Kumvetsa Mphamvu zandale: Anafufuza Mogometsa

Mphamvu yandale ndi maziko a sayansi yandale ndi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, akumanena za mphamvu ya anthu, magulu, kapena mabungwe a kusonkhezera, kulamulira, kapena kutsogolera khalidwe la ena ndi zosankha za maboma. Si njira yapadera koma njira yamphamvu imene imapanga malamulo, malamulo, ndi zigwirizano. Kuchokera kwa akatswiri a nzeru monga Max Weber, amene amalongosola mphamvu ya kukakamiza munthu ngakhale kutsutsa, kwa ofufuza amakono onga Steven Lukas, amene anayang'anitsitsa mbali zitatu za mphamvu (kupanga malamulo, kukonza mapangano, ndi kukonza maluso) kuphunzira mphamvu zandale kukukhalabebe kwa kumvetsetsa ulamuliro, chilungamo, ndi mikangano.

Mphamvu yandale imagwira ntchito m’milingo yambiri: m’mabungwe alamulo (ophera mlandu, oweruza, achiweruzo), kupyolera mwa madongosolo amwaŵi (ofuna kusamala anthu, magulu a zikondwerero, magulu a anthu), ndi mwa miyambo ya chikhalidwe imene imapanga zimene zimalingaliridwa kukhala zothekera kapena zovomerezeka. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mikhalidwe yaikulu, mitundu, kugwiritsira ntchito, mphamvu zoyerekezera, ndi zitokoso zandale, zikumapereka maziko otsimikizirika opendera mmene mphamvu za chitaganya chamakono zimagwirira ntchito.

Mphamvu Zandale

Mphamvu zandale zimatha kudziŵika bwino kwambiri, ndipo zimenezi zimasiyanitsa anthu ndi anthu ankhanza kapena andale.

Ulamuliro

Ulamuliro umaimira kuyenera kwalamulo kupanga zosankha ndi kutsatitsa malamulo. Kumasiyana ndi kukakamiza chifukwa chakuti amene ali ndi ulamuliro amaulandira monga wokakamiza, kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa cha mwambo, njira zalamulo, kapena utsogoleri wa mphamvu ya mphamvu yachikoka. Max Weberor wotchuka wa m'malamulo ku mitundu itatu yabwino: mwambo (matsogoleri obadwa nawo), [maufumu obadwa nawo], ] kuikidwa [FLT] kuikidwa m'malo, mabumo, malamulo alamulo, [malamulo], ndi [[FLT:] AD] (atsogoleri a chisinthiko), (mafanizo, masamu).

Kusonkhezeredwa

Chisonkhezero ndicho kukhoza kuyambukira khalidwe kapena zikhulupiriro za ena popanda lamulo lachindunji kapena kukakamiza. Chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito mwa kukopa, ukatswiri, kukopa kwa makhalidwe, kapena kupotoza. Ganizirani za katswiri wa malamulo amene amapanga malamulo mwa kupereka umboni, kapena wosonkhezera wa mayanjano amene amasonkhezera malingaliro a anthu pa nkhani zandale. Chisonkhezero kaŵirikaŵiri chimagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi zochitikazo, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kuyerekezera ndi ulamuliro walamulo koma wamphamvu mofanana.

Kulamulira

Kulamulira kumatanthauza kukhoza kutsogolera chuma, mabungwe, ndi njira za ndale zadziko kumaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa mandandanda a malamulo, kulinganiza bajeti, ndi kutumiza mphamvu ya boma (bungwe, asilikali). Mwachitsanzo, pulezidenti amene amayang'anira nthambi yaikulu angaike malamulo ena pamene akutsekereza ena. Kulamulira kumawonjezeranso kulamulira chidziŵitso: maboma amene amatsendereza ufulu kutsendereza kuletsa kuyendetsa zinthu mwa kuchepetsa zimene nzika zikudziŵa.

Mitundu ya Mphamvu Zandale

Kumvetsetsa mitundu imeneyi kumathandiza kuona chifukwa chake oseŵera ena amasonkhezera pamene ena satero.

