Mu 1978, ovota a California anachita kanthu kena kosintha: iwo ananyalanyaza nyumba yawo ya malamulo ndi kuchepetsa msonkho wa katundu kupyolera mwa kampani ya nzika yotchedwa Proposition . Kachitidwe kamodzi kameneka ka demokrase kolunjika kanayamba osati dongosolo la msonkho wa California lokha koma kuyambitsa chipanduko cha dziko lonse chimene chinasinthanso ndale zadziko la America kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Inasonyeza kuti nzika za anthu wamba zinkagwiritsa ntchito ma pulogalamu a ma a a a a ageempendium, zoyambitsa, ndipo ikukumbukira kuti ikhoza kugonjetsa akatswiri andale ndi kusintha lamulo la boma.

Madongosolo atatu ameneŵa a demokrase yolunjika , ndi kukhoza kugwetsa malamulo kupyolera mwa kupangira atsopano kupyolera mwa democracy . Pamene United States imagwira ntchito monga democracy yoimira, njira za democracy zimenezi zimalola nzika kuyendera pamene oimira alephera kusonyeza chifuniro chapoyera. Kumvetsetsa mmene ntchito zimenezi ziliri chidziŵitso cha maphunziro; mphamvu zothandiza zimene zingasinthe m’magawo a dziko, ngakhalenso malamulo a dziko.

Komabe mosasamala kanthu za chiyambukiro chawo chothekera, Aamereka ambiri ali ndi chidziŵitso chosatsimikizirika cha ziŵiya za democracy zimenezi. Kodi kusiyana kotani pakati pa metapendium ndi kuyambirira? Kodi ndi zikalata zingati zimene kukumbukira zimafunikira? Kodi nchifukwa ninji maboma ena amavomereza njira zimenezi pamene ena amaziletsa? Kusiyana kwa chidziŵitso kumeneku kumaletsa nzika kugwiritsira ntchito mokwanira ufulu wawo wa demokrase ndipo kumasiya ziŵiya zamphamvu kuti zisinthe fumbi pamene anthu akudandaula za boma losamvera.

Chisinthiko cha M’mbiri cha Demokrase Yachindunji mu Amereka

Magwero a Nyengo Yomapita Patsogolo

Dongosolo lamakono la [FLT: 0] la ma democracy, astendendum, ndi kukumbukira linawonekera mkati mwa Nyengo Yakusintha kwa (1890s-1920) pamene okonzanso anafunafuna kuchotsa mphamvu ya makina andale zadziko ndi zikondwerero za makampani pa maboma. Otsatirapo anakhulupirira kuti oimira demokrase adaipitsidwa ndi zikondwerero zapadera ndi kuti nzika wamba zinafunikira madongosolo otsendereza malamulo otsatidwa.

South Dakota inakhala boma loyamba kutengera njira ndi terenteum mu 1898, itsatiridwa mofulumira ndi Utah, Oregon, Montana, ndi Oklahoma . Pofika 1918, pafupifupi theka la maboma onse adatenga mtundu wina wa demokrase yachindunji. Oregon inakhala laboratory ya demokrase yachindunji , ndi nzika zogwiritsira ntchito zida zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri kotero kuti boma lilandire dzina laulemu lakuti " Nkqubo ya Oregon" Pakati pa 1902 ndi 1910, Oregon Coption adasankha pa miyezo 32-init , kukhazikitsa zitsanzo zimene zinafalikira m'dziko lonselo.

Chikumbukiro chinatulukira pambuyo pake koma kuchokera ku zifuno zofanana. Los Angeles inatenga makonzedwe oyambirira a kukumbukira mu 1903, ndipo Oregon anakhala boma loyamba kutengera chikumbukiro cha boma lonse mu 1908. Ziŵiya zimenezi zinakonzedwa bwino lomwe kuti zithetse ziphuphu [1] Kupatsa nzika mphamvu ya kuchotsa akuluakulu a boma amene anagulidwa ndi makampani a sitima, makampani a mgodi, kapena akuluakulu a ndale.

Maziko a demokrase yachindunji [[FLT: 1] anatengedwa kuchokera ku magwero osiyanasiyana: demokrase ya Switzerland ya chigaŵenga, magulu a a populalist a ku America, ndi chikhulupiriro chopita patsogolo mu nzeru ya nzika. Osintha zinthu monga William S. U'Ren ku Oregon ndi John Randolph Haynes ku California anakhala alembi alaliki kaamba ka demokrase yachinduku, akutsutsa kuti nzika zinali zodalirika kwambiri kuposa andale zadziko kuthekera kwa chiphuphu.

Kufutukuka ndi Kubwereranso

Ma 1910 adawona kuwonjezereka kofulumira kwa makonzedwe a demokrase yachindunji, ndi maboma ambiri akutsatira njira zonse zitatu panthaŵi imodzi. Zipambano zopita patsogolo m'masankho zinapanga ma mwaŵi a kusintha kwa lamulo, ndipo chizeidge chinayanja ulamuliro wotchuka [[[FLT: 1] pa ulamuliro wapamwamba. Magulu a akazi kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizana ndi ochirikiza demokrase yachindunji, kuona kuti zida zimenezi ndi njira zopitirizira kuwongolera ngakhale asanafikire ufulu wosankha.

Komabe, kutulutsa magetsi a msana kunatulukira mofulumira. Magulu a Commervative, oda nkhaŵa ndi ziganizo zamphamvu zowonekera pa mavoti, okonzekeretsedwa kuletsa demokrase yachindunji. Malamulo angapo akuti poyamba anatengera makonzedwe ameneŵa pambuyo pake atakonzedwa kapena kuletsedwa kwambiri. Suprememe Court inatsimikizira kukhala yofunika kwambiri [ pamene kuli kwakuti ichirikize njira za demokrase, makhoti anakhazikitsa malire amene analetsa kuletsa boma la dziko kapena ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Anthu ambiri anayamba kuchita zinthu zina pofuna kuthetsa mavuto a zachuma pamene mabungwe a boma ayamba kulephera kukonzanso nkhani zokhudza ntchito, ulamuliro wa anthu, ndiponso kusintha kwa misonkho.

Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse ndi Nkhondo ya Mawu inachepetsa changu cha demokrase yachindunji, pamene kunasumikidwa chigogomezero ku umodzi wa dziko ndi mabungwe oimira. ambiri anawona demokrase kukhala yokhoza kupotozedwa kapena kupotozedwa ndi machenjera. Madongosolowo anapitirizabe m’mabuku koma sanagwiritsidwe ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri, kuloŵa m’nyengo ya kuponderezedwa kwa mtunduwo.

Kusintha Kwamakono

Ma 1970 adawona kudzutsidwa kwa demokrase yachindunji [[FLT: 1], kuyambira ndi Chigamulo 13 ndi kufalikira m'dziko lonse. Kubwereza kumeneku kunasonyeza zinthu zambiri: kuchepa kwa kukhulupirira pambuyo pa Watergate ya boma, malingaliro otsutsa misonkho, ndi magulu atsopano ofuna kusintha malamulo. Magulu a anthu, ochirikiza malamulo, ndi malire a mawu onse atulukira kuti demokrase yachindunji ingaletse chitsutso cha boma.

Mkhalidwe wa demokrase yamakono imasiyana kwambiri ndi chiyambi chake Chakusintha. Pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikiza oyambirira anawonera nzika zomasuka pa nkhani za anthu, mchitidwe wa panthaŵiyo umaphatikizapo maluso a ntchito ya kusaina olembedwa, kusanthula, ndi kusatsa malonda a wailesi yakanema. Zimene zinayamba monga democracy ya democracy zalowa m'bwalo lina la anthu ofuna kupikisana.

Zipangizo zasintha ntchito ya demokrase yachindunji. Kusonkhanitsa zikalata pa Intaneti, ngakhale kuti n’kochepabe, kumalonjeza kuchepetsa mtengo ndi kuwonjezera kuloŵereramo. Makompyuta amathandiza kuthamanga posankha njira. Zida zamakono zimalola munthu kuvota bwino za njira zovuta. Komabe luso la zopangapangapanga limatheketsanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolakwika ndi mphamvu ya ndalama.

Maperendendu: Mphamvu ya Anthu

Mmene Ntchito Imagwirira Ntchito M’chenicheni

A derenterum ndi yokhudza kupenda ntchito ya boma [1] imalola ovota kuvomereza kapena kukana malamulo operekedwa ndi malumbiro a boma. Mphamvu imeneyi imagwira ntchito monga kuyang'anira boma loimira, kutsimikizira kuti kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo kumasonyeza kuti anthu adzasintha m’malo mwa kungosankha malamulo.

Njira ya kutumiza ikuyamba pamene bungwe la malamulo lipereka lamulo. M'maboma, nzika zili ndi windo lochepa , kaŵirikaŵiri masiku 90 .Kusonkhanitsa kusainizo kuti lamulo liperekedwe kwa voti. si sigit systect ziyenerezo zimasiyana kwambiri.: kuchokera pa 2% ya mavoti osankhidwa pa masankho omalizira a gulu la anthu ku Massachusetts mpaka 10% in Arkansans. Mayiko ena amaŵerengera zofunika zozikidwa pa onse ovomerezeka m'malo mwa mavoti, kupanga chitseko chokulirapo.

Ngati saini yokwanira itsimikiziridwa, lamulo limalekedwa kufikira pa chisankho. Mphamvu imeneyi imapangitsa mesendimu kukhala yamphamvu kwambiri / ngakhale chiwopsezo cha astendendum chikhoza kusonkhezera khalidwe la malamulo. Opanga malamulo angasinthe malingaliro kuti apeŵe mavuto kapena kusiya njira zonse zotsutsana.

Malo ovomerezeka akugwira ntchito mosiyana, kuyambitsa pamene malamulo apereka kukonzanso koikidwiratu kapena kutsata malamulo ena. Boma lililonse kusiyapo Delaware limafuna chilolezo cha ovota kaamba ka kukonza mapangano alamulo, kupanga zimenezi kukhala mtundu wa ma arendendum. Maboma ambiri amalamulanso kuti apereke mfundo za mgwirizano waukulu, misonkho ikuwonjezeka, kapena zosankha zina zazikulu.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Bwino ndi Mogwira Mtima

Kuikidwa kwa gulu la masetilaimu kumaphatikiza kuŵerengera kosamalitsa. Otsutsa malamulo ayenera kupenda mwamsanga ngati angasonkhanitse zikalata ndi kupambana pa bokosi la bolot. Izi zimafunikira nyumba yogwirizana yogwirizana kwambiri, kusonkhetsa ndalama, ndi kuyambitsa uthenga. Mapindu otsenderezedwa a nthaŵi zolinganizidwa ndi zinthu zimene zilipo pa zoyesayesa za udzu wadzidzidzi.

Makina okonza malamulo asinthasintha nthawi. Makina okhazikitsa malamulo apereka malangizo okonza zinthu ndi othandizira kwambiri. Malo ofunsira akakamiza anthu kuvota pa zochitika za malamulo. Amakhala ndi zotsatirapo zosiyanasiyana, ndipo amayenda bwino pafupifupi 40-45%.

