndi kutetezera kungayambitse njira za kuweruzidwa kusanayambe, kuti akambirane nkhani zosiyanasiyana, monga ngati kulephera kutsimikizira umboni kapena kuchotsedwa kwa milandu. Mbali imeneyi imaphatikizaponso njira yotulukira, kumene mbali zonse ziŵiri zimasinthana chidziŵitso ndi umboni wokhudza nkhaniyo.

Oweruza a boma afunafuna umboni wochirikiza liwongo la woimbidwa mlanduyo mosakaikira kwenikweni, pamene loya wotetezerayo akufunafuna umboni wa kusadziŵa kapena kukayikira koyenera. Ozembetsa a boma ayenera kupereka umboni weniweni, zikalata, kapena zisonyezero zina zimene akufuna kugwiritsira ntchito m’khoti koma angamanize chidziŵitso china kufikira tsiku la kuzengedwa mlandu kapena mkati mwa mlanduwo.

Kulankhula kwa mboni zimene zingaitanidwe kupereka umboni m’khoti ndi sitepe lofunika kwambiri m’kachitidwe ka kutulukirako.

Njira Zoyendera ndi Zoyendera Zam’makampani

Mlandu usanachokere ku mlandu, pali njira zambiri ndi mipata yakuti mapwandowo athetse nkhaniyo kapena ngakhale kutaya nkhaniyo kotheratu.

Zoyesayesa za Kuchotsa

Kutsutsa mfundo za lamulo za chipani chotsutsa chinenezo. M’milandu ya boma, oimbidwa mlandu kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kuti ngakhale ngati mfundo zonse zonenedwa m’kudandaulako nzowona, wotsutsayo sananene chinenezo chalamulo chotsimikizirika.

M’khoti la boma, pansi pa Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, kachitidwe kokana mlandu wa kusoŵa ulamuliro wapamwamba kamaoneka kukhala kokomera. Iko kungakwezedwe pambali iriyonse m'dongosolo la kutsutsa, ngakhale ngati zipanizo zinatsutsapo kuti ulamuliro wa mfundo zapamwamba unalipo. Kwenikweni, khoti lingatsutse mlandu wa sua sponte (kwake) chifukwa cha kusoŵa ulamuliro wapamwamba.

Njira Zoweruzira Chidule

Chigamulo chachidule chikupempha khoti kuti liweruze mlandu popanda kuzengedwa mlandu chifukwa chakuti palibe mikangano yeniyeni ya zenizeni zakuthupi.

Njira zoweruzira mwachidule zimagwirizana ndi umboni wa zimene zapezedwa, kuphatikizapo umboni wosungidwa, zikalata, ma affidavit, ndi zinthu zina. Gulu losasuntha liyenera kuvomereza ndi umboni wosonyeza kuti pali mikangano yeniyeni imene imafunikira kuiyesa.

Khoti likapereka chigamulo chachidule, mlanduwo umatha popanda kuzengedwa mlandu.

Kuyamba Kufufuza Nkhani za Apandu

Kuyenda pa pulogalamu ya kampaniyi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yotetezera ufulu wanu walamulo (monga ngati Kukonzanso Koyamba kwa Kachinayi kukutetezani ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa) ndipo ndi njira yofunika kuletsa umboni umene udzayambitsidwa (kupyolera m'Gamply in Limine). Njira zapambuyo zikhoza kusintha kuyendera kwa mlandu wanu ndipo nkofunika kukhala ndi wofufuza waluso pa umboni wanu kuti muone ngati pali nkhani zalamulo. Zitsanzo zofala za njira za kukonza njira za pulomine (kusunga ndemanga zina zopangidwa ndi inu kapena mboni), kusintha kuti muike (kutsendereza mbali ya umboni) ndi kutsutsa.

Ndemanga za mlandu zikangochitika zinalembedwa ndi maloya otetezera amene amatsutsa kulakwa kwa mbali zina za mlandu waupandu. Kuzengereza kapena kuchitapo kanthu pa kuzengedwa mlandu ndi imodzi ya njira zomalizira asanakaimbidwe mlandu. Pamene loya wa boma kapena loya wotetezera akufuna kuti khoti ligamule pankhani yakutiyakuti mlandu usanaikidwe, lingapereke pempho lake mwa kuyambitsa kachitidwe.