Mphamvu Yotha Kudya

Mphamvu yachikoka imadalira pa chiwopsezo kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kukakamiza kugonjera. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kachitidwe kankhondo, kusungitsa apolisi, kumangidwa, kapena ziletso. Pamene kuli kwakuti gulu lankhanza liri mtundu wowoneka koposa, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi njira yomalizira chifukwa chakuti limayambitsa kukwiya ndi kukaniza. Maboma aunduna kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa mphamvu ya kugwirizanitsa kuti atsendereze kutsutsa. Komabe, ngakhale mademokrati agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya kugwirizana kwa lamulo lovomerezedwa mwalamulo, pamene apolisi akakamiza malamulo a pamsewu kapena makhoti apereka zigamulo.

Mphoto ya Mphamvu

Mphamvu zimaphatikizapo kupereka mapindu popereka chigwirizano ndi kugonjera kapena kuchirikiza. M'ndale, zimenezi zingaphatikizepo kugawana, mapangano, ndalama zothandizira, kupuma pa msonkho, kapena ndalama zoperekedwa ndi anthu pa ntchito za komiti. Kazembe angafunsire wopanga malamulo wokhulupirika ndi tcheyamani wa komiti, kapena boma lingapereke zisonkhezero ku makampani ku mafakitale osintha zinthu. Mphamvu ingachirikize kukhulupirika komanso ingayambitse Harmilaor ndi katangale ngati agwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwika.

Mphamvu Yalamulo

Kuchokera ku malo alamulo m'madongosolo . monga ngati kusankhidwa kukhala ndi udindo, zoweruza, kapena maulamuliro a boma amavomerezedwa ndi malamulo ndi malamulo. Opanga malamulo amavomereza mwa masankho; malamulo amafotokoza ukulu wa mphamvu ya nthambi iliyonse. Pulezidenti ali ndi mphamvu yalamulo ya kukhazikitsa malamulo, koma kokha m'malamulo. Mtundu umenewu umakhazikika chifukwa umaikidwa m'mabungwe, koma umafuna kuti anthu akhalebe odalirika.

Mphamvu ya Akatswiri

Mphamvu zapamwamba zimachokera pa chidziŵitso chapadera kapena luso limene ena amayamikira. Asayansi olangiza za malamulo a zanyengo, akatswiri a zachuma otsogolera zosankha za za mapangano a zachuma, kapena oweruza a mapangano onse akugwira ntchito. Opanga zosankha amadalira akatswiri kuti apeze chidziŵitso cholondola, kupatsa akatswiri mphamvu zosadziŵika pa zotsatirapo za malamulo. Komabe, mphamvu zaluso zingatsutsidwe .

Mphamvu Yopatsa

Mphamvu yochititsa chidwi imachokera ku kukopa munthu, maubwenzi, kapena kudzitcha ndi mtsogoleri. Mosiyana ndi ulamuliro woikidwa, mphamvu zoikidwa zimachitidwa mwa kusirira, kukhulupirirana, ndi kugwirizana kwa malingaliro. Atsogoleri a Populist onga Hugo Chávez kapena anthu a mbiri yakale onga Martin Luther King Jr. Amanyamula mamiliyoni ambiri mwa mphamvu. Mtundu umenewu umasinthasintha chifukwa chakuti umadalira pa kupitiriza kwa munthu, ndipo ungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kusonkhanitsa kapena kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa a democracy.