Kubisa kwa kuletsa kungakhale chiyambukiro chake chachikulu. Malamulo, podziŵa kuti malamulo otsutsana angayang'anizane ndi mavuto, kaŵirikaŵiri amalolera molakwa. Chiyambukiro chimenechi nchovuta kuyesa koma mkhalidwe wa malamulo m'maiko okhala ndi miyambo yamphamvu.

Makampani amagwiritsa ntchito masheya kuti alepheretse malamulo, pamene mabungwe a antchito akutsutsa malamulo oletsa ntchito. Mabungwe a boma amavotera anthu pa ntchito zaumoyo.

Kufufuza Nkhani ndi Malo Osonyeza M’dziko

Magazini 2017 Medicaid deparentendum ikusonyeza ma detranteum amakono. Pambuyo poti nyumba yoyamwirayo mobwerezabwereza inakana kufutukuka mosasamala kanthu za chichirikizo cha anthu, oimira kuiika pa kampani ya chigamulo kupyolera mwa njira za nzika. Ma Voters anavomereza kufutukuka 59-41%, kutsutsa lamulo. Komabe, Bwanamkulamulira Paul LeGame anakana kupangidwa, akuonetsa kuti zipamba zankhondozo sizikutsimikizira kusintha kwa mwamsanga kwa lamulo.

Kaboni statentendums ya Washington imasonyeza mmene ma assendulo angakhalire nkhondo zokwera mtengo. Kuyamba 1631 mu 2018 kunakopa ndalama zoposa $31 miliyoni potsutsa kuwonongedwa, makamaka kuchokera ku makampani a mafuta, kupangitsa kuti akhale muyezo wokwera mtengo koposa m'mbiri ya boma. Kulephera kwake kunasonyeza mmene kuchotsapo [malangizo] kungatsimikizire zotulukapo za kubwezera za m'malamulo mosasamala kanthu za lingaliro loyamba la anthu.

Massachusetts 2020 osankhidwa ndi chisankho chotchedwa cooperation secorace journement inavumbula vuto locholoŵana. Mosasamala kanthu za chichirikizo choyamba cha kufufuza, muyesowo unalephera 55-45% pambuyo poti adani anatsutsa kuti unali wovuta kwambiri. Zimenezi zinagogomezera mmene chipambano [[FLT: 0] chimafunikirira osati kokha malamulo abwino komanso kulankhulana kosavuta, kosavuta kuwonana ndi olemba mabuku ambiri.

Zimene Amachita: Nzika Monga Opanga Malamulo

Kufotokoza Njira Yoyambirira

. . . . . . . . . . kukhazikitsa malamulo amasiyanitsa olondola a Amereka ndi madongosolo ena ambiri a demokrase padziko lonse.

Maboma makumi aŵiri ndi anayi amalola njira ina ya kuyambirira, ngakhale kuti makonzedwe achindunji amasiyana kwambiri. Njirayo imayamba ndi kukonza malamulo operekedwa kapena masinthidwe a lamulo. Kukonza kumeneku kumatsimikizira kukhala kofunika kwambiri. Kupanga mapangano olembedwa moyenerera kungayambitse chipwirikiti chalamulo ngakhale ngati ovotawo akuvomereza. Maboma ambiri amafuna kapena kulimbikitsa [[FLT:] kuvomereza ndi uphungu wa malamulo [ kutsimikizira chinenero choyenerera chalamulo.

Kusonkhanitsa kwa kusaina kumasonyeza chopinga chachikulu koposa. Zifuniro zoyambira 3% ya mavoti oikidwa m'chosankha chomaliza ku Massachusetts mpaka 15% ku Wyoming . Kusintha kwa malamulo kumafuna kusaina kochuluka kuposa njira za malamulo. Mayiko ena amakhazikitsa zofunika za kugaŵira malo, kukhazikitsa kusaina kuchokera ku magawo ambiri kapena chigawo cha mabungwe adziko kutsimikizira kuti dziko lonse lichirikizidwa.

nthawi ya kusaina imasiyana kuchokera pa masiku 64 ku Massachusetts mpaka nthaŵi yosatha ku Oregon. Nthaŵi zazing'ono zimagwirizana ndi zoyesayesa zolembedwa bwino zimene zingapeze osonkhanitsa aluso, pamene kuli kwakuti nyengo yaitali imapangitsa mipikisano ya udzu kupambana mwa zoyesayesa zaufulu. Maboma ena amaletsa kulipira sigineji imodzi, kuyesa kusunga mkhalidwe wa udzu.

Kuyamba Kulankhula Mopanda Chindunji

Zoyambirira zoyendera zinapita mwachindunji ku pepala lolembedwa lija lokhala loyenerera, kupitirira nyumba ya malamulo kotheratu. Njira imeneyi ikupempha ochirikiza chidaliro m'chichilikizo cha anthu ndi kukayikira malamulo. Zochita zotsogolera zimasunga kugamula kokhulupirika koma zimadzimana mwaŵi wa kuwongolera kwa maluso mwa kupenda malamulo.

Zoyambirira zosalunjika [1] Kuyamba kupita ku nyumba ya malamulo, imene ingapereke chigamulo, kukonza, kapena kukana. Ngati nyumba yoyamwayo yalephera kuchita zinthu mokhutiritsa, muyeso umapita ku pepala loŵerengera. Njira imeneyi imaphatikiza nzika ndi akatswiri a malamulo, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri imangotsatsa kuchedwa kwa kutsata pulogalamu yosapeŵeka.

Mayiko ena amapereka njira zonse ziŵiri, kulola ochirikiza kutsogolera kusankha njira yawo. Ena amalamula njira imodzi kapena ina. Ili ndi ufulu pakati pa kulemberana mwachindunji ndi wosalunjika imasonyeza nthanthi zosiyanasiyana za demokrase . Munthu amafunikira kuwongolera malamulo kapena kaya malamulo okhazikitsa malamulo adzachotsa madzi osapeŵeka.

