Lingaliro lakuti palibe munthu mmodzi kapena gulu limene ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yosaletseka ndi limodzi la malingaliro akale kwambiri ndi ofunika kwambiri m'kulamulira. Limadziŵika monga machecks ndi madiresi , dongosololi limagaŵira ulamuliro ku nthambi zambiri za boma, kupatsa nthambi iliyonse zipangizo zochepetsera ntchito za ena. Ndilo maziko a democracy, kutsimikizira ufulu, kuletsa uchisi, ndi kutsimikizira kuti mphamvu zikhalabe zodziŵerengera kwa anthu. Ngati muli wophunzira, nzika, kapena munthu wofunitsitsa kudziŵa mmene maboma amagwira ntchito, kuzindikira ndi kulinganiza kuli mfungulo wa kumvetsetsa mmene ma democracy ndi chifukwa chake adapirira kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Kumvetsa Malingaliro a Kupima ndi Kulinganizika

Pakatikati pake, mayeso ndi kulinganiza kuli kusiyanitsa kothandiza kwa maulamuliro . Kulekanitsa maulamuliro kumagawa mantha osiyanasiyana . Mofala, audindo, ndi oweruza . Koma kungogaŵa mphamvu si zokwanira; nthambi iliyonse iyeneranso kukhoza kukaniza kudodomedwa ndi ena. Mayeso ndi kulinganiza kumapereka malamulo amenewo. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo, koma mkulu wa bungwe lingapange malamulo; jajiya ingamenye malamulo amene amaswa malamulo, koma oweruza amaikidwa ndi nduna ndi oimira boma.

Maziko a nzeru za dongosolo lino ali m'zolemba za wafilosofi wandale zadziko Wachifrenchi. Mabanja a United States anaphunzira Montesquieu ndi kuphatikiza malingaliro ake mu U.S. Constitution. Monga momwe James Madison analembera motchuka mu [FLT:] Fidrest. Noflset . [5], [FLT:]

" Ngati anthu anali angelo, palibe boma limene likanakhala lofunika. Ngati angelo akanalamulira anthu, osati maulamuliro akunja kapena amkati a boma akakhala ofunika. [1] – James Madison, Federalist No. 51

Nthambi Zitatu za Boma

Kuti macheke ndi kulinganiza zigwiritsidwe ntchito, payenera kukhala nthambi zitatu zosiyana ndi zofanana. Pamene kuli kwakuti tsatanetsatane akusiyana ndi dziko, chitsanzo cha U.S. ndicho chophunziridwa koposa ndipo chimatumikira monga chosinthira kaamba ka mademokrase ambiri kuzungulira dziko.

Nthambi Yolamulira Malamulo

Mu United States, nthambi ya malamulo ndi Kampani ya malamulo, yopangidwa ndi zipinda ziŵiri: Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Oimira . Ntchito yake yaikulu ndi ya imapanga malamulo [[[FLT:]. Komabe, mphamvu zake zimakhudza kwambiri. Nyumba za malamulo, zingayambitse nkhondo, kuyendetsa dziko ndi malonda achilendo, ndipo zikhoza kuchotsa akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo Pulezidenti ndi oweruza. Imatsimikiziranso mapangano a pulezidenti (akuti Nyumba ya Malamulo) ndi matanthwe. Maulamulirowa amayang'anira zonse ziŵiri. Ngati Pulezidenti akuwononga ulamuliro wake, angachotse, kapena kuchotsa ntchito, kapena kuchotsa ntchito, ngakhale ofesi yake. [F.F.]

Nthambi Yotsogolera

Nthambi yapamwamba imatsogozedwa ndi pulezidenti. Pulezidenti ali ndi udindo wokhazikitsa ndi kuyendetsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress. Pulezidenti amatumikira monga Mkulu-in-Confeef wa magulu ankhondo, kutsogolera malamulo achilendo, ndi kuika oweruza ndi mamembala a bungwe la boma (ndi kutsimikizira konchiti). Kufufuza kwakukulu pa nthambi ya malamulo ndi mphamvu ku mphamvu [[FLT:]: iye angakane kusaina lamulo m'lamulo, kulitumiza kumbuyo kwa Countress. Pulezidentiyoto angaletsedwe ndi mavoti aŵiri atatu okha, amene alinso ovuta. Mtsogoleri wa bungwelo ali ndi mphamvu yolamulira kuti aperekedwe ku [FLT: FT] Malamulo: [FFFF:]