Mphamvu Yochepa, Mphamvu Yolimba

M'mayanjano apadziko lonse, mphamvu yosalimba [1] [imaphatikizapo] mphamvu yankhondo ndi yachuma [1] . Imafuna kukopa ndi kutumizana m’malo mwa. Imadalira pa chikhalidwe, mapindu, ndi mayanjano. Mphamvu yolimba [[FLT: 3] imaphatikizapo mphamvu yankhondo ndi yachuma. Dziko limene limapanga chithandizo chachilendo, kusinthana kwa chikhalidwe, ndi kutumiza nyuzi kumaiko ena. Mafilimu a Hollywopy ndi Jeremani ndi zitsanzo zamphamvu yamphamvu ya dziko. [[FLT] nthaŵi zambiri mphamvu zofeŵeruka ndi zamphamvu zimaphatikiza [FL:] mphamvu zamphamvu [FFFD]

Mmene Mphamvu zandale Zimagwiritsidwira Ntchito

Mphamvu yandale zadziko siiri kokha yokhala ndi; imachitidwa mokangalika kupyolera m’njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa kulamulira kwamwambo kufikira ku chisonkhezero chamaganizo chamachenjera.

Kukhazikitsa Malamulo ndi Kukhazikitsa Malamulo

Kupanga malamulo ndi njira yachindunji kwambiri ya ulamuliro wandale. Malamulo opanga malamulo amene amalamulira chilichonse kuyambira pa msonkho mpaka pa ufulu wa anthu. Ntchitoyi imaphatikizapo kukambirana, kukonza zinthu, ndi kuvota . Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Affordal Care Act la U.S. linafuna zaka zambiri za kukambirana, kulolera, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zoyendetsera zinthu. Opanga malamulo a za boma amagwiritsanso ntchito mphamvu za boma: mabungwe onga a Environmental Protection Agency (Advision Programment) amapanga malamulo amene ali ndi mphamvu ya malamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kuyang'anira malamulo a boma.

Kukopa ndi Kuphunzitsa Anthu

Kulamulira nkhanizo kuli chipangizo chosuliza. Atsogoleri amagwiritsa ntchito nkhani, misonkhano yofalitsa, ndi makompyuta a zaunyinji kukonza mmene nkhani zikudziŵikira. Lingaliro la limasintha zinthu [1] [1] Kuimira nkhani inayake m'magetsi . Kuthandiza ngati malamulo apeza chichirikizo. Mwachitsanzo, kulipira malo monga “msonkho wa imfa” kumasintha ngati kuchotsa, kusonkhezera maganizo a anthu. Mofananamo, kusatsa malonda andale kaŵirikaŵiri kusonkhezera malingaliro onga mantha kapena chiyembekezo cha kusonkhanitsa. Njira zandale tsopano ndizo zolankhulira za makampani a makampani a za yunivesite, zikutsimikizira kuti ndi malo apamwamba.

Malo Okonzera Agenda

Monga momwe masitepe ambiri a John Kingdon akusonyezera, kukhoza kukhazikitsa maseŵerowo kuli mtundu waukulu wa ulamuliro. Amene amasankha mavuto amene amalandira chisamaliro . ndi amene amanyalanyazidwa . Malo a Media, a thanki, ndi magulu achithandizo amapikisana kukweza nkhani monga kusintha kwa nyengo, kusamuka, kapena kusamala zaumoyo. Mkati mwa mavuto, maboma angapange zinthu zina mofulumira, monga momwe amaonera ndi mayankhidwe angozi.

Nyumba Yomanga Malo Oyandikana ndi Kugwirizanitsa

M'madongosolo a demokrase, palibe woseŵera mmodzi amene kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuchita yekha. Nyumba ya mgwirizano imapanga kugwirizana pakati pa magulu, magulu achifuniro, kapena mitundu . . European Union imapereka mphamvu zogwirizana, kumene mamembala agwirizana kuti agwirizane. Kusintha kumaphatikizapo kulolerana, kudalirana, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zothandizira. Magulu andale kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga maboma ogwirizana pambuyo pa masankhoti, kugaŵira zigawo zozikidwa pa mphamvu yaudindo. Kulephera kupanga mgwirizano kungatsogolera ku ku kayendedwe kapena kuletsa.