Msonkhano Womaliza wa Mlandu

Mabwalo onse a boma amafuna kulembedwa kwa lamulo lomalizira loperekedwa la msonkhano wa milandu. Lamulo lomaliza la milandu nlofunika chifukwa chakuti lamulo la Federal Laul la Communic Procededure 16 (e), lamulo lomaliza la m'mabwalo a milandu limaloŵa mmalo mapembedzero onse asanayambe ndi "kulamulira njira yotsatira ya kachitidwe m’nkhaniyo pokhapo ngati lasinthidwa ndi lamulo lotsatira.

Pamsonkhano womaliza wa milandu, mufunikira kutsimikizira malire a nthaŵi amene woweruza adzaika mbali zonse kuti apereke mlandu wawo. Oweruza ambiri adzaika malire a nthaŵi yokwanira malinga ndi mlandu wanu. Nthaŵi idzakhala m'maola, omwe amaphatikizapo mawu oyamba, mayeso achindunji, kupenda kopimira, ndi kumaliza. Pamsonkhano womaliza wa pulogalamu ya pulogalamu, muyenera kuyesa kupempha nthaŵi yochuluka kuposa imene mumayembekezera chifukwa chakuti oweruza adzakhazikitsa malire a nthaŵiyo mkati mwa kuzenga mlandu.

Kulankhulana Mobisa Mlandu wa Apandu

Milandu yambiri ya upandu ya boma imathetsedwa mwa mapangano amene woweruzayo akuvomereza kutaya kapena kuchepetsa milandu kaamba ka inu kuvomereza kuloŵa m’chochonderera cha mpikisano. Chipanganocho chiyenerabe kupita kwa woweruza, amene angachilandire kapena kuchikana.

Nkhani za upandu wa boma wambiri amathetsa mapangano m’malo mopita kukazenga mlandu.

M’chikalata chochonderera, woimbidwa mlanduyo akuvomereza kuvomereza mlandu umodzi kapena wochuluka kuti akhululukidwe mlandu wa mlanduwo.

Ngati woimbidwa mlandu wasankha kuweruza mlandu, kusintha kwa kuchondererako kudzandandalitsidwa kuti aloŵe m’khoti la mlandu.

Mchitidwe wa Kuzenga Milandu m’Khoti Lalikulu

Ngati mlandu suthetsedwa mwa kuchotsedwa, chigamulo chachidule, kapena chikalata chochonderera, umaperekedwa ku mlandu. Mayeso a Federal amatsatira njira zolamuliridwa ndi Federal Rul Reformation ya Chiŵeniŵeni ya milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi Federal Rul of Criminal Procedure ya milandu yaupandu.

Kusankha Jury

Milandu yambiri ya boma imaphatikizapo oweruza milandu, ngakhale kuti zipani m’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni zingapatsire kuyenera kwawo ku mlandu wa oweruza ndi kugamula mlanduwo ndi woweruza yekha (kuzenga mlandu pa benchi).

Njira yosankha oweruza, yodziŵika monga oweruza owopsa, imalola oweruza ndi maloya kufunsa oyembekezera kukhala oweruza kuti atsimikizire ngati angakhale achilungamo ndi opanda tsankho. Oweruza angatokose okhoza kuweruza ngati asonyeza tsankhu kapena kulephera kukhala opanda tsankho.

Chiŵerengero chopanda malire cha ajuli chingakankhidwe pa chifukwa, koma bwalo lamilandu liyenera choyamba kupereka chilolezo chawo, koma mbali zonse ziŵiri zingakanthe chiŵerengero chochepa cha oweruza ozikidwa pa chiweruzo chawo chokha. Izi zimatchedwa zovuta zopinga ndi kulola maloya kuchotsa okhoza kuweruza popanda kunena chifukwa, mogonjera ku ziletso za lamulo motsutsana ndi tsankho.

Mawu Otsegulira

Mawu otsegulira operekedwa ndi woweruza ndi wotetezera amapereka chidziŵitso cha oweruza ponena za upandu woimbidwa mlanduwo, maumboni aakulu onsewo akunena kuti adzatsimikizira. mawu otsegulira sali umboni koma m’malo mwake amapereka mapu a zimene mbali iriyonse ikuyembekezera umboniwo kusonyeza.

