Table of Contents
Malamulo ochepa amapanga maseŵero, chisokonezo, ndi mkangano wa ndale zadziko kuposa kutsutsa. Pamene Nyumba ya Oimira isankha kugawa pulezidenti, mitu yankhani imafuula nkhani padziko lonse. Mabungwe a Cble akupereka makoma ku makoma. Zofalitsa za chikhalidwe zimatulutsa malingaliro. Komabe kufufuza kokhazikika kumasonyeza kuti Aamereka ambiri samamvetsetsa kwenikweni chimene kusagwirizana ndi lamulolo kumatanthauza kapena mmene kachitidweko kamagwira ntchito.
Kodi kuvomereza kuchotsedwa pa udindo kungachititse kuti pulezidenti asakhale ndi mlandu pa zinthu zina zimene zili m’mabungwe ena?
[[FLT :0] programu yophunzitsa imaimira imodzi ya mayeso ofunika kwambiri a Konsichushoni pa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu ndi achiweruzo [1] mankhwala opangidwa ndi Oyambitsa kuchotsa akuluakulu amene amagwiritsira ntchito molakwa ulamuliro wawo popanda kutembenukira ku chiwawa kapena kusintha. Kumvetsetsa mmene kusamvera kumavumbulira osati kokha mamembala a lamulo koma mafunso ofunika ponena za kuŵerengera mlandu, mphamvu, ndi lamulo mu ufumu wa Amereka.
Chitsogozo chokwanira chimenechi chikufotokoza njira yotsutsa mwa njira imodzi ndi imodzi, kuchokera ku zinenezo zoyambirira kupyolera m'kuzenga mlandu ndi chigamulo. Kaya mukuyesa kumvetsetsa zochitika zamakono, kuphunzira boma la America, kapena kungofuna kudziŵa za njira yalamulo imeneyi, mtsogoleri ameneyu akupereka zonse zimene mufunikira kudziŵa ponena za mmene ntchito zosagwirizana, chifukwa chake ziri zofunika, ndi zimene zimavumbula ponena za demokrase ya Amereka.
Malamulo: Zimene Oyambitsa Malamulo Analenga ndi Chifukwa Chake
Njira yophunzitsira sinatuluke kulikonse, imasonyeza kuti Oyambitsawo akulingalira bwino za mmene angachotsere akuluakulu oopsa posunga malamulo a demokalase.
Chiyambi cha ku Britain
Anthu opanga nyumbayi anachokera ku England ndipo anadziwa bwino nkhani za anthu a ku Britain, kuphatikizapo:
- Warren Hastings [1] (1788-1795): Kuzenga mlandu kwa woyang'anira wa atsamunda ameneyu kunatha zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri, kusonyeza kusavomereza monga chiŵiya cholimbana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa kwa akuluakulu
- Zitsanzo zopitirapo [ : mbiri ya Chingelezi yosavomereza inasonyeza zonse ziŵiri kufunika kwa mphamvu (kuyang'ana akuluakulu) ndi ngozi zake (chizunzo cha ndale zadziko)
Oyambitsawo anabwereka lingalirolo koma analisintha kukhala la ku America, akumapanga njira yoyenerera lipabuliki lopanda ufumu wa monarchy.
Nkhani za Msonkhano wa Malamulo
Pa Msonkhano wa Malamulo wa 1787, nthumwi zinatsutsana kwambiri kuti kaya ziphatikizepo kukana:
[[FUL:0] Zifukwa za [[[ML:1]:
- Akuluakulu angagwiritsire ntchito molakwa ulamuliro kupyolera mwa "chinyengo" kapena "kupsinjika mtima"
- Zosankha zokha sizingatetezere kwa akuluakulu a boma amene amapeputsa demokrase yeniyeniyo
- Mawu a pulezidenti a zaka zinayi anatanthauza kuti osankha sanathe kuchotsa mwamsanga atsogoleri owopsa
- Kupempha chiwembu kunapereka njira ina m’malo mwa chiwawa kapena kulanda boma
[[FULT:0] Zitsutso Zotsutsana ndi[[ML:1]:
- Angagwiritsire ntchito monga chida cha ndale zadziko, kupanga mapresidenti kukhala ogonjera ku malamulo okhazikitsa malamulo
- Kungafooketse kupatukana kwa maulamuliro ndi kudziimira pawekha
- Masankho anthaŵi zonse ayenera kupereka kuŵerengera kokwanira kwa mlandu
Kulolera [1]: Oyambitsawo anaphatikizapo kusamvera koma kuzungulira ndi zitetezero:
- Malo aakulu (mabwalo aŵiri mwa atatu a nyumba ya malamulo kuti atsimikizire) kuletsa nkhanza ya otsendereza
- Zifukwa Zochepa ("Kulingalira, Ziphuphu, ndi Upandu Waukulu ndi Olakwa)
- Kuloŵerera m’Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo Kuchititsa Kulingalira za Kuloŵa m’Nyumba Zachisamba
- Woweruza wamkulu amene ankaweruza milandu ya pulezidenti pofuna kuwonjezera mphamvu yokoka
Chimene ‘ Upandu Waukulu ndi Zolakwa" Kwenikweni Zimatanthauza
Mawu "Upandu Waukulu ndi Misdemior" ayambitsa mkangano ndi chisokonezo chosatha. Kodi umaphatikizapo chiyani?