Nthambi Yoweruza

Nthambi yachiweruzo, yopangidwa ndi khoti lapamwamba ndi makhoti aang'ono a boma, amamasulira malamulo ndi kutsimikizira kuti akugwirizana ndi Malamulo. Chida chake champhamvu kwambiri ndi kupenda [[FLT:], ulamuliro wakulengeza malamulo kapena zochita za kayendetsedwe ka boma. Mphamvu imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa m'nkhani [1803] [FLT]] [maklibury]. Mafuta a mapepala oikidwa ndi Pulezidenti, angasinthidwenso ndi oweruza oletsedwa ndi oweruza.

Mmene Mungapewere Ntchito ndi Kulinganiza Zinthu

Pansipa pali zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri zimene zimalepheretsa nthambi imodzi kuchita zinthu zina.

  • Presidential Veto and Congregational Battle: Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo lirilonse loperekedwa ndi Congress . Koma Congress angachotse ndi unyinji wa matatu aŵiri m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri, kukakamiza lamulolo mosasamala kanthu za chitsutso cha Pulezidenti.
  • Senate Insect of Francs: Prezidenti amasankha oweruza a boma, akazembe, ndi alembi a kabati, koma Bungwe liyenera kutsimikizira mamembala ameneŵa mwa voti ya anthu ambiri. Zimenezi zimapatsa nthambi ya malamulo kufufuza kwachindunji pa zosankha za akuluakulu a ntchito.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuvomereza ndi Kusunga: Nyumba ya Oimira ingatsutse (kubweretsa milandu) Pulezidenti, Pulezidenti, Justice, kapena woweruza aliyense wa boma kaamba ka "chifukwa, chiphuphu, kapena maupandu ena aakulu ndi maupandu ena olakwika. Pamenepo Nyumba ya Malamulo ikuchita kuzenga mlandu ndipo ingathe kuchotsa ndunayo mwa voti yokwana matatu aŵiri.
  • [[FLT: 0] Judicial Review: Khoti Lalikulu ndi makhoti aung'ono a boma angachotse malamulo kapena malamulo a akuluakulu amene amaswa Malamulo. Ili ndi iko kupenda ponse paŵiri nthambi za malamulo ndi mabwana aakulu.
  • Mphamvu ya Kugula: Palibe ndalama zimene zingawonongedwe ndi nthambi ya mkulu ngati Congress ikanaiyenerera. Zimenezi zimapatsa Nyumba za Malamulo mphamvu yaikulu pa zimene Pulezidenti anagwirizana.
  • Ratiation : Prezidenti angakambirane mapangano ndi mitundu yachilendo, koma amagwira ntchito kokha pambuyo pa magawo aŵiri mwa atatu a Nyumba ya Malamulo yovomerezedwa.

Zonse pamodzi, zimatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene ingachite zinthu popanda kuganiziridwa. Nthambi iliyonse iyenera kugwirizana, kapena kulekerera, inayo, mwakuti iyenera kugonja ndi kulinganiza.

Kufunika kwa Mapeketi ndi Kulinganiza mu Demokrase

Chifuno chachikulu cha macheke ndi kulinganiza ndicho ulamuliro wankhanza. Pamene mphamvu iikidwa mwa munthu mmodzi kapena gulu, mbiri imasonyeza kuti nkhanza njosapeŵeka. Kufufuza ndi kuchepetsa ulamuliro, kukuchititsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuti alamulire. Malamulowo amalimbikitsanso [[FLT:] kuyenera [[FLT]]: chifukwa nthambi iliyonse ingavumbule zochita za ena, akuluakulu a boma akhoza kuchita zinthu moyenera. Nzika zingaone zimene zili ndi mlandu wa chigamulo cha lamulo ndi kuvotera. Mowonjezera, kupenda ndi kulinganiza kutetezera [FL:] ufulu [FFL:5]. [FFFT] Oŵerengeka ambiri, chifukwa chakuti kulephera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kulephera kwamphamvu chifukwa cha kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito kopeka kwa makhoti. [makhoti owonjezereka, kapena kuwonjezera, kuwonjezera, kuvomereza.]