Kusintha Mabungwe

Akanema andale zadziko nthaŵi zina amasintha malamulo a masewerawo kukhala mphamvu yawo. Gerrymaning . Kujambula mizera yachigawo kuti iyanjane ndi chipani, ndi chitsanzo chapadera. Makhoti angadzazidwe ndi okhulupirika, madongosolo osankhidwa asinthidwa, kapena maulamuliro ofutukulidwa. Viktor Orbán wa Hungary anagwiritsira ntchito malamulo kukhazikitsa mphamvu zapamwamba, kukweza nkhaŵa za democracy. Zochita zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimapeputsa mzimu wa mpikisano wa ndale zadziko.

Malingaliro Oipa a Mphamvu za Ndale

Akatswiri a maphunziro apanga zitsanzo zopikisana pofotokoza amene ali ndi mphamvu zandale ndi mmene zimagwirira ntchito.

Kukonda zinthu

Akatswiri a zandale monga Robert Dahl akutsutsa kuti mphamvu zandale nzofalikira pakati pa magulu ambiri opikisana ndi opikisana, zipani, oulutsa nkhani, osachirikiza zinthu zomwe zimalamulira mosasintha. M'kufufuza kwa Dahl kwa New Haven (1961), anapeza kuti magulu osiyanasiyana anasonkhezera nkhani zosiyanasiyana, kuletsa munthu aliyense wamkulu kulamulira zotsatira zake zonse. Chiphunzitso cha Plagolicism chimaganizira kuti boma limachita monga wochirikiza wandale. Komabe, otsutsa akuona kuti kudalirana kwa zinthu pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana kumapatsa makampani ndi kulowa m’malo mwachuma, kupangitsa kuti ulamuliro wa anthu ambiri ukhale woyenerera kuposa weniweni.

Kuphunzitsa za Elite

Posiyanitsa ndi kuchuluka, akatswiri apamwamba monga C Wright Mills ndi G. William Domoff anatsutsa kuti kagulu kakang'ono, kaudindo kaumodzi kali ndi mphamvu m'magulu a zachuma, ndale, ndi ankhondo. “mphamvu zapamwamba” zimagaŵana makulidwe, makala a anthu, ndi zikondwerero, zimene zimawathandiza kupanga zosankha zazikulu. Mabungwe a zandale amasonyeza mmene anthu amalingalirira, maziko, ndi mabungwe a makampani.

Malingaliro a Marxist

Kwa a Marx, mphamvu ya ndale zadziko imachokera ku maunansi a zachuma. Boorgeoisie . Bourgeoisie . Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungitsa kudyerera kwa kapitawolizimu. Ngakhale maboma a demokrase amaonedwa kukhala akusunga kusalingana kwa magawo kupyolera mwa malamulo onga kudula msonkho kwa olemera kapena opatula. Zipembedzo za Mameri, zonga Antonio Gramsci, zinayambitsa lingaliro la [FLT: 0] gemony [1]: gulu lolamulira limafutukula mphamvu m'chitaganya cha anthu kudzera mwa chikhalidwe, maphunziro, ndi zoulutsira nkhani, zomwe zimachititsa kuti ulamuliro wake uoneke ngati wachilengedwe. Hegemony anafotokoza chifukwa chake magulu otsendereza nthaŵi zina amachirikiza malamulo awo.

Mphamvu ya Foucault

Michel Foucault anasintha kwambiri mphamvu yoganiza kuti si yongopondereza komanso yopindulitsa. Mphamvu imaphatikizidwa m'zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku . Kodi timadzilanga, mmene mabungwe amaperekera anthu, mmene amapangira chidziŵitso. Mwachitsanzo, madongosolo a ndende amapanga “dentins”; maulamuliro a zamankhwala amamasulira“ zachibadwa” ndi “zachilendo. Foucault’s Kapetofiniyoni [[ yophiphiritsira yofotokoza mmene mphamvu ya ndale imapansitsira kudzilamulira kwaumwini.

Ntchito ya Mphamvu ya Zandale m’Chikhalidwe cha Anthu

Mphamvu zandale zimalamulira pafupifupi mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu, kuyambira pa chikhalidwe mpaka pa chikhalidwe chawo.