Osati kokha waupandu wolakwa [1]: Mosasamala kanthu za liwu lakuti "maupandu," mawuwo amaphatikizapo khalidwe limene silingaswe malamulo aupandu. Monga momwe Alexander Hamilton anafotokozera mu Federal List No. 65, milandu yosapeŵeka ndi "milandu imene imakhalapo chifukwa cha khalidwe loipa la anthu, kapena mawu ena chifukwa cha kuchitiridwa nkhanza kapena kuswedwa kwa anthu ena.
" Suppose" Sikutanthauza Kuipitsidwa : "Kweruzidwa" imaimira milandu yochitidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma m’malo awo audindo," kukhoza kwa mphamvu kokha chifukwa cha malo awo.
Kumvetsetsa kwa Makedzana [1]: M'zaka za 18 zapakati ku England ndi ku America koyambirira, "maupandu aakulu ndi maupandu olakwika" akuphatikizapo:
- Kugwiritsira Ntchito molakwa ulamuliro
- Kusakhulupirika
- Ziphuphu
- Kudziwikiratu za Malamulo
- Kuswa lumbiro la udindo
Modern Translaption : Lerolino, akatswiri a malamulo akuvomereza mwachisawawa khalidwe losagwirizana ndi:
- Kugwiritsira ntchito ofesi kaamba ka phindu laumwini
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za mabwana
- Kuletsa Chilungamo Kapena Mabungwe
- Kukonda dziko
- Kugwira ntchito monyalanyaza
- Kuchita zinthu zimene zingasokoneze boma
Mayeso Ofunika kwambiri [1]: Kodi khalidwelo limaipitsa kudalirika kwa anthu? Ngati pulezidenti jayks, waupandu koma wosamvera. Ngati pulezidenti alandira ziphuphu kapena kulepheretsa kupenda tchimo lawo, zimenezo n’zosatheka ngakhale ngati maluso a boma angaletse mlandu.
Kodi Ndani Angakakamizidwe Kumutsatira?
Mphamvu ya kulephera kuvomereza malamulo imapita ku magulu angapo a akuluakulu a boma osati kwa pulezidenti.
Akuluakulu a Maboma Odzibisa
Pulezidenti : Chifuniro chapamwamba koposa cha profile, ngakhale kuti mapresidenti atatu okha ndi amene adaletsedwa (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, ndi Donald Trump ) ndipo palibe amene anaimbidwa mlandu.
Mtsogoleri wa pulezidenti : Kukhoza kutsutsidwa, ngakhale kuti zimenezi sizinachitikepo. Woimira pulezidenti Aaron Burr anafufuzidwa koma sanakayikire ngakhale kuti anapha Alexander Hamilton mu ndandanda.
Oweruza a polisi . Oweruza onse a boma, kuphatikizapo oweruza a Bwalo Lapamwamba, amalamulidwa. Oweruza pafupifupi khumi ndi asanu ndi anayi anaphunzitsidwa, ndipo asanu ndi atatu achotsedwa pa ofesi . Kupanga lamulo lachiweruzo n’kofala kwambiri kuposa kulangiza kwa mkulu.
[[FLT: 0] Ziŵalo za Cabinet ndi "Akuluakulu a Nkhondo" : Malamulo amalozera kwa "Akuluakulu a boma a United States," omwe amaphatikizapo alembi a Kabinati ndi akuluakulu ena. Mlembi wa Nkhondo William Belknap adalembedwa mu 1876.
Amene Sayenera Kukakamizidwa
Mamembala a Congress : Malamulo amapereka njira yosiyana yoperekera malamulo kuti alangize ziŵalo zake . Kukakamiza mwa mavoti aŵiri . Otsogolera ndi Oimira sangaperekedwe.
[[A MPUNDO] Oyang’anira Ofesi : Pamene kuli kwakuti ali ndi ofesi ya boma, maofesala ankhondo amagonjera ku makhoti mmalo mwa kulembedwa.
Akuluakulu a boma [1]: Zimenezi zidakali zotsutsana. Kuzengedwa mlandu kwa nyumba ya malamulo ya William Belknap kunapitiriza pambuyo pa kuleka kwake ntchito, ndipo kuzenga mlandu kwachiŵiri kwa Donald Trump kunachitika atachoka pa ofesi, koma akatswiri a malamulo a malamulo apitirizabe kugaŵikana kaya ngati kusaphunzira kungagwire ntchito kwa akuluakulu akale.
Mfundo 1: Ananena Zokhudza Moyo Wawo Komanso Anafufuza Poyamba
Njira ya kulangiza inayamba kalekale chisanavotedwe, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi zinenezo, kufufuza, ndi kusonkhanitsa umboni umene ungatenge miyezi kapena zaka.
Mmene Ntchito Yothandiza Imayambira
[[FLT :0] Wistriper Reports : Nthaŵi zina kufufuza kumayamba ndi zivumbulutso zamkati. Kuzemba kwa Pulezidenti Trump kunayamba ndi kudandaula kwa woimba foni yake ndi pulezidenti wa Ukraine.
Zochitika za Public : Mayendedwe oyenera amene amachitika poyera angayambitse kufufuza kwa mwamsanga. Kuukira kwa Capitola kunatsogolera mwachindunji ku Trump persement yachiŵiri.
[[FLT: 0] Kufufuza kwa Pangano [1]: Uyang'aniro wa kuwona ukhoza kuvumbula khalidwe losalakwa. Kufufuza kwa Watergate kumene kunatsogolera ku kuchotsedwa kwa Nixon' kunayamba ndi kumvetsera kwa bungwe la milandu m'zophophonya za ndawala.