Mkupiti Woyamba Wamakono

Ndemanga zoyambirira zapanthaŵiyo zimafanana ndi zisankho kuposa kulinganiza malamulo. Alangizi a mkupiti wantchito amayendetsa njira, ofufuza mauthenga, ndi opereka uphungu wa oulutsa nkhani amapanga kusatsa malonda. Kupanga maluso kwa zopanga zapanga kwawonjezera mtengo waukulu. Kupambana kwa boma tsopano kumawononga madola mamiliyoni ambiri.

Makampani a zamalonda akhazikitsa kusaina mitengo, makamaka $515 pa siginecha pa kampani yogwirizana ndi mavuto ndi nthawi. Pamene kuli kwakuti malonda ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti apeza zinthu zotsalira, otsutsa amanena kuti amawononga njira za nzika zaudzu.

Nthano za ndalama m'machitidwe opanga zinthu [1] imayambitsa mkangano wopitirizabe. Pamene kuli kwakuti malire a ndawala akugwira ntchito kwa osankhidwa, makhoti mwachibadwa aletsa kutaya malire pa mayeso a kufunsira monga kuswa ufulu wa kulankhula. Zimenezi zimapangitsa mikhalidwe kumene opereka amodzi kapena mabungwe angawononge ndalama zochirikiza kapena zotsutsa.

Otsutsa atulukira monga njira yodzitetezera. Pamene ayang'anizana ndi njira zosafunidwa, otsutsa nthaŵi zina amalingalira njira zopikisana zopangira kusokoneza ovota kapena kupereka njira zina zoyenerera. Zoyesayesa zopikisana za California pa malamulo a impso dialysis mu 2020 zinapereka chitsanzo njira imeneyi, ndi njira zoperekera zochilikiza zothandizira ndi zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana zaumoyo.

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri Zimene Zinasintha America

Kampasi ya Kalifornia 13 (1978) ikali njira ya nzika yosonkhezera kwambiri m'mbiri ya Amereka. Mwa kuchepetsa kukwera kwa msonkho wa katundu ndi kufuna kuti anthu azikhala ndi malo otsika operekera msonkho, inakonzanso ndalama za California ndi kuyambitsa kuukira msonkho m'dziko lonse. Kupambana kwake kunasonyeza kuti nzika zikhoza kuchotsa zikondwerero za lamulo pa malamulo ofunika.

Taxiparer Bill of Rights (TABOR) mu 1992 inapitirira, kupempha chilolezo cha wovota kaamba ka kuwonjezeka kwa misonkho yonse ndi kuchepetsa kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama za boma. Njira zovuta za TaBOr zaletsa boma la Colorado kwa zaka makumi atatu, kusonyeza mmene [[FLT: 0]] angayambitse masinthidwe a nyumba okhalitsa.

Gulu lalamulo la lapeza chipambano chake chachikulu koposa mwa njira zoyendera. Pambuyo poti makhoma a boma atsimikizira kukhala osafuna kuchitapo kanthu, ochirikiza anatembenukira ku demokrase. Colorado ndi Washington' 2012, zoyesayesa za kukhazikitsa zosangulutsa za chamba kuletsa chiletso cha boma ndi kuyambitsa kufalikira kwa njira zofananazo m’dziko lonse.

Kulingana kwa ukwati kumafotokoza nkhani yovuta ya kusintha kwa chikhalidwe kupyolera mwa demokrase yachindunji. Poyamba, otsutsa ukwati wa kugonana ndi kugonana anaugwiritsira ntchito kuletsa m'maiko ambiri. Pambuyo pake, ochirikiza anagwiritsira ntchito chiŵiya chimodzimodzi kupititsa patsogolo ulingani wa ukwati. Kutsatira kumeneku kunasonyeza mmene [[FLT: 0]] zopinga zingalepheretsere ndi kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu.

Kumbukirani: Kuŵerengera Kwachindunji

Kumvetsa Bwino Zinthu Zomwe Zikuchitika

imaimira mphamvu ya demokrase yochititsa chidwi kwambiri . Kukhoza kuchotsa akuluakulu osankhidwa asanathe kuvomereza. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusamvera kumafuna kusamvera kwa boma, kukumbukira kungayambitse ndi kusakhutira kwa ndale, kumapangitsa kuti iwo akhale ndi ulamuliro wa demokrase wotheratu woŵerengera mlandu.

Maboma 19 amalola kukumbukira akuluakulu a boma, pamene kuli kwakuti ambiri alola akukumbukira malowo. Malo ena amafuna zifukwa zomveka monga kusadziletsa kapena kusayenerera, pamene ena amalola kukumbukira pa chifukwa chilichonse. "kukumbukira kwandale" [FLT]] ndi "kuiwala] " [FLT :2]" kusiyanitsa kwa mafilosofi osiyanasiyana ponena za kuyang'anira democracy.

Njira yokumbukira imaphatikizapo mbali ziŵiri: kuyenerera ndi masankho. Choyamba, ochirikiza ayenera kusonkhanitsa kusaina [1] kaŵirikaŵiri kufunikiritsa 15-25% ya mavoti oikidwa m'chosankha chomaliza cha akuluakulu. Chitseko chapamwamba chimenechi kuposa njira kapena ma astendendum akusonyeza mkhalidwe wosokoneza. Nthaŵi yosonkhanitsa imakhala kuyambira 60 mpaka 180 masiku, ndipo imakhala ndi nyengo zazifupi zotetezera akuluakulu kuti asaiwale ziwopsezo.