Nkhani Zake Za m’Mbiri Ndiponso Maziko a Chiphunzitso cha Filosofi

Lingaliro la ufumu wosanganiza . "maufumu, apamwamba, ndi a demokrase "abwerera ku Greece wakale ndi Roma . Komabe, lingaliro lamakono la macheso ndi kulinganiza linakulitsidwa mokwanira mkati mwa [[FLT: 0]] Nkhaŵa . Montesquieu' . Mzimu wa Malamulo [Mtima] [wamakono] [Malamulo] [[FLT]] [[FLT:] [3] unatsutsa kuti ufulu umafuna kulekana kwalamulo, mkulu, ndi mphamvu zachiweruzo. Ziganizo zinasonkhezera kwambiri ogwirizana kwambiri ndi ogwirizana a kuletsa kuukira ulamuliro wa Britain. M'pandomonse, James Mayensiko, Hamily, ndi ena atsutsana ndi "Mpandomongwe wa mphamvu zogwirizana. [Fose, NW]

Malamulo a ku United States, adavomerezedwa mu 1788, anakhazikitsa malamulo ameneŵa. M'zaka mazana aŵiri zotsatira, dongosololo linasintha mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi chitsanzo. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsimikizira mphamvu yake ya kupendanso chiweruzo mu Marbury . Madison . Nyumba za Mabutho zokhala ndi kufufuza. Maguwa anagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu ndi maveto kulinganiza. Nthambi iliyonse yawonjezera ulamuliro wake panthaŵi zina, koma inayenera kupendedwa ndi ena, kusungidwa ndi oyambitsawo.

Zimene Zikuchitika: Zitsanzo Zosaiŵalika

Kuchokera ku America konse, mayeso ndi zipimi zayesedwa m'mikangano yapamwamba. Nazi zina za zofunika kwambiri.

Chophimba Chamadzi

Kumayambiriro kwa ma 1970, Pulezidenti Richard Nixon analoleza kutula chikuto cha kusweka kwa Komiti ya Democratic . Pamene Congress inayambitsa kufufuza, Nixon anakana kugwirizanika, kulengeza mwaŵi wa bwanamkubwa. Khoti Lapamwamba, mu United States v. Nixton . Nixton . [[FLT:] [777]]), analamula kuti Pulezidenti ayenera kutembenuza tepi, kukana mwayi wonse. Kuyang'ana ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi kuchotsako, Nixon. Nkhani imeneyi imasonyeza mphamvu ya kupenda ndi kuyang'anira mkulu wa oweruza.

Kufunitsitsa kwa Pulezidenti Bill Clinton

Mu 1998, Nyumba ya Oimira Oimira Pulezidenti Bill Clinton adatsutsa kuti adali wolakwa ndi woletsa chilungamo mogwirizana ndi nkhani yake ndi Nyumba Yachiyera. Nyumba ya Malamulo, pambuyo pa kuzengedwa mlandu, inapereŵera pa magawo aŵiri atatu ofunikira kumangidwa, kusiya Clinton mu ofesi. Chochitikacho chinasonyeza kuti kusamvera kuli ponse paŵiri njira ya ndale zadziko ndi yalamulo; Khoti limagwira ntchito monga kuyang'anira komaliza pa milandu ya Nyumba. Chinasonyezanso kuti kupenda ndi kulinganiza kungatsogolere kutsutsana koyambitsa nkhondo, koma dongosololo lidakalipobe ndi ntchito yothetsera mikangano popanda chiwawa.

Mabwalo a Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu Akula

Mu 1937, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt, wogwiritsidwa mwala ndi zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba zimene zinagwetsa maprogramu a New Deact, analingalira "kupasula" khoti mwakuwonjezera ku zigamulo zatsopano zisanu ndi chimodzi. Congress, kuphatikizapo ambiri a gulu la Roosevelt, anakana makonzedwewo. Chochitikachi ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha kuyang'anira kwa akuluakulu a boma polimbana ndi kulephera kwa makampani . . ndi za ufulu wa bungwe la judicariary umene unasungidwa chifukwa chakuti Congressbource anakana kupita. Posachedwapa, magulu onsewa akambirana mipando yowonjezera ku Khotilo, koma palibe kusintha kumene kwachitika, kusonyeza mphamvu yokhalitsa ya kapangidwe kapangidwe kalelo.