[[FLT: 0] Media Reports [FLT: Invetigative jourting thyractures kaŵirikaŵiri imavumbula milandu yosatsutsika. Pentagon Papers, Watergate ngxelo, ndi zitsanzo zina zosaŵerengeka zimasonyeza mbali ya nyuzi za kuvumbula kusayenera kwa akuluakulu a boma.
Machenjezo [[FLT: 1]: Uphungu wapadera, ofufuza wamkulu, kapena ofufuza ena angapange macheso ku Congress akupereka lingaliro la khalidwe lothekera lokhoza kuperekedwa.
Kufufuza kwa Komiti
Pamene zinenezo zazikulu zibuka, makomiti a Nyumba amayamba kufufuza mwalamulo:
Ndi Makomiti amene : Mwachitsanzo, Komiti ya Nyumba Yaudiary imatsogolera pa kusaphunzira, koma makomiti ena akuthandizira:
- Komiti ya Kupeputsa [: Zikole za nkhani zoloŵetsamo chisungiko cha dziko, maunansi achilendo, kapena chidziŵitso cha agulu
- Komiti ya Chipambano : Kupenda kusachita bwino kwa nthambi ya akuluakulu ndi ziphuphu
- Makomiti Ogwirizana : Malinga ndi zinenezo, makomiti okhala ndi ulamuliro pa madera ena angafufuze
[[ML:0] Ziŵiya za Kusintha [[Kusintha:1]:
Subpoenas : Makomiti angasonkhezere umboni ndi kutulutsa mapepala, ngakhale kuti mwaŵi wapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri umatsogolera ku nkhondo za lamulo kwanthaŵi yaitali.
Kumvetsera .: Kuzenga mlandu kwapoyera kumalola makomiti kufunsa mboni, kupereka umboni, ndi kukulitsa chidziŵitso cha anthu (kapena chitsutso) ku kusavomereza.
Malo [1]: Malo achinsinsi amalola ofufuza kufunsa mboni popanda mkhalidwe wa kumvetsera kwapoyera.
Traffix Review ya Three : Ofufuza amasanthula ma email, ntchito, zolembedwa za foni, ndi zikalata zina kuti akhazikitse nthaŵi ndi kutsimikizira zinenezo.
Umboni Waluso : akatswiri a malamulo, akuluakulu akale, ndi akatswiri a nkhani akupereka nkhani ndi mawu apatsogolo ndi apambuyo ndi apa.
Chitsanzo chenicheni cha Dziko - Trump Ukraine Impeatingment : Kufufuza kunaphatikiza:
- Mabungwe a Komiti ya Nzeru ya Dipatimenti ya Boma ndi Bungwe la Chisungiko la National Security Council
- Kuzenga milandu kwa anthu ndi akazembe onga Bill Taylor ndi Kazembe Marie Yovavitch
- Mafomu a pamanja (ambiri otsekeredwa ndi Nyumba Yoyera)
- Kupenda madandaulo a anthu oimba foni
- Profesa wa malamulo a malamulo a boma akupereka umboni wa miyezo yosasintha
Zida Zandale
Kufufuza sikumachitika m’ndale:
Malingaliro a Chigamulo [1]: Ofufuza ofufuza kuti aone ngati anthu akuchirikiza kukana. Popanda chichirikizo cha anthu, kusamvera kumakhala kowopsa pa ndale kwa chipani cha anthu ambiri.
Media Copencage : Mmene zofufuzira zimakhudzira kufufuza kwa anthu ndi kuthekera kwa ndale zadziko.
Parisan Division : M'nthaŵi zapakati, kufufuza kotsutsana kunagaŵikana kwakukulu pamodzi ndi zipani, ndi ziŵalo za zipani zochepa zikutetezera pulezidenti ndi mamembala ambiri akumangirira mlandu wa kusatsatsa.
Celectoral Classicals : Andale zadziko amapenda mmene kulephera kumayambukirira ziyembekezo zawo za chisankho, makamaka za m'madera ampikisano.
Sitepe 2: Nkhani Zosinthasintha Zotsatira
Ngati kufufuza kwavumbula khalidwe losayenera, sitepe lotsatira likukhazikitsa milandu kupyolera mwa magome a kusavomereza [1] kwenikweni chinenezo chondandal' milandu.
Nkhani Zimene Zili M’nkhani Zokhudza Kusankha
Mawonero aakulu: Nkhani iliyonse imanena za mlandu wosafunika. Mmalo mwa zinenezo zachisawawa, nkhani zimalongosola:
- Zimene mkuluyo anachita
- Kodi anachita zimenezo liti ndiponso motani
- Chifukwa chake kumakhala tchimo losayenera kuchitidwa
- Kodi ndi malamulo ati amene anaswedwa?
Umboni Wopereka Umboni : Maumboni a nkhani zotsimikizira kuchirikiza mlandu uliwonse /umboni wa mboni, zolemba, mawu apoyera, ndi umboni wina.
Mawu Olembedwa ndi Malo a Malamulo [1]: Nkhani zikufotokoza chifukwa chake khalidwe limagwirizana ndi "Upandu Waukulu ndi Misdemeor" muyezo, kaŵirikaŵiri akutchula zogaŵira za lamulo, zitsanzo zalamulo, kapena kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri yakale.