M’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, loya wa mpandu akupereka mawu oyamba, otsatiridwa ndi loya wa woimbidwa mlandu. M’milandu, mlandu uyamba, ndipo wotetezerayo angasankhe kupereka mawu otsegulira mwamsanga pambuyo pa kapena kuyembekezera kufikira atatha kufotokoza mlandu wake.

Umboni Wosonyeza

Choyamba, woweruza amene ayenera kutsimikizira mlandu wawo mosakaikira; mlandu wa Boma ndiwo woyamba umene iwo adzafikira mboni ndi kusonyeza umboni wochirikiza juli. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri adzafunsa umboni kwa nthumwi ya boma yomwe inafufuza mlanduwo. Iwo angapereke umboni wachindunji kapena wotsimikizirika.

Pa mlandu wa upandu, mlandu waumboni umakhala pa boma. Otetezerawo safunikira kutsimikizira kuti alibe liwongo.

M’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, wotsutsayo amasenza mtolo wa kutsimikizira mlandu wawo mwa kupenda umboni, umene uli muyezo wotsika kuposa muyezo woyenerera wokaikira m’milandu yaupandu. Woweruzayo akupereka mlandu wawo choyamba, akumaitana mboni ndi kupereka umboni wolembedwa ndi wolembedwa ndi wosonyeza umboni wakuthupi.

Pambuyo pa kumangidwa kapena kuimbidwa mlandu, woimbidwa mlanduyo akupereka mlandu wawo. Woimbidwa mlanduyo angaitane mboni, kupereka umboni, ndi kutsutsa mlandu wa chipani chotsutsana naye. Mlandu waupandu, oimbidwa mlandu ali ndi kuyenera kwa lamulo kusapereka umboni, ndipo oweruza sakhoza kujambula mawu otsutsa kuchokera ku chosankha cha woimbidwa mlandu kusatenga kaimidwe.

Mtanda-Kuwola

Woweruza wa boma adzafunikira kutsimikizira milandu yanu mosakaikira pamaso pa woweruza kapena oweruza. Gulu lanu lotetezera lidzakhoza kuwona mboni za boma, ndipo kudzitetezera kudzapereka umboni uliwonse ngati kulola.

Kufufuza kwa mtanda kuli mbali yofunika kwambiri ya njira yozenga mlandu. Pambuyo pa umboni wofufuza mwachindunji, gulu lotsutsanalo lili ndi mpata wa kudutsa mu intemine mboni. Kusanthula kwa mtanda kulola maloya kutsutsa kudalirika kwa umboni, kuvumbula kusagwirizana, ndi kuchititsa umboni kukhala wovomerezeka kwa iwo.

Kutseka Malire

Monga momwe mawu oyambawo amasonyezera, nthaŵi yoikidwiratu imakhalanso yokwanira.

Pomaliza nkhani zawo, maloya amalongosola mwachidule umboniwo, kufotokoza mmene umachirikizira udindo wawo, ndi kutsutsa chifukwa chake ajuli ayenera kukhalira ogwirizana nawo.

Mlandu wa mlandu umakhala woyamba kutsekedwa, kenako wozenga mlanduyo atakhala ndi mpata wotsutsa mlanduwo.

Malangizo ndi Malonjezo

Woweruza akalangiza oweruzawo, mlanduwo umaperekedwa kwa ajuliwo kuti aweruze.

Woweruza amaŵerengera malangizo ameneŵa kwa oweruza, ndipo oweruza amalandira makope olembedwa kuti afufuze pochita kafukufuku.

Oweruzawo kenaka amaweruza mwamseri kuti aone mlandu wa woimbidwa mlanduyo. Ngati ajuli afikira chigamulo chimodzi, ajuli amaŵerenga chigamulocho m’khoti. Ngati ajuliwo satha kugamula mogwirizana, khoti lingapereke mlandu wolakwa, kutsogolera ku mlandu watsopano ndi ajuli ena.

Pa milandu ya upandu ya boma, chigamulocho chiyenera kugamulidwa mogwirizana.

Zomwe Zingachitike

Oweruza atagamula kuti mlanduwo uweruzidwe mwadala kapena woweruza ataweruza pa benchi, khotilo limalengeza kuti mlanduwo wachitika chifukwa chakuti mlanduwo wagamulidwa ndi anthu ena kapena mlandu wa chiwembu.