Kulinganiza ndi Makonzedwe a Mabungwe

Mphamvu zandale zimapanga mmene anthu amalinganizidwira mwa demokrase, ulamuliro wa authoritarianism, kapena maulamuliro a zipani. Mabungwe onga nyumba zokhazikitsa malamulo, makhoti, ndi mabureacracy ali maziko a mphamvu zimene zimapanga zigamulo. Makonzedwe a malamulo (mapresitial v. aunicary v. sparent . commissions) amagawa mphamvu zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, madongosolo a boma amagaŵira mphamvu pansi pa , kulola ufulu wa chigawo, pamene kuli kwakuti madongosolo auniko auniko aunizire. Machenjera ndi ziganizo zokhala ndi zolinga zoletsa nthambi iliyonse kuletsa ulamuliro, koma akhozanso kuchititsa kuti nthambi ikhale yogaŵikana kwambiri.

Chilungamo cha Mayanjano ndi Kusalingana Makhalidwe

Mphamvu zandale ndizo zitsogozo za magulu ochirikiza kufanana. Malinga ndi mbiri yakale, magulu opatulidwa, akazi, mafuko ang'onoang'ono, LGBTQ+ anthu . Ndakhala akumenyera ufulu wovota, malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana, ndi kuimira. Mphamvu zolepheretsa kuchirikiza kuchuluka kwa nyumba: anthu osagwirizana ndi ndale zadziko amalandira zitseko zoperewera, maphunziro otsika bwino, ndi kuchepa kwa kutsata chilungamo. Grasrotsismismism ndi magulu a anthu (kuyenera kwachikhalidwe, chilungamo cha dziko) amayesa kuwonjezera mphamvu mwa kusonkhezera chipani, kuchepetsa mphamvu za ndale, kulephera maphunziro, ndi kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu.

Kusamuka kwa Maboma Ofuna Kupeza Chuma

Njira yoonekera kwambiri ya ulamuliro wandale ndiyo bajeti ya boma. Zosankha zokhudza msonkho, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosamalira zaumoyo, maphunziro, kudziteteza, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zikulimbana ndi chuma. Amalonda amphamvu . Makampani, maukwati, kukhazikitsa malamulo a msonkho ndi malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a zachuma atakumana ndi mavuto a 2008, anachititsa kuti pakhale kusintha kochepa, pamene mapulogalamu ogwirizana ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zachuma amawononga mautumiki a anthu.

Makhalidwe ndi Nzeru za Zamoyo

Mphamvu yandale imachitiranso zinthu mophiphiritsira: imavomereza mfundo zina, mbiri, ndi zinthu zofunika. Nkhani zapasukulu za boma, zikumbutso za anthu onse, ndi zoulutsira nkhani zimasonyeza chikhalidwe cha anthu. Maboma angalimbikitse nkhani za mgwirizano wa mayiko kapena kutsendereza mawu otsutsana. Ganizirani makambitsirano okhudza kuphunzitsa za fuko lotsutsa kapena zipilala za mbiri yakale kwa atsogoleri. Mphamvu yolongosola kudziŵika kwa dziko ndi yandale kwambiri, kusonkhezera zimene zimalingaliridwa kukhala zautundu kapena zoukira boma.

Mavuto a Ulamuliro wa Zandale

Palibe mtundu wa ulamuliro wandale zadziko umene uli wotsimikizirika, koma ukuyang’anizana ndi chitsutso chosalekeza chochokera m’zolembedwa zosiyanasiyana, zimene zingasokoneze maulamuliro ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu.

Kutsutsa ndi Kutsutsa Kwapoyera

Kukana kutsutsa nzikazo . Kuchonderera kwa anthu ambiri ku zionetsero . Chipringi cha Aluya, chitsutso cha ulamuliro wa Hong Kong, ndi bungwe la Black Live Conte akusonyeza mmene kachitidwe kamphamvu kangasokonezere maboma kapena kusintha kwa malamulo. Zofalitsa za chikhalidwe zimaletsa kutsutsana ndi ntchito ndi kufalitsa nkhani zina. Komabe, maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amayankha mwa kupondereza, kuyang’anira, kapena kugwirizanitsa, kusonyeza kuti kusagwirizana ndi boma nthaŵi zonse kuli njira yogwirizana.