Pamene angoyenerera, kumbukirani zisankho zakhala m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mayiko ena amachita mavoti panthaŵi imodzi pochotsa ndi kulowa mmalo, pamene ena amachita masankho osiyana. Njira ya California pokumbukira ikumasankha kulowa m'malo mwa [1] ikhoza kutulutsa zotsatirapo zimene akuluakulu a boma angalandire 49% amataya kulowa mmalo 20%.

Ndale Ndiponso Njira Zokumbukira Anthu

Kubwereza kuyesayesa kupambana chipambano kumakumbukira [, ndi kulephera kusonkhanitsa zikalata zokwanira kapena kulephera pa pepala loonera. Chiŵerengero chachikulu chimenechi chimasonyeza kuvuta kwa kukumbukira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwawo monga zitsutso za ndale zadziko mmalo mwa zoyesayesa zochotsa zazikulu.

Nthaŵi imakhala yofunika kwambiri m'mikumbukiro. Kutseguka kumayambiriro kwa mawu kumapatsa nthaŵi yochuluka ya kusonkhanitsa koma kungaoneke ngati yachisawawa. Kuyembekezera kuchititsa manyazi kapena zosankha zosatchuka kumapereka maziko abwino koma kumasiya nthaŵi yochepa pasanasankhani zanthaŵi zonse. Malo otsogola kwenikweni amafikira pamiyezi 12-18 kukhala mawu a mawu. Nthaŵi yokwanira kuti adzudzudzule ayambe koma osafunikabe.

Zikumbukiro zasintha kuchokera ku cholinga chawo choyamba cholimbana ndi ziphuphu kukhala zida zankhondo zophera anthu. Zipani zandale zimene tsopano zikugwiritsa ntchito zimakumbukira kulephera kulamulira zipinda za boma kapena kulanga akuluakulu a boma pa mavoti osadziwika. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida kwachititsa mayiko ena kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kuwonjezera zikalata zosainidwa.

malonda a kukumbukira [1] zonse ziŵiri za ndalama ndi ndale . Zimayambitsa mkangano waukulu. Masankho apadera amawonongetsa mamiliyoni ambiri a anthu pamene akuyambitsa kusakhazikika kwa boma. Ngakhale kulephera kukumbukira kungafooketse akuluakulu oikiridwa ndi kusokonezeka pa ulamuliro. Kutayitsa kumeneku kumachititsa ambiri kuona kuti zikumbukiro za nthaŵi zonse osati zipangizo zoŵerengera mlandu.

Zikumbukiro Zosaiŵalika ndi Chiyambukiro Chake

1921 kukumbukira kwa Kazembe wa North Dakota Lynn Frazier [1] kunali kukumbukira koyambirira kwa jitrani, kosonkhezeredwa ndi kutsutsa kwake kwa socialism Nonpartisan League. Kukumbukira koyambaku kunasonyeza kuthekera kwa chiŵiya cha nkhondo za malingaliro kupyola pa nkhondo wamba zachinyengo.

Kukumbukira kwa California 2003 kwa Bwanamkubwa Gray Davis kunasintha ndale. Kuchotsedwa kwa Davis mosasamala kanthu za zinenezo za ziphuphu . Kulamulira kwamphamvu mkati mwa vuto la mphamvu ndi kupereŵera kwa bajeti . Kusonyeza kuti kutchuka kokha kungayambitse chipambano cha kukumbukira . Arnold Schwarzenzeger's quebraity-gueger anasonyeza mmene akukumbukira anthu ena osakhala a m’gulu la anthu ankhondo.

Wisconsin wa 2011 akukumbukira zoyesayesa zimene zinatsatira lamulo la Bwanamkubwa Scott Walker lotsutsa nkhondo za dziko lonse. Pamene Walker anapulumuka chisankho chake cha 2012, mameta angapo a boma anakumbukira mwachipambano, kusonyeza kuti akukumbukira kuthekera kwa malamulo ndi kuŵerengera kwa akuluakulu.

California akukumbukira kuyesa kutsutsana ndi Gavin Newsom [1], kulephera ndi malire ofananawo ku chisankho chake choyambirira, kufanizira kukumbutsa zolephera. Mosasamala kanthu za $300 miliyoni yowonongedwa ndi kuulutsidwa kwakukulu kwa atolankhani, kukumbukirako kunalephera kugonjetsa masamu aakulu a bluu, akulingalira kuti akukumbukira ntchito yabwino kwambiri powolotsa mizera ya frax.

Mkhalidwe wa Boma

Njira Zolowera Malo ndi Zikhalidwe Zandale

Kupezeka ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ziŵiya za demokalase mwachindunji kumatsatira njira zowonekera bwino za masamu ndi chikhalidwe [1]. Mayiko a Kumadzulo, ndi choloŵa chawo cha Nyengo Yopita Patsogolo ndi mizere ya zilembo, amaphatikizapo njira zitatu zonse. Maboma a pakati pa Western akusonyeza kulera kosiyana, kaŵirikaŵiri kulola zoyesayesa koma osakumbukira. Maboma a Kummaŵa ndi Kum’mwera kaŵirikaŵiri amaletsa kapena kuletsa demokrase, kusonyeza miyambo yosiyanasiyana ya ndale zadziko.

Kugaŵira malo kumeneku sikunachitike mwangozi. Mayiko a Kumadzulo, akukula m'Nyengo Yopita Patsogolo, adaphatikiza demokrase yachindunji m'zikalata zawo zokhazikitsidwa. Chigawo chawo chaposachedwapa chinatanthauza makina andale osakhazikika kwambiri kuti atsutse kusintha. maganizo olakwika a nzika a mphamvu [1] FLT [[FL:1] yogwirizana ndi nzeru ya democracy.