Kutulukapo kwa Mlandu wa Boma

M’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, oweruza amasankha kaya woweruzayo watsimikizira mlandu wawo mwa kupenda umboni.

Kuchiritsa kwa milandu yachiŵeniŵeni kungaphatikizepo kuwonongeka kwa ndalama (kubwezera zotayika zenizeni, ndipo nthaŵi zina kubwezera chilango cha kubwezera ku chilango cha khalidwe lolakwika), kuchepetsa kubwezera (malamulo a m’bwalo ofuna kapena oletsa machitidwe ena), kuchepetsa mphamvu (kutsimikiza kwa ufulu wa magulu), kapena kuchita zinthu zinazake (kulimbana ndi gulu la anthu kuti akwaniritse mapangano).

Ngati woimbidwa mlandu apambana, khoti limaloŵa m’chiweruzo kutsutsa zonena za mtsogoleri. M’nkhani zina, chipani chotchukacho chingakhale ndi kuyenera kwa kupezanso ndalama za loya wawo ndi ndalama, kudalira pa lamulo logwira ntchito ndi makonzedwe alionse a pangano.

Kubuka kwa Milandu ya Upandu

Ngati woweruza kapena juli yapeza kuti simuli ndi mlandu, ndiye kuti kuzenga mlandu kwatha. Mawu a Kaŵiri a Malamulo amakutetezerani kuti musaikidwenso pa milandu imodzimodziyo. Ngati mupezedwa molakwika pa mlingo uliwonse, pamenepo khoti lidzakhazikitsa deti loperekera chilango.

Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo wapezedwa wopanda liwongo, milandu imachotsedwa, ndipo woimbidwa mlanduyo amamasulidwa.

Komabe, ngati, mwachitsanzo, boma lipereka mlandu wakupha ndipo silipeza chitsimikiziro, nkotheka kuti boma la boma m’nkhani zina lilembe milandu yotsutsa woimbidwa mlanduyo ngati kachitidweko kalinso koletsedwa pansi pa lamulo la boma.

Kupereka Mlandu m’Milanduwo ya Apandu

Pamene woimbidwa mlandu aweruzidwa m’khoti la boma, kaya mwa kuchonderera mlandu kapena pambuyo pa kuzengedwa mlandu, bwalo lamilandulo liyenera kugamula chigamulo choyenera.

Lipoti la Kufufuza Kwapanthaŵi Ino

Malinga ndi zimene mwachita, upandu wanu, mmene wachitira, ndi zifukwa zina zomveka, kuyendera milanduyo kudzaŵerengera zitsogozo zoperekedwa kwa khoti.

Pambuyo pa kudandaula ndi liwongo kapena kupezedwa wa liwongo pa mlandu, woweruza kenaka amasankha chigamulo cha woimbidwa mlanduyo mwa kupenda mfundo za lamulo pa 18 U.S.C. chita 3553 (a) limodzi ndi zitsogozo za boma zoperekera chilango zoperekedwa ndi United States Sendensing Commission . Ofesi ya khoti yoyang'anira milandu imakonzekera Prence Investigation Report (PR) ya Khoti lisanaweruze zipereke zitso zopereka chilango kwa woimbidwa mlandu aliyense ndi upandu.

Lipoti lapanthaŵiyo ndilo chikalata chokwanira chimene chimaphatikizapo chidziŵitso chonena za mlanduwo, mbiri ya woimbidwa mlandu, chiyambi chake, mikhalidwe ya zachuma, ndi zina zofunika.

Kumva Mlandu

Woweruza angalingalire zinthu zingapo zopeputsa monga ngati msinkhu wanu, mikhalidwe yokhudza upanduwo, limodzinso ndi kutengamo mbali.

Woimbidwa mlanduyo alinso ndi kuyenera kwa kudziyankhira yekha, kodziŵika monga kuweruza, woweruza asanapereke chilango.

Nthawi zambiri zimenezi zimachitika nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale kuti pamakhala zinthu zina zimene sizingachitike.

Kumasulidwa Kopambana

Milandu yambiri ya boma ili ndi mawu akuti kumasulidwa kwakukulu kuli kofanana ndi kuperekedwa kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo nthaŵi zonse ku Ofesi Yopereka Chikalata cha U.S., ndi kugwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana.