Zitsanzo Zakale
Andrew Johnson (1868) : Mfundo I inaimba mlandu Johnson kuti akuswa lamulo la Ofesi mwa kuchotsa Mlembi wa War Edwin Stanton. Nkhani zina zinafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zowonjezereka zonenedwa zopotoza ndi "kutsutsa Congress".
RICArd Nixon (Adakhala-Been, 1974) . Komiti ya Diudiary inavomereza nkhani zitatu Nixon asanachoke:
- Mfundo I: Kuperekedwa kwa chilungamo m’kufufuza kwa Watergate
- Mfundo Yachiŵiri: Kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu molakwa kupyolera m’kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mabungwe a boma
- Mfundo III: Kunyozedwa kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Apopona Onyozeka
BIll Clinton (1998[[FL:1]]:
- Nkhani I: Perjury pamaso pa oweruza aakulu ponena za unansi wake ndi Monica Lewinsky
- Mfundo Yachiwiri: Kulimbikitsa anthu kuti azipereka umboni wabodza ndiponso kubisa umboni
[[MMWIRI:0] Drump (209):
- Mfundo I: Kugwiritsira Ntchito molakwa ulamuliro mwa kukakamiza Ukraine kufufuza mdani wa ndale zadziko Joe Biden
- Mfundo Yachiŵiri: Kukhazikitsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mwa kutseka ziphuphu ndi kuchitira umboni
Drump (2021)
- Mfundo Imodzi: Kusonkhezera chipanduko chogwirizana ndi kuukira kwa Capito
Ntchito ya Komiti ya Omvera
Depart and Amendment : Nkhani ya Komiti ya Nyumba iliyonse yolingaliridwa, nthaŵi zina kwa masiku angapo. Ziŵalo zingapereke kukonza, kutsutsana pa chinenero, ndi kuvota pa nkhani iliyonse.
Committee Vote [1] : komiti imavota kaya kutumiza nkhani ku Nyumba yonse. Nkhani zingalephereke m'komiti, ngakhale kuti zimenezi sizichitika kamodzikamodzi pamene ntchitoyo ifika pa siteji imeneyi.
Mawonekedwe a Chivomerezo : Gulu laling'ono lingakanize kutsutsa malipoti olongosola chitsutso chawo, kuyambitsa mbiri ya kugaŵikana kwa ndale zadziko.
[[ML:0] Kulingalira kosayenera [[[ML:1]: Obwezera ayenera kulingalire:
- Umboni wochuluka kwambiri [: Kuphatikizapo kokha mabodza ndi umboni wodalirika
- Kukhoza kwa pulogalamu [1]: Kuyang'ana pa milandu anthu amaimvetsa ndipo amapeza kukhala yowopsa
- [[ML:0] Kumveka kwa pepala]: Kulemba nkhani zimene zikugwirizana bwino ndi malamulo
- Kukopa Bipartisan : Kulemba milandu kuti apeze chitsutso (kaŵirikaŵiri sakhoza kuchirikiza)
Mfundo 3: Kutsutsana ndi Kulankhulana Panyumba
Pamene Komiti ya Omvera ivomereza nkhani za kusaphunzitsa, njirayo imapita ku Nyumba yonse ya Oimira.
Kutsutsana kwa Zinthu Zokongola
Directioned Deration : malamulo apanyumba amalamulira makani:
- Mbali iliyonse imalandira nthaŵi yofanana (monga mwachidziŵikire maola angapo pa nkhani iliyonse)
- Atsogoleri aakulu ndi ochepa ndiwo amagawira nthaŵi
- Ziŵalo zimakamba nkhani zochirikiza kapena zotsutsa
- Palibe zowongolera zololedwa mkati mwa kukambitsirana kwa m’chipinda chapansi (zochitika zimachokera ku komiti yokonzeka)
Mawu a Mawu olankhula a m'Chisiriro [1]: Mikangano yapanyumba yachititsa nyengo zosaiwalika:
- Gerald Ford (1970) pa kutsutsa Woweruza William O. Douglas: "Mlandu wosayeneretsedwa uli chiwonse chimene unyinji wa Nyumba ya Oimira umaulingalira kukhala"
- James Dievenner [FLT ] [1998] kuteteza Clinton : Perjury imawononga dongosolo la chilungamo
- Madzi a Mazi a Mazi [1] (2029) mkati mwa Trump eactive: "Kufuna kulinga pa kutetezera demokrase yathu"
Media Copencage : Nkhani zamakono zimalandira nkhani zoulutsidwa kwambiri, ndi ziŵalo zikulankhula kwa openyerera panyumba monga kwa ogwira nawo ntchito m’chipinda.
Ntchito Yofuna Kupindula
[[ML:0] Kusintha makina [:
- Nkhani iliyonse imasankhidwa mosiyana
- Ochuluka okha (pakali pano 218 mwa 435) anafunikira kutengera nkhani iliyonse
- Makamaka mawu a m’magulu a anthu a m’nyengo yamakono ya kugaŵanika kwa mayiko
- Ziŵalo zisankha "yea," "nay," kapena "lipo"
Chimene "Chiphunzitso [1] Chimatanthauza : Ngati nkhani imodzi ilandira chichirikizo chochuluka, nduna ndiyo yolembedwa . Izi n’zofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse: [[FLT:] Kulangiza sikumatanthauza kuchotsedwa pa ofesi [. Kuzengedwa ndi mlandu wa Nyumbayo.