Chikhalidwe chandale zadziko chimakhudza kwambiri mmene maboma amagwiritsirira ntchito zida zopezeka. Oregon amagwiritsira ntchito njira zoyesera kaŵirikaŵiri koma zoyesayesa zosaiŵalika. Arizona amagwiritsira ntchito njira zonse zitatu. California kampani yopanga masinthidwe imapanga miyeso yambirimbiri pa chosankha chilichonse, pamene ku Nevada kwapafupi kumawonapo zochepa kwambiri mosasamala kanthu za makonzedwe ofananawo.

Urban ndi magawo a mu mzinda amagawanitsa ntchito ya demokrase. Malo a m'matauni, okhala ndi anthu ambiri ndi magulu olinganizidwa, amasonkhanitsa mosavuta kusaina. Komabe, ovota a m'madera akumidzi, kaŵirikaŵiri amasankha zotsatira, kuyambitsa mikangano pakati pa kumene njira zoyendera zimachokera ndi kumene asankha.

Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa njira zosiyanasiyana kwambiri za demokrase yachindunji. Maboma ena amakhazikitsa ziletso zapansipansi za zinthu [, kuletsa njira zina pa nkhani monga mapulogalamu, mayeso, kapena misonkhano ya malamulo. Zina zimalola njira pa nkhani iliyonse, kutsogolera ku njira zonse kuyambira ku mphamvu ya nyukiliya mpaka kusungitsa nthaŵi ya tsiku.

Lamulo limodzi la mutu wankhani, lofuna kukambirana nkhani imodzi yokha, cholinga chake n’kuletsa kutseguka koma kuyambitsa mavuto. Makhoti ayenera kusankha ngati kusintha zinthu kochuluka kukuphwanya malamulo audindo mmodzi, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amasokoneza njira zovuta kwambiri zochitira zinthu m’malo mwa zinthu zaumisiri.

Kupenda kwa m'machitidwe kwa judicic kwa zoyesayesa kumasiyana kwambiri ndi boma. Makhoti ena amayesa mwamphamvu apolisi kuti atsatire lamulo, pamene ena amafuna kuvota. Kusankha kapena kuletsa kumeneku kumayambukira kwambiri chipambano cha m’malunji ndi njira zochirikizira.

Maulamuliro a malamulo amasintha kwambiri. Mayiko ena amaletsa malamulo ovomerezeka kwa ovota popanda chilolezo chotsatira. Ena amalola kusintha malamulo pambuyo podikira kapena potsatira malamulo apamwamba. Malamulo ameneŵa amasankha ngati zipambano zoyamba n’zachikhalire kapena n’zakanthaŵi.

Mavuto Amakono Ndiponso Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Chiyambukiro cha Zipangizo pa Democracy Yachindunji

Kusintha kwa magetsi kwasintha kwambiri mmene demokrase imagwirira ntchito, ngakhale kuti malamulo sanayende bwino. Kusonkhanitsa kwa pa Intaneti, ngakhale kuti nkotheka, kumayang'anizana ndi ziletso zalamulo m'mayiko ambiri zimene zimafuna kusainidwa ndi thupi. Mliri wa CHOVID-19 umakakamiza malo okhala anthaŵi yochepa, koma kusintha kwachikhalire sikunapezeke.

Makampani oulutsa nkhani za anthu asintha kampeni yolinganiza ndi kutumiza mauthenga. Magubo a Grasroot angatenge kachilombo ka HIV usiku umodzi, kuchirikiza kumanga popanda maziko a mwambo. Komabe, liŵiro limodzimodzili limathandiza [[FLT: 0] kufalikira kofulumira kwa mawu olakwika [[FLT: 1] ponena za miyeso yosankha, kulepheretsa zoyesayesa za maphunziro opanga.

Kusatsa malonda kwa pakompyuta kumalola kusankhidwa kwa anthu ochepa kwambiri, komanso kumayambitsa nkhaŵa ponena za kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama molakwika ndi kusonkhezera ndalama zonyansa. Kukhoza kusonyeza mauthenga osiyanasiyana kwa osankha osiyanasiyana ozikidwa pa mfundo zamwambo zotsutsa malingaliro a anthu a kusanthula pa njira za kufunsira.

Kuvota kwapadera pa zoyesayesa kungatheketse demokrase yachindunji yowonjezereka, koma nkhaŵa za chisungiko ndi kugaŵana kwa manambala zimalepheretsa kukwaniritsidwa. Kuyesa kwa mu Estonia ndi kudyetsera kwa udongo kumapereka zitsanzo, koma boma la America ndi chisungiko zimavuta kulera ana.

Ndalama, Chisonkhezero, ndi Kukhulupirika m’Dipatimenti Yachidemokrase

Nkhokwe ya ndalama mu demokrase yachindunji yakhala yotsutsana mowonjezereka pamene kukwera kwa ndalama kukukwera. Ndawala za ku California 2020 zoyesayesa zowonongedwa pa $785 miliyoni zisanganizidwa, kuchepetsa mafuko ambiri a boma. Kuwononga zida mapindu a mpikisano wa mafuko achuma ndi kuipitsa malo a democracy.

Kupanda chisonkhezero cha dziko kupyolera mwa mabungwe a dziko ndi opereka amadzutsa mafunso ponena za kulamulira kwa demokrase kwa kumaloko. Pamene New York blaises ichirikiza njira za Montana kapena maukwati a California achirikiza Oregon, amene ali demokrase? Kutsata kotsatira kumachititsa malingaliro amwambo a uchifumu wa boma kutsutsa.

Kuyesayesa kwaunyinji kodzibisa monga magulu a nzika kumafooketsa anthu. Pamene machitachita ooneka ngati mizu ya udzu ali kwenikweni machitidwe audzu ochirikizidwa ndi makampani ofuna chithandizo cha boma, ovoti akulimbana kuti adziŵe njira zenizeni za nzika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kampani.