Ngati Bwalo Lamilandu lipeza kuti woimbidwa mlandu waswa mikhalidwe ya kutulutsidwa koyang’aniridwa, Bwalo Lamilandu lingachotse kutulutsidwa koyang’aniridwa ndi kuweruza woimbidwa mlanduyo ku nyengo ya kumangidwa ndi kumasulidwa koyang’aniridwa.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Chigamulo chomaliza chikaperekedwa, chipanicho chingakhale ndi ufulu wokapereka chigamulocho ku khoti lalikulu ndipo chikhoza kuonetsetsa kuti chigamulocho chikugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.

Kudziŵa Chilengezo cha Kukopa

Kuti ayambe apilo, woimba mlanduyo ayenera kukonza chikalata cha apilo m’nyengo ya nthaŵi yoikika. M’nkhani za boma, chilengezo cha apilo chiyenera kulembedwa m'masiku 30 a kulowa kwa chiweruzo. M'milandu yaupandu, oimbidwa mlandu ali ndi masiku 14 kuti alembe chikalata cha apilo, pamene boma lili ndi masiku 30.

Kupanda kulemba chilengezo cha apilo pa nthaŵi yake kungataike kuyenera kwa kuichita, ngakhale kuti m’mikhalidwe yochepa makhoti angapereke mapepala owonjezera kapena kulola mapepala a pambuyo pake.

Njira Yofunira Kukula

Ngati muli ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti cholakwa cha lamulo chinachititsa kuti muvomereze — mwachitsanzo, oweruzawo anapenda umboni umene sunayenera kuvomerezedwa — mungapitirize kuchita apilo m’khoti la Apilo la ku United States.

Zipilu zimagamulidwa ndi oweruza atatu ogwirira ntchito pamodzi. Chiweruzo cha Court of Appeals kaŵirikaŵiri chidzakhala chigamulo chomalizira pamlanduwo, pokhapo ngati chibweza mlanduwo ku khoti lamilandu yowonjezereka, kapena zipanizo zipempha khoti Lapamwamba la United States kupenda mlanduwo. M’nkhani zina chigamulocho chingapendedwe ndi chiletso, ndiko kuti, ndi gulu lalikulu la oweruza (makamaka onse) a Khoti la Apilo.

Njira yoweruzira imangonena za zolakwa za lamulo, osati mikangano yeniyeni. Makhoti ozenga milandu kaŵirikaŵiri amamvera zopezedwa zenizeni za khoti ndi zitsimikizo za kudalirika. Woweruza ayenera kusonyeza kuti khoti lozenga mlandu linachita cholakwa cha lamulo chimene chinayambukira chotulukapo cha mlanduwo.

Magulu onse aŵiri amalemba mawu achidule otsutsana ndi malo awo. Mwachidule wa wolembayo akufotokoza zimene zinachitika ndi chifukwa chake afunikira kusintha. Kutsimikizira kwachidule kwa khoti lozenga mlandu. Wolembayo angalembe yankho lachidule ku mfundo za apellee.

Pambuyo popenda mwachidule, khoti lopereka chilolezolo lingalinganizire nkhani zapakamwa, kumene maloya a mbali iriyonse amapereka zigomeko zawo ndi kuyankha mafunso kuchokera kwa oweruza. Sizifunsiro zonse zimene zimaphatikizapo kutsutsana kwa pakamwa; zina zimazikidwa pa mawu achidule olembedwawo.

Zotsatirapo Zake

Khoti la apilo lingatsimikizire chigamulo cha khoti, kuchibweza, kapena kubwezera mlanduwo ku khoti lamilandu. Ngati khoti lamilandu lipeza kuti zolakwa zinachitika koma silinachitepo kanthu (kutanthauza kuti sizinayambukire), lidzatsimikizira chiweruzocho mosasamala kanthu za zolakwazo.

Chikhulupiliro chingachokere kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo ngati akhulupirira kuti anaimbidwa mlandu molakwika kapena kuti chilangocho chinali chankhanza kwambiri. Zikhulupiliro zingapitiridwenso ngati patakhala mitundu ina ya zolakwa mkati mwa mlanduwo. Zigamulo za Federal (pamilandu yoŵerengeka) zingapitiridwe ku Khoti Lapamwamba la United States.