[[FULT:0] Mizere ya Mawu ozoloŵereka [[FULT:1]:
Andrew Johnson (1868)[[FL:1]:
- Nkhani 11 zinavomerezedwa
- Oimba nyimbo anatsatira kwambiri mizera ya zipani (Republican kaamba, Democrates motsutsana)
- Anthu ena a ku Republica anatsutsa kutsutsidwa chifukwa chakuti anachenjeredwa ndi ndale
BIll Clinton (1998[[FL:1]]:
- Mfundo I (perjury): Inadutsa 228 - 206, ndi Ademocrates 5 ogwirizana ndi Republicans
- Nkhani II (kulinganiza): Inadutsa 221 - 212, ndi Ademocrates 5 ogwirizana ndi Republicans
- Nkhani zina ziŵiri zinalephera kuchirikizidwa ndi ambiri
[[MMWIRI:0] Drump (209):
- Mfundo I (kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu): Inadutsa 230 -97, yopanda a Republicans ndi Independent mmodzi akugwirizana ndi Democrates; Ademocrates aŵiri otsutsa
- Nkhani II (kuphunzitsa): Inadutsa 229 - 198, ndi Democratic Democratic Regation imodzi
Drump (2021)
- Nkhani imodzi (kusonkhezera): Inadutsa 232 - 97, ndi ARepublicans 10 akugwirizana ndi Democrates
- Kusintha kwa pulezidenti kochuluka m’mbiri, ngakhale kuti kwakukulukulu kudakali kwautsogoleri
Zotulukapo za Chivomerezo [1]: Oimira kuvotera kaamba ka kusalandira, makamaka ku gulu la pulezidenti, kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana:
- Anthu olimbikitsa chipani cha Nazi amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu
- Mavuto a kukonza ndalama
- Kulimbana kwamphamvu (kapena kuchirikiza, kumadalira pa chigawo)
- Chisamaliro cha dziko lonse ndi chitamando kapena chisulizo
Sitepe 4: Kukonzekera Kuzengedwa Mlandu ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo
Pambuyo pa kukana ntchito, kukonzekera kuzenga mlandu kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo kukuyamba — ndi lamulo lapadera lopitiriza mosiyana ndi lina lirilonse.
Kuika Oyang’anira Nyumba
Amene Ali [[FLT : Mabwana apanyumba amatumikira monga ozenga mlandu m'bwalo la malamulo. House Speaker amasankha, kusankha bwino:
- Mamembala a Komiti ya Ukulu Yoona za Malamulo
- Olankhula ndi opanga makambitsirano aluso
- Anthu a zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana
- Potsutsa, ndi anthu ambiri okha amene ali m’gululo
[[FL:0] Udindo wawo [: Mamanejala apanyumba:
- Perekani mlanduwo kaamba ka chitsimikiziro ku Nyumba ya Malamulo
- Mboni za mafunso (ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo inawalola)
- Pangani mikangano ya lamulo ndi yalamulo
- Yankhani ku odzichinjiriza
- Kwenikweni, mukhale oweruza, ngakhale kuti umenewu uli mlandu wandale zadziko, osati waupandu,
[[MTL:0] Zitsanzo za Mapimelo [[FULT:1]:
- [[FLT: 0] Kuphunzitsa kwa Clinton[[FL:1]: Republicans anasankha mabwana 13, kuphatikizapo Henry Hyde (Judiary Chairman) ndi nyenyezi yokwera Lindsey Graham
- Trump Yoyamba Kufufuza [[FL:1]: Mabwana 7 a Democratic Komiti ya Intelligence Adam Schiff
- Trump Second Impectment : Mamanejala asanu ndi anayi otsogozedwa ndi Jamie Raskin, ndi kusumika maganizo pa mfundo za lamulo
Nkhani Zopereka Ku Nyumba ya Malamulo
Chizindikiro [[FLT: 1]: Nyumba imatumiza nkhani mwalamulo ku Bungwe la Malamulo pa mwambo wolemekezeka:
- Mabwana a nyumba amawoloka nkhanizo ku Capitol kupita ku nyumba ya malamulo
- Nkhani zimaŵerengedwa mokweza pansi pa Nyumba ya Malamulo
- Nyumba ya Malamulo imalandira ulamuliro mwalamulo
[[FLT: 0] Nkhani zotsutsana [1]: Zolamulira za Speaker potumiza nkhani. Nancy Pelosi anachedwa kufalitsa nkhani zoyambirira za Trump kwa milungu ingapo, poyembekezera kukakamiza Nyumba ya Malamulo pa njira zoyesa.
Msonkhano wa Gulu la Otetezera
Mwayi Waukulu : Mkulu wa boma wofunsidwa amasonkhanitsa gulu lodzitetezera, kaŵirikaŵiri kuphatikizapo:
- White House Counser (ya mapulezidenti)
- Maloya achinsinsi (kutsutsa mfundo za ndale zadziko ndi za lamulo popanda kudziloŵetsa mwalamulo m’Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo)
- Omwe kale anali akuluakulu a boma ndiponso akatswiri a zamalamulo
- Maloya a wailesi yakanema amene angapambane nkhondo yaunansi wa anthu
Magulu a Zotetezera Okhoza Kuchitidwa :
- Clinton : Oimira mlandu achinsinsi Charles Ruff ndi David Kendall anatsutsa mlanduwo kuti sunafike pa miyezo ya kusamvera
- Trump (Yoyamba)[FLT: 1]: White House Counser Pat Cipollone ndi maloya aumwini Jay Sekulow ndi Alan Dershowitz anatsutsa kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mphamvu sikunali kosayenera kuchitidwa popanda mayendedwe aupandu
- Trump (Second): Malamulo anatsutsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhala yopanda ulamuliro pa pulezidenti wakale
Sitepe 5: Nyumba ya Malamulo Imatsutsa Kuzenga Mlandu
Kuzenga mlandu kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo ndiko mapeto ochititsa chidwi a kulephera kwa zinthu, ndi kumasulira kogwirizana kwa mapangano a upandu, makambitsirano a ndale zadziko, ndi konsichushoni.