Ndalama zakuda zoperekedwa kupyola 501(c)(4) magulu amabisa magwero a ndalama kaamba ka ndawala zambiri. Oimba angadziŵe amene ali kumbuyo kwa zoyesayesa kufikira pambuyo pa masankho, ngati ndikadakhala. Kukongola kumeneku kumafooketsa kupanga chosankha cha demokrase ndi kutheketsa chisonkhezero cha kampani kulanda anthu.

Kucholoŵana ndi Kusintha kwa Magetsi

Njira zamakono kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo makope aluso kwambiri kuposa akatswiri ambiri ovota. Pamene zokambirana zipereka malamulo ocholoŵana a msonkho, madongosolo a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, kapena mafunso a sayansi, zingapange ovotera kupanga zosankha zodziŵidwa? Kufunsa kokhoza kumeneku kumatsutsa maziko aakulu a nzika za demokrase a nzeru.

Chinenero cha Ballot, chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chinalembedwa m'mawu alamulo, chingasokoneze ovota. Maphunziro amasonyeza kuti ovota ambiri samvetsa zimene akuvota, mmalo mwake akudalira pa kuvomereza kapena kuvomereza. Kusiyana kwa kuzindikira pakati pa cholinga ndi kuzindikira kumachepetsa kuyenera kwa demokalase.

Utali ndi chiŵerengero cha miyeso ya pepala m'maiko ena amagonetsa ovota. Mavoti a California nthaŵi zina amaphatikizapo njira zambiri za boma ndi za kumaloko, limodzi ndi limodzi lokhala ndi mafotokozedwe aatali. Kutopa kwa nyimbo kumatsogolera kutsika, kumene osankha ambiri amasiya miyeso, kuchepetsa kutengamo mbali kwa democracy.

Chidziŵitso chonena za njira za mavoti chimasiyana mopambanitsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti ofufuza amapereka malongosoledwe alamulo, osankha ambiri amadalira pa kusatsa malonda, kumene kungasocheretse kapena kugwiritsa ntchito. Chitokoso cha kupereka chidziŵitso cholongosoka, chofikirika chonena za njira zovuta kusathetsedwa.

Kupanga Demokalase Yachindunji Kukhala Yabwinopo

Kusintha ndi Kusintha

Masinthidwe osiyanasiyana angathetse mavuto a demokalase amakono pamene akusunga mapindu ake. Kufufuza kotsatira asanachite masankho angapereke ovoti ndi chidziŵitso chabwinopo kupyolera m'makambitsirano olinganizidwa ndi akatswiri ndi nzika zinzake. Chigawo cha Oregon's Initive Review chimapereka chitsanzo chimodzi, kupanga malo a nzika amene amapenda ndi kupereka chitsogozo cha wovota.

Kukonzanso siginecha kungabwezeretse maluwa a udzu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Kulola kuti pa Intaneti pakhale kukumana kolondola kungachepetse ndalama zowonongedwa ndi kuwonjezera kugawana.

Campaign Transformation yolunjika ku miyeso ya kuseŵenzetsa ingapereke ndalama zowonongedwa. Zosankha zimaphatikizapo ndalama zowonongedwa ndi anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito malire (ngati ndi malamulo a boma), kapena kuwonjezera zofunika za kuvumbula. Ena amalingalira za kusamalira mipikisano ya miyeso yonga mipikisano yofuna kubwezera malamulo.

Kuchepetsa mawu ovota ndi njira zochitira zinthu kungathandize kuti anthu amvetse bwino chinenero chosavuta, ndiponso azitha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosavuta.

Kuteteza Umphumphu Wachidemo la Democratic

Kuteteza demokrase mwachindunji kuti asatengere zitsogozo kumafuna njira zambiri. Ziyeneretso zodziŵidwa zingavumbule magwero a ndalama panthaŵi yeniyeni, osati pambuyo pa masankho. Zolemba za wailesi zingatulukire pa Intaneti. Ziletso za maiko akunja zingaletse kuloŵerera kwa mayiko.

Madongosolo a zenizeni ndi otsimikizira angalimbane ndi mfundo zolakwika zokhudza njira zoonera. Makampani a Independent angapendenso malongosoledwe a kulondola. Mabungwe a nyuzi angaike patsogolo kufalitsa mafomu a fomu. Mapulaneti a za manyuzipepala angapereke zifukwa zabodza ponena za njira zoyendera.

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kolimbikitsa pamene kuli kwakuti ponena za wovota kufunikira kulinganizika bwino. Kupenda kwapasadakhale kungadziŵitse mavuto a lamulo asanayambe mikupiti ya chigawo isanawonongedwe. Kupenda pambuyo pa chisankho kuyenera kukhala kwapanthaŵi yake koma kokwanira. Makhoti afunikira miyezo yowonekera bwino yopendera njira zovomerezera ovota.

Kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa ku ulamuliro wankhanza wa anthu ambiri kudzera mu ufumu wa demokrase kumakhala kovuta.

Kumaliza: Kodi Zoyamba, Zoyamba, ndi Zokumbukira N’zotani?

Kumvetsetsa ma aplojekiti, zoyambitsa, ndi kukumbukira kumatanthauza kumvetsetsa ponse paŵiri mphamvu yawo ya demokrase ndi kuthekera kwawo kwa kuyendetsa. Ziŵiya za democracy zimenezi zimapatsa nzika mphamvu yosayerekezereka ya kukhazikitsa malamulo, kugwetsa zigamulo, ndi kuchotsa akuluakulu opulupudza. Zimagwira ntchito monga maluvu ofunika otetezera pamene boma loimira likulephera kusonyeza chifuniro chotchuka, kupangitsa kusintha kwamtendere kupyolera m’malo mwa zipolopolo.