Malamulo Otsogolera ndi Kupenda Chiweruzo

Mapresidenti amakono kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito maoda akuluakulu kupyola Congress pa nkhani za mkangano. Mwachitsanzo, kuletsa kwa Pulezidenti Obama ndi kuletsa kwa Pulezidenti Trump kutsutsa m'khoti. Oweruza a Federal anapereka malamulo oletsa malamulo, ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi Khoti Lalikulu linasonyeza mmene makhoti angachepetsere ntchito yaudindo, kukakamiza Pulezidenti kugwira ntchito m’malamulo kapena kufunafuna chilolezo cha bungwe.

Mavuto ndi Kusulizidwa kwa Machenjera ndi Kulinganizika

Mosasamala kanthu za mphamvu zake, njira ya macheke ndi malinganizo sizingapeŵe mavuto. Chisulizo chimodzi chachikulu nchakuti chingatsogolere ku gricklock . Pamene nthambi zosiyanasiyana zilamuliridwa ndi zipani za ndale zadziko zotsutsana, malamulo angaleke, ma bajeti sangapitirire, ndipo boma limaletsa. Otsutsa amanena kuti oyambitsawo sanayembekezere kuti lero athane ndi maledzero, amene angasokoneze boma.

Vuto lina ndilo kuwonjezereka pang'onopang’ono kwa mphamvu yodula [[FLT: 0]. Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 20, mapresidenti agwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu, kusaina, ndi mabungwe auyang'aniro kuchotsa Nyumba za Malamulo. Akatswiri ena amatsutsa kuti nthambi ya akulu yakhala yolamulira kwambiri, kuchepetsa kulinganiza. Chikalata cha judicary, ngakhale kuti chidakali cheke, kaŵirikaŵiri chakhala chogonjera ku ntchito yapamwamba pa nkhani za chitetezo cha dziko, chikumachepetsa mkhalidwewo.

Palinso nkhani ya [[FLT: 0] kachitidwe ka lamulo ka lamulo ku v. Chiletso . Makhoti akaswa malamulo otchuka, angawonedwe kukhala akupitirira mbali yawo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, pamene amvera nthambi zina mopambanitsa, amalephera kutetezera ufulu wa malamulo. Kupeza kulinganiza kwabwino kumakhala mkangano wopitirizabe.

Pomalizira, madongosolo ena andale amapeŵa dala kupenda ndi kulinganiza. M'mademokrase a nyumba ya malamulo monga United Kingdom, nthambi za akuluakulu ndi za malamulo zimasanganizidwa, kulola maulamuliro aluso kwambiri. Madongosolo ameneŵa amadalira pa zinthu zina . Monga ntchito yamphamvu ya boma, judiary, ndi manyuzipepala aulere . Chitsanzo cha U.S. sichili njira yokha yotetezera ufulu, koma kugogomezera kwake pa mfundo zambiri kumaupangitsa kukhala wotsutsa kwambiri kusintha kwa mwadzidzidzi, kokulira.

Kumaliza

Mayeso ndi kulinganiza si mfundo yachiphamaso chabe ya m'bukhu la boma. Iwo ali njira yamoyo, yopuma imene imaumba mmene malamulo amapangidwira, kutsatiridwa, ndi kumasulira tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwa kugawira mphamvu pakati pa nthambi zitatu ndi kupatsa zida zonse zopitira kutsutsa zina, dongosolo limatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense, kuletsa ulamuliro wankhanza, ndi kukhazikitsa kuŵerengera mlandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti ingakhale yowononga ndi yochedwa / m'nthaŵi zandale, makamaka m'nthaŵi za anthu, siikukayikira kuti kuchedwa kwa munthu. Imakakamiza kulinganiza ndi kufalikira kwa boma kuchitika. Kumvetsetsa ndi kulinganiza mphamvu kuti anthu agwirizane ndi boma kudzachita nawo ntchito zawo, kukana pamene mphamvu zikuchitidwa, ndi kuyamikira mphamvu zimene zimatheke. Monga momwe Madison adalembera, "Adisocrea pa anthu, si kukayikira, kuyendetsa ulamuliro kwa anthu; koma kuphunzitsidwa kwa anthu ambiri.