Woyang’anira
kwa Prezidenti Informations : Malamulo amafuna Chiweruzo chachikulu cha United States kuyang'anira, kuwonjezera mphamvu yokoka yachiweruzo ndi kuletsa Pulezidenti (amene angakhale prezidenti ngati chitsimikizo chichitika) kutsogolera kuthekera kwawo kwa kukwera.
[[MLT:0] Kaamba ka Zifuno Zina : Pulezidenti Woyang'anira (monga Prezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo) kapena Pulezidenti Pro Tempore amayang'anira, ngakhale kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ingatchule woimira aliyense.
[[FULT:0] Udindo Wolungama [
- Malamulo onena za kuchita mwamwambo ndi kutsutsa (kuponderezedwa kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo)
- Khalidwe labwino
- Afunsa mafunso a m'zikalata
- Sasankha pokhapokha atapanga kapena kuswa ukonde (sanachitepo chilolezo)
[[FLT :0] Tsitsi la Makedzana [1]: Woweruza wamkulu John Roberts anayang'anira mlandu woyamba wa Trump'. Woweruza Wamkulu Salmon Chase anayang'anira mlandu wa Andrew Johnson, kupanga zigamulo zotsutsana zimene ena amakhulupirira kuti zinapulumutsa Johnson ku chikhulupiriro.
Chifuwa cha Mphepo
Kuzenga mlandu kusanayambe, osunga chilolezo chapadera akupanga lumbiro lakuti: ‘ Ndilumbira kwambiri (kapena kutsimikizira) kuti m’zinthu zonse, ndikumayang’anira kuzengedwa kwa [dzina], ndidzachita chilungamo chosakondera malinga ndi Lamulo ndi malamulo, chotero ndithandizeni Mulungu.
Chizindikiro [1]: Lumbiro limeneli likukweza mamembala pamwamba pa mfundo za gulu, kuwafuna iwo kuweruza umboni popanda tsankho. M’zochitika, kukhulupirika kosiyana kaŵirikaŵiri kumafalikira, ngakhale kuti nkhani za lumbirozo zimaimira.
Kudzikhululukira : Malamulo a nyumba ya malamulo amafuna kuti azikhala chete mkati mwa mlandu, kumvetsera ku mikangano popanda kulankhula (ngakhale kuti angapereke mafunso olembedwa). Zimenezi zikusiyana ndi zochitika zanthaŵi zonse pamene makambitsirano amakhala osasintha.
Kuzenga Malamulo ndi Zochita
Nyumba ya malamuloyi imakhazikitsa malamulo ake ozenga mlandu, omwe amasiyana malinga ndi milandu:
[[FL:0] Mfundo zotsegulira [:
- Mabwana a nyumba akupereka mlandu wawo (monga mwachidziŵikire maola 24 kwa masiku angapo)
- Gulu la otetezera limapereka chitsutso (nthaŵi yolingana)
- Mikangano imaphatikizapo kupereka umboni, kupenda malamulo, kumasulira kochitidwa ndi lamulo, ndi mikangano ya ndale zadziko kapena ya ndale zadziko
['Nthaŵi yomasulira] [[M'WIRI:1]
- Oweruza akupereka mafunso olembedwa kwa Woweruza Wamkulu
- Mafunso amasintha pakati pa anthu aŵiri
- Woweruza Wamkulu amaŵerenga mafunso mokweza
- Oyang’anira kapena maloya oteteza anthu amayankha
- Kupanga zimenezi kumaletsa kuima bwino ndi kukhala ndi khalidwe labwino
Mboni ndi Zosankha za Umboni : Nyumba ya Malamulo imavotera kaya ku:
- Kuitana Mboni kaamba ka umboni
- Zolemba zinanso
- Malo osungiramo
- Taonani umboni watsopano
Mavoti ameneŵa ngosuliza ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa [1]. M'kuzenga koyamba, Republicans anagonjetsa zoyesayesa za Democratic zoitana mboni monga John Bolton. M'kuzenga kwachiŵiri, pambuyo pa voti yoyamba, mbali zonse ziŵiri zinavomereza kuloŵa m'nkhani ya umboni m’zolembedwa mmalo mwa kuwonjezera zochitika.