Mbiri ya demokrase ya ku America imasonyeza ponse paŵiri kupambana kosonkhezera ndi kulephera kwa machenjezo. Nzika zagwiritsira ntchito zida zimenezi kutulutsa masinthidwe amene malamulo sangapereke(kuchokera ku kuletsa akazi kulembetsa mwalamulo. Iwo adawagwiritsiranso ntchito kuchititsa tsankhu, kutetezera zikondwerero zapadera, ndi kuyambitsa kusagwirizana kwa boma. Cholembedwachi chimasonyeza kusemphana kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro wotchuka ndi ufulu wa anthu ochepa, pakati pa nzeru ya nzika ndi ulamuliro wa gulu la anthu.

Zitokoso zapanthaŵiyo . Zisonkhezero za ndalama, kusokonezeka kwa luso la zopangapanga, kuchuluka kwa zopangapanga . Pamene makampani a democracy a biliyoni imodzi angagule kulowa ndi kupambana, pamene makampani a zaunyinji afalitsa nkhani zolakwika mofulumira kuposa choonadi, pamene njira za kufunsira zosoŵa ojambula ambiri, zingatsogolerebe demokrase imene ikufuna kukonza ndi kusintha, osati kutaya lamulo la nzika.

Kwa nzika za nzika zosiyanasiyana, zida zimenezi zidakali njira zamphamvu za ndale kuposa kuvota oyembekezera. Kumvetsetsa mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito mameseji, njira, ndi kukumbukira (kapena kutetezera kugwiritsira ntchito kwawo molakwa(chidziŵitso chofunika cha anthu. Ngati kusonkhanitsa zikalata, kuvomereza, kapena kuvota kodziŵitsidwa pa mapepala, nzika zimachitapo demokalase mwachindunji kulinganiza mtsogolo mwa chitaganya chawo.

Njira ya kutsogolo imafuna kulinganiza lonjezo la demokrase mwachindunji ndi kupenda motsimikizirika kwa zopinga zake. Si nkhani iliyonse imene imayenerera inde-or-no voti. Si malo onse otchuka amene ali anzeru kapena olungama. Si nzika iliyonse imene imasonyeza malingaliro enieni a udzu. Kuzindikira zimenezi pamene ikusunga ntchito zofunika za demokrase zonse ziŵiri zikutokosa nzika ndi mabungwe.

Pomalizira pake, ziŵiya za demokrase zachindunji siziri zabwino mwachibadwa kapena zoipa . Nzokoma kapena zankhanza monga nzika zimene zimawagwiritsira ntchito. Pamene zigwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi nzika zodziŵa kupindulitsa kwenikweni kwa anthu, iwo angapeze masinthidwe odabwitsa ndi kukhala ndi mphamvu zoŵerengera. Pamene agwiritsiridwa ntchito mosuliza ndi zikondwerero zapadera kapena zikhumbo za gulu lachiwawa, angafooketse boma loimira ndi ufulu wa munthu payekha. Kusiyanako sikuli m'ziŵiyazo koma m'njira imene nzika zimasankha kuzigwiritsira ntchito.

Pamene demokrase ya America ikuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano [1] Kudalirana, kusadalirana, ziŵiya za demokrase zachindunji zikupatsa ponse paŵiri mwaŵi ndi ngozi. Zingatheketse nzika kuyambitsa zinthu pamene malamulo alamulo ayamba kulowa, kapena zingakulitse magawano kupyolera m'mavoti onse opambana pa nkhani za mkangano. Zingabwezeretse chikhulupiriro mu boma laumwini, kapena zingatengedwe ndi zikondwerero zapadera zomwe zimaipitsa demokrase yoimira.

Tsogolo la ma apendulo, zoyendera, ndi kukumbukira limadalira pa nzika zomvetsetsa ndi kuchita nawo mosamala. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kufufuza mosamalitsa masitepe a zigamulo, kutengamo mbali m'kusonkhanitsa molingalira bwino, ndi kufika. Kumatanthauza kuchirikiza kusintha kumene kumakulitsa malo mmalo mwa kuletsa nzika kukhala ndi phande. Chofunika kwambiri, kutanthauza kuzindikira kuti demokrase sindiyo yoloŵa mmalo boma loimira koma chiŵindi choyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito bwino pamene oimira alephera kuimira.

Kwa awo ofuna kumvetsetsa ndi kuloŵa m'za demokrase ya Amereka, kudziŵa zida zimenezi zothandizira kugawana mwachindunji nkofunika. Iwo amaimira demokrase pa kulinganiza kwake koonekeratu kwapadera kwambiri . Kupanga malamulo, kupenda ntchito za boma, ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu kuŵerengera popanda kutumiza. Mphamvu yachindunji imeneyi imakhala ndi thayo lachindunji: kugwiritsira ntchito zida zimenezi mwanzeru, kulemekeza ulamuliro wa anthu ambiri ndi ufulu waung'ono, ndi kulondola ubwino wa anthu onse mmalo mwa phindu laumwini. Pozindikira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maulamuliro ameneŵa mwanzeru, nzika zimakwaniritsa ntchito ya democracyism: kudzilamulira okha.

Mabuku Owonjezereka

Kwa nzika zokondweretsedwa kuphunzira zambiri ponena za ziŵiya za demokrase yachindunji m'maboma awo, Conferenceal of State Legislatures (NCSL) [1] imapereka chidziŵitso chokwanira cha boma pa kuyambirira, tempentemu, ndi kukumbukira zogaŵira. Ballottia [1] Amapereka njira zatsatanetsatane za miyeso yamakono ndi ya mbiri yakale, kuthandiza kusanthula ndi kumvetsetsa mayeso awo pa Tsiku la Kuwongola.

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