Kupenda Bwalo Lapamwamba

Mkulu wa milandu amene walephera kubwerera m'khoti la apilo la boma, kapena m’khoti lapamwamba kwambiri la boma, angalembe pempho la "kupempha lamulo la certiorari," lomwe ndi chikalata chopempha khoti Lapamwamba kupenda mlanduwo. Komabe, Bwalo Lapamwamba siliyenera kubwereza. Khotilo lidzavomereza kumvetsera mlandu kokha pamene uphatikizapo lamulo la lamulo lofunika kwambiri, kapena pamene makhoti aŵiri kapena oposa a boma amasulira lamulo. Pamene Khoti Lapamwamba lipereka mlandu, maguluwo afunikira kulongosola nkhani zolembedwa ndi khotilo.

Khoti Lalikulu limalandira mapempho zikwi zambiri chaka chilichonse kaamba ka certiorari koma limavomereza kubwereramo m’milandu yochepa chabe.

Chithandizo cha Pomalizira pa Contiviation

Ngakhale mutapezeka ndi mlandu ndipo kudandaula kwanu sikukuthandiza, mwina mungakhale ndi zifukwa zolembera kalata yopempha mahabeas kuti akupatseni mahabe kapena kufunafuna njira zina zothetsera vutolo.

Mapempho a Habeas amalola oimbidwa mlanduwo kutsutsa chigamulo chawo kapena chilango chozikidwa pa kuswa lamulo.

Chifukwa chofala chothandizira anthu ovutika chipwirikitichi chimaphatikizapo kusathandiza uphungu, kusamvera malamulo, umboni wopezedwa chatsopano, ndi kuswa ufulu walamulo.

Kusamalira Kwapadera m’Khoti La Federal

Malamulo a Federal ndi Zochita Zake

Malamulo ameneŵa amalamulira njira zonse za boma ndi milandu m’makhoti a m’chigawo cha United States, ayenera kutengedwa, kuperekedwa, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi khoti ndi mabungwe kuti atsimikizire za kulungama, kufulumira, ndi kotsika mtengo kwa zochita zonse ndi zochita.

Malamulo a boma a milandu yaupandu angapezeke mu Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, imene imalamulira mbali zonse za milandu yaupandu.

Makhoti a boma alinso ndi malamulo a m'dera limene akusiyana. Malamulo ameneŵa amakambirana nkhani monga kukonza njira zoyendetsera milandu, khalidwe labwino, ndi zofunika zina zofunikira pa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ndi mapepala ena. Mabwalo a milandu ndi mabungwe ayenera kudziŵa malamulo onse aŵiri a boma ndi malamulo a m'chigawo chimene mlandu wawo watsala.

Kukometsera Mabwalo Amilandu ndi Khalidwe

Kuwonjezera pa malamulo alamulo ogwiritsidwa ntchito m’khoti la boma, palinso makhalidwe osiyana omwe amasungidwa kwambiri. Makhoti a Federal amasunga mlingo wapamwamba wa mwambo ndi ntchito. Ma Attorney ayenera kutchula woweruzayo kuti "Uulemu Wanu," imani polankhula, ndi kutsatira malamulo oyenera m’khoti.

Mapwando ndi openyerera ayeneranso kuwona mkhalidwe wabwino, kuphatikizapo kuvala moyenera, kutseka zipangizo zamagetsi, ndi kukhala chete ndi aulemu mkati mwa nkhani za milandu.

Kuulutsa Mafoni a M’manja

Makhoti a Federal amagwiritsa ntchito Case Management/Electronic Case Falls (CM/ECF) kuti alembe mapepala amagetsi. Makalata ambiri ayenera kulembedwa pakompyuta, ndipo mabungwe angapeze zikalata za khoti ndi madoko kudzera m'njira ya Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER).

Ma attorney ayenera kulembetsa CM / ECF kuti apeze njira yamagetsi ndi kugwirizana ndi zofunika za makina osungira zinthu zamagetsi.

Kusiyana Pakati pa Khoti Lamilandu la Federal ndi Boma

Kuzindikira kusiyana kwa makhoti a boma ndi a boma kumathandiza anthu kugwiritsa ntchito bwino malamulo ndiponso kupanga zosankha zodziwitsa kumene angalembe milandu yawo ngati akufuna.