[[ML:0] Kusintha [[[ML:1]:
- Pambuyo pa kukambitsirana, okambiranawo angapange dala dala
- Nyumba ya Malamulo ingaloŵe m’chipinda chapakhomo kukakambitsirana mlanduwo
- M’njira yozoloŵereka, kaŵirikaŵiri osunga malamulo sasintha maganizo awo — ambiri amafika ndi malo oikidwiratu
Chitsanzo Chenicheni cha Dziko: Kuweruza Koyamba kwa Trump (2020)
[[FL:0] Kutsegula Mikangano :
- Mabwana a nyumba (osonkhezeredwa ndi Adam Schiff) anapereka maola 24 akutsutsana ndi mphamvu ya Trump mwa kukakamiza Ukraine ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo yopinga
- Gulu lotetezera Trump linatsutsa mlandu wa Nyumba, kachitidwe kanali kosalungama, ndipo khalidwe silinafikire miyezo ya kusalabadira
- Mbali zonse ziŵiri zinasonyeza umboni wa mavidiyo, zinatchula zitsanzo za malamulo, ndi kupanga zigomeko za lamulo
['Nthaŵi yomasulira] [[M'WIRI:1]
- Omvetsera anapereka mafunso 180 pa masiku aŵiri
- Mafunso otsutsa anavumbula kugawanikana (Anaakulu opempha mabwana kuti alembe maulalo, a Republicans kutsutsa chiphunzitso cha mlandu)
- Anthu ena a ku Republica aukatikati anafunsa mafunso osonyeza kuti anthu angavote kuti akhulupirire zimene iwo anena
[[ML:0] Mkangano wa Mboni [:
- Adani osonkhezeredwa kutcha John Bolton (Akalekale wa Chisungiko cha Dziko Lonse Wokhala ndi umboni wovulaza)
- Ma Republican anatsekereza mboni 51 - 49
- Iyi inakhala mlandu woyamba popanda umboni
[[MTSOGU] Zotuluka ndi Zotulukapo [[Mbali 1]:
- Mbali zonse ziŵiri zinapanga mikangano yomaliza
- Nyumba ya malamulo inavota 5248 kuti akhululukire anthu pa kugwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro molakwa, ndipo Mitt Romney monga wosankha yekha wa ku Republica wa akaidi
- Bungwe la Malamulo linavota 53-47 kuti lim’khululukire pa kutsekereza, ndi kuvota kochitidwa ndi onse a ku Republica kuti akhululukire mlandu
Sitepe 6: Mlandu ndi Zotulukapo Zake
Mlanduwo umathera pa chigamulo cha Nyumba ya Malamulocho, potsimikizira ngati mkuluyo wapezeka ndi mlandu ndi kuchotsedwa kapena kuchotsedwa.
Kukhulupirira Zoona
Chiyeneretso cha Kusunga : Chitsimikiziro chimafunikira mavoti aŵiri chitatu (67 a mametanti 100 ngati onse alipo) pa nkhani iliyonse. Choloŵa chapamwambachi chimasonyeza cholinga cha Oyambitsa kuletsa kutsutsa kokhala ndi ufulu pamene akulola kuchotsedwa kwa makhalidwe oipa aakulu.
SEPARATE Votes [1]: Nyumba ya Malamulo imavota pa nkhani iliyonse mosiyana. Mkulu wa boma angaikidwe mlandu pa nkhani zina ndi kumasulidwa pa zina.
Public Roll Call : mavoti ndi ovomerezeka ndi anthu onse ndi kulembedwa, kupanga zolembedwa zachikhalire za malo a senator iliyonse, mofanana ndi mavoti ena a Nyumba ya Malamulo omwe angakhale mavoti a mawu.
Palibe pulezidenti Veto: Pulezidenti sangapereke zigamulo, ngakhale zawo. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira njira yoŵerengera mlanduyo singathe kutsekerezedwa ndi choimbidwa.
Mabodza a Mbiri
Andrew Johnson (1868)[[FL:1]:
- Ovomerezedwa ndi voti limodzi: 35 -19 (voti imodzi yopereŵera pa magawo aŵiri achitatu ofunikira)
- Mamembala asanu ndi aŵiri a ku Republic anaswa chipani chawo kuti akhululukire mlanduwo, ndipo anayamba kutchedwa kuti “Ajeniant"
- Johnson anatumikira dzina lake koma anatsutsidwa ndi ndale zadziko
[[MFUNDO:0] BIll Clinton (1999)[[FL:1]:
- Nkhani zonse ziŵirizo zinalembedwa
- Mfundo I (perjury): 50 - 50 (17 ovota saali otsimikiza kwenikweni)
- Mfundo II (kusintha): 50 - 50 (17 amavota pang’ono)
- Palibe Democrates amene anasankha kugalulidwa; nzika zisanu za Republics zinapatuka pa zigamulo za kumasula mlandu
[[MFUNDO:0] Drump (2020)
- Nkhani zonse ziŵirizo zinalembedwa
- Mfundo I (kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu): 48 - 522 (19 kuvota ndi kufupika), ndi Romney chivoti chokha cha Republica
- Mfundo II (kuphunzitsidwa): 47 - 53 20 amavota pang’ono)
Drump (2021)
- Analemba mavoti 57 - 43 (10)
- Anthu 7 a ku Republica anagwirizana ndi Ademocrates onse posankha kuweruza anthu mwa chivoti cha chivoti cha anthu ambiri m’mbiri, ngakhale kuti sizinaphule kanthu
Zotsatira za Kutsimikiza Mtima
Ngati aŵiri mwa atatu a a bungwe losankha kugwidwa, zotulukapo zake zimakhala zazikulu ndi zofulumira:
[[FLT: 0] Kuchotsa kwa kampani [[FLT:]: Atatsimikiza, mkulu wa boma amachotsedwa mwamsanga. Palibe nyengo ya chisomo, palibe kuchonderera kwa mchitidwe wa kusatsata [1] Kusintha kumachitika nthaŵi yomweyo.