Chitsutso cha Ndale ndi Mpikisano wa Chipani

M'mademokrase, magulu otsutsa amatumikira monga otsutsa a mabungwe. Iwo amafufuza malamulo, kupereka zoloŵa mmalo, ndi kukonzekera kulandira ulamuliro kupyolera mwa masankho. Chitsutso champhamvu chimasunga mphamvu zolamulira kukhala zoŵerengeka, pamene chitsutso chikhala chofooka, chopanda mphamvu, kapena cholekezedwa. Magulu ofufuza kaŵirikaŵiri amachotsa kapena kuchepetsa chitsutso mwa kuvutitsa kwa lamulo, kutsekera, kapena chinyengo cha masankhoti.

Kufufuza ndi Kufufuza Nkhani m’Zungwe za Stockuntain

Manyuzipepala aulere ndi macheke amwambo wa mphamvu. Kufufuza kokhudza ndalama kumavumbula chinyengo, nkhanza, ndi nkhani zobisika. Chinyengo cha Watergate, Panama Mapepala, ndi lipoti laposachedwapa la zachuma zokopa anthu zachititsa kutaya ntchito, ziyeso, ndi kusintha. Komabe, mphamvu ya zoulutsira nkhani zingafooketsedwe ndi kukhala ndi katundu (ufumu wa Rupert Murdoch), kutsendech chikhalidwe, ndi kuukira atolankhani milandu (“nkhani zopeka”).

Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Mayiko Ena

Mabungwe adziko lonse, mabungwe apadziko lonse monga UN kapena WTO, chitaganya cha anthu cha padziko lonse . Mapangano a zamalonda amachepetsa mphamvu za anthu apanyumba; misonkhano ya ufulu wa anthu yokakamiza maboma kuyang'anira anthu aang'ono; mapangano a zanyengo amafuna kuchotsedwa. Kuyendetsa mayiko kumapereka mphamvu kwa oseŵera ena (ofuna kutsata ufulu wa anthu) pamene akuchepetsa ena (maboma a boma). Otsutsa ufulu wa dziko lonse atsutsa ulamuliro wa dziko lonse, monga momwe atsogoleri amachitira kubwezera ulamuliro wa dziko lonse.

Kusintha kwa Zipangizo Ndiponso Makompyuta

Intaneti ndi makompyuta athandizanso kuti anthu asinthe njira zatsopano zolamulira. Malamulo asintha zimene anthu akuona, ndipo makampani a tekinoloji monga Facebook kapena Google afika kwambiri. Maboma amagwiritsa ntchito njira za makompyuta (dongosolo la kubwereka zinthu za anthu a ku China, kusonkhanitsa metam's) kuyang'anira kusagwirizana. Panthaŵiyi, kuukira kwa pa Intaneti ndi kuchotsa mawu (kuloŵerera kwa dziko m'masankhoti) kumasonyeza mmene opanga makampani osagwirizana ndi boma angagwiritsirire ntchito luso la zamakono polimbana ndi mabungwe a ndale.

Mapeto ake: Tanthauzo Lokhalitsa la Mphamvu zandale

Mmene mphamvu zimakhalira, zovomerezedwa, zogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi kutsutsidwa zimatsimikizira ukulu wa ulamuliro, ukulu wa ufulu, ndi kugaŵira mwaŵi. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu zandale sikumafuna kuphunzira chabe malo ndi malamulo amwambo, komanso mphamvu zachinyengo za chisonkhezero, kulamulira, ndi malingaliro.

Kwa anthu, kuvomereza maulamuliro ndi chinthu choyamba chimene chingawathandize kuti akhazikitse bwino dziko. Akatswiri a zamaphunziro amaona kuti kupenda mphamvu kumathandiza kwambiri pozindikira kuti munthu ali ndi thanzi la demokalase ndiponso pokonza zinthu zina.