Ulamuliro wa Olamulira

Makhoti ambiri a boma ndiwo makhoti a ulamuliro wa onse, kutanthauza kuti ali ndi mphamvu yomvera nkhani iliyonse. Komabe, makhoti a boma amaonedwa kukhala makhoti a ulamuliro wochepa. Kulamulira kochepetsedwa kumatanthauza kuti Congress imaletsa nkhani za milandu imene makhoti a boma angaimve. Makhoti a Federal okha ndiwo ali ndi ufulu womvera milandu ngati zigawengazo zili ndi unzika wosiyana kapena nkhani imene ikubuka pansi pa lamulo la boma.

Boma lingalange mlandu wina mwankhanza kuposa boma la boma (kapena kuti loimbidwa mlandu) koma woimbidwa mlanduyo angaimbidwe mlandu ndi kuimbidwa mlandu pansi pa madongosolo onse aŵiri.

Oweruza ndi Mapangano

Oweruza a Federal (ndi Khoti Lalikulu "Tchimo") amasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikiziridwa "ndi uphungu ndi chivomerezo" ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi "adzasunga maOfesi awo m'makhalidwe abwino". Oweruza angasunge malo awo kwa moyo wawo wonse, koma ambiri amasiya ntchito kapena kupuma pantchito poyambirira. Iwo angachotsedwenso ndi Nyumba ya Oimira ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi Khoti.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, oweruza ambiri a khoti la boma amasankhidwa ndi ovota kapena kuikidwa ndi abwanamkubwa kaamba ka mawu otsimikizirika. Kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku m'kusankha ndi kuyang'anira kungayambukire kupanga zigamulo zachiweruzo ndi mkhalidwe wonse wa makhoti a boma ndi boma.

Kusiyana Kwachibadwa

Makhoti a Federal Pall a Federal Ault Procediture ndi Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti a boma amatsatira malamulo awoawo.

Mabwalo amilandu a boma amayesa kuchititsa nkhani mofulumira kwambiri kuposa makhoti ambiri a boma, ndi malamulo okhwima ndi kuyang’anira milandu kokangalika kochitidwa ndi oweruza.

Malangizo Othandiza pa Khoti Lalikulu la Maboma

Kufunika kwa Kuimira Malamulo

Kuimira malamulo kwanthaŵi yaitali nkofunika kwambiri potetezera ufulu wanu ndi kukwaniritsa zotulukapo zabwino koposa. Maloya a khoti la Federal ayenera kuvomerezedwa kuchitapo kanthu m’chigawo cha boma chimene mlanduwo udakali pafupi.

M’milandu yaupandu, oimbidwa mlandu amene sangathe kupereka loya ali ndi kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kuikidwa. Ofesi ya wotetezera boma ya boma imaimira oimbidwa mlandu m’milandu ya boma.

Kumvetsa Nthawi Yochepa

Khoti la boma limachita zinthu motsatira malamulo okhwima kwambiri olemba zikalata, kuchitapo kanthu pa zochitika zapansi, ndi kuchita apilo. Kuphonya nthaŵi ya kutsatsa kungakhale ndi zotulukapo zowopsa, kuphatikizapo kuchotsedwa kwa zikalata, kuloŵa m’chiweruzo chopanda malire, kapena kutayikiridwa kwa kuyenera kwa kufunsira.

Federal Pals of Civil Procedire ndi Federal Miles of Criminal Procedare imandandalika malire a nthaŵi kaamba ka zochita zosiyanasiyana. Malamulo a kumaloko angapereke z'nyengo zowonjezereka. Maparaiti ayenera kulondola mosamalitsa masiku onse oyenerera ndi kufunafuna mafutukulidwe pamene kuli kofunika kuti madeti athe.

Kukonzekera ndi Kulinganiza

Kupambana m’khoti la boma kumafuna kukonzekera ndi kulinganiza bwino lomwe, kumvetsetsa lamulo logwira ntchito, kusonkhanitsa ndi kulinganiza umboni, kukonza mboni, ndi kupanga njira yomvekera bwino yalamulo.

Ma attorney ayenera kukhala ozoloŵerana ndi zosankha ndi machitachita a woweruza, zimene zingasiyane kwambiri pakati pa oweruza a boma. Oweruza ambiri a boma amafalitsa malamulo kapena njira zimene zimapereka chitsogozo pa mmene amachitira ndi kuyendetsa milandu.

Chuma cha Khoti Lomvetsa Zinthu

Pali zinthu zambiri zothandiza anthu kumvetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito khoti la boma. Webusaiti ya United States ( www.ucourts.gov) imapereka chidziŵitso chokwanira ponena za makhoti a boma, kuphatikizapo zinthu zamaphunziro, mafomu a khoti, ndi kugwirizana kwa mawebusaiti a khoti lililonse.

Khoti lililonse limakhala ndi webusaiti yake yokhala ndi malamulo a m’deralo, limaweruza nkhani, limakonza njira zoyendetsera zinthu, ndiponso limatumiza ndalama zina.

Mabungwe opereka chithandizo ndiponso mabungwe a malamulo amapereka ndalama ndiponso nthaŵi zina zizindikiro kwa anthu amene sangathe kugula maloya achinsinsi.

Federal Judicial Center ( www.fjc.gov) imagwira ntchito monga bungwe lofufuza ndi kuphunzitsa makhoti a boma ndipo imapereka chuma chamaphunziro ponena za dongosolo lachiweruzo la boma.

Malingaliro Ofala Olakwika Ponena za Khoti Lalikulu

Khoti Lalikulu Nthaŵi Zonse Limakhala Lowopsa

Pamene kuli kwakuti milandu ya upandu ya boma kaŵirikaŵiri imaphatikizapo milandu yaikulu, si milandu yonse ya boma imene ili yofunika kwambiri kuposa milandu ya boma. khoti la Federal limalamulira mosiyana, ndipo mikangano yambiri yachiŵeniŵeni yozoloŵereka ingamvedwe m’khoti la boma lozikidwa pa ulamuliro wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Mungasankhe Bwalo la Boma Kapena Federal

Zigawo za agulu la zigaŵenga sizingangosankha kuima m’khoti la boma chifukwa chakuti zikonda zimenezo. Ulamuliro wa khoti la Federal uyenera kukhazikitsidwa mwa kuyang’anira nkhani za boma, ulamuliro wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kapena maziko ena a ulamuliro wa boma. Ngati ulamuliro wa boma ulibe, mlanduwo uyenera kuikidwa m’khoti la boma.

Oweruza Olamulira Abwino Kwambiri

Pamene kuli kwakuti oweruza a boma ali ndi moyo ndipo angalingalire milandu mosiyana ndi oweruza a boma osankhidwa, zotulukapo za mlandu uliwonse zimadalira pa maumboni, lamulo, ndi mkhalidwe wa zigomeko zoperekedwa mwalamulo.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira zimene zimachitika mukapita ku khoti kumathandiza anthu kuti azigwiritsa ntchito bwino malamulo, kukambirana, kuchonderera, ndi kupitirira pamenepo, kukhotilo limafunika masitepe ambiri, aliyense atakhala ndi njira zakezake ndi zofuna zake.

Kaya mukuchita nawo mkangano wa boma, kuyang'anizana ndi milandu, kapena kungofuna kumvetsetsa mmene makhoti a boma amagwirira ntchito, chidziŵitso cha njirayo chimathandiza kuchepetsa nkhaŵa ndi kutheketsa kupanga zosankha zabwino. Pamene kuli kwakuti khoti la boma lingawoneke kukhala lowopsa, limachita mogwirizana ndi malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi njira zolinganizidwa kutsimikizira chilungamo.

Makhoti a boma amathandiza kwambiri pa nkhani ya demokalase ya ku America, kumasulira malamulo a boma, kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa anthu ochokera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndiponso kuteteza ufulu walamulo.

Kucholoŵana kwa malamulo ndi njira zocholoŵana, limodzi ndi zotulukapo zowopsa zimene zingatuluke chifukwa cha kuperekedwa kwa lamulo kwa boma, kumapangitsa chitsogozo chalamulo cha akatswiri kukhala chamtengo wapatali.

Chidziŵitso chowonjezereka chonena za makhoti a boma ndi njira za dongosolo chingapezeke kupyolera mu Administrative Office of the Courts ( www.ustouts.gov), chimene chimapereka ziŵiya zowonjezereka zodziŵira dongosolo la chiweruzo la boma. Dipatimenti ya Webusaiti ya Chilungamo ( www.grogement .gov]) imaperekanso chidziŵitso chonena za kusungitsa lamulo ndi kuweruza kwa boma.