[[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa Chigamulo [1]: Pambuyo pa chitsimikizo ndi kuchotsedwa, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingasunge chivoti chosiyana [ kuti kaya munthuyo asayenerere kukhala ndi udindo wa boma wamtsogolo. Voti imeneyi ikufuna anthu ambiri okha.
Palibe chilango china [1]: Kufunsira ndi kuchotsa sikumapereka chilango cha upandu /* Palibe faindi, palibe kuikidwa m'ndende. Chilangocho nchandale zokha: kuchotsedwa ndi kuchotsedwa.
Kusokoneza kwa Malamulo [1]: mwa oweruza asanu ndi atatu a boma opezedwa ndi kuchotsedwa kupyolera mwa kukana, atatu anachotsedwanso ku ntchito yamtsogolo. Chilango chimenechi nchosankha ndipo chimafunikira voti yosiyana.
Kumasulidwa ndi Tanthauzo Lake
Chimene Chimatanthauza Kukhululukidwa [[FLT: 1] : Kukhululukidwa kumatanthauza Nyumba ya Malamulo kukana zinenezo. Mkulu wa boma amakhalabe mu ofesi (kapena, m'kaundula wachiŵiri wa Trump, samayang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa ofesi yamtsogolo).
[[FUL:0] Chimene Chikhululukiro Sichimatanthauza [
- Kukhululukidwa Sikuli Kudzikhululukira kapena Kupeza kuti mulibe mlandu
- Sikuletsa kuzengedwa mlandu
- Siichotsa kulephera kwa mkulu
- Mkuluyo adakali "Wophunzitsidwa" ngakhale ngati wamasulidwa (kusankha kwa Nyumba ndiko chisankho, osati chigamulo cha Bungwe la Akulu)
Zotulukapo za Chiwonjezeko [1]: Ngakhale akuluakulu a boma omasulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amavutika ndi ndale zadziko:
- Kuwononga mbiri ndi choloŵa
- Likulu la ndale zadziko lofooka
- Okhoza kuyang’anizana ndi zitokoso zazikulu kapena zachisawawa za chisankho
- Chiweruzo cha m’mbiri monga mmodzi wa akuluakulu oŵerengeka oyang’anizana ndi chitsutso
Kodi Chimachitika N’chiyani Munthu Akayamba Kulowerera Ndale?
Chimaliziro cha kusamvera sichimathera pa kuthekera kwa kudziŵerengera mlandu.
Kuzenga Mlandu
Kugwiritsa ntchito Jeopardy Don's : Malamulo amanena momveka bwino kuti kukana sikuletsa kuphwanya lamulo. Chitetezo cha ngozi (kumayesedwa kaŵiri pa mlandu umodzimodzi) sichimagwira ntchito chifukwa:
- Kukana ndi njira yandale, osati kuzenga mlandu
- Miyezo, njira, ndi chilango zosiyanasiyana zimagwira ntchito
- Ziyeso zaupandu zingachitike, zisanachitike, kapena zitaperekedwa
[[MTL:0] Zitsanzo za Mapimelo [[FULT:1]:
Alcee Hastings [1]: Woweruza wa boma anafunsidwa ndi kuchotsedwa mu 1989 chifukwa cha chiphuphu ndi kunama. Iye poyamba anali womasulidwa m'khoti la apandu (kutsogolera ku kusamvera kwake kaamba ka khalidwe mosasamala kanthu za kukhululukidwa). Pambuyo pake anasankhidwa ku Nyumba ya Malamulo, kumene anatumikira kufikira imfa yake mu 2021.
[[FLT: 0] Chigamulo cha Harry [[FLT: 1]: Woweruza woweruza wozembedwa ndi kuchotsedwa mu 1986 kaamba ka kuthaŵa msonkho(pambuyo pa kuimbidwa mlandu ndi kuikidwa m’ndende chifukwa cha mlandu umodzimodziwo. Chigamulocho chinachitika choyamba, kutsutsa kunatsatira.
Trump Prosection : Kutsatira kutsutsa kwake, Trump anayang'anizana ndi kufufuza kochulukira kwa upandu (zonena za kutetezeredwa kwa pulezidenti kumavuta kuletsa):
- January 6 ndi kuloŵerera m’masankho
- Zolembedwa zoikidwa m’magulu osamalira
- Malonda ndi malonda
- Milandu ya boma ku Georgia ndi New York
Chiyambukiro cha Ndale Zadziko
[[FULT:0] Zotulukapo zosapiritsa[[ML:1]
- Andrew Johnson anakanizidwa kuikidwa pa mpando wake wachifumu pambuyo pa kulembedwa
- Ziŵerengero zovomerezedwa ndi Bill Clinton zinawonjezekadi panthaŵi ya kuphunzitsidwa, ndipo Democrates analoŵa m’mipando yapanyumba pakati pa 1998
- Donald Trump anachirikiza kwambiri nyumba ya Republican ngakhale kuti anagonja pa zipata ziŵiri, akumapambana kuikidwa kwa maminitsi 2024
[[FUL:0] Ict woyendetsa Gawo [[FUL:1]
- Okakamizidwa koma omasulidwa amayang’anizana ndi ulamuliro wofooketsedwa
- Mayanjano a m’mabungwe amawonongeka
- Malamulo okonza zinthu za boma angasiye ntchito
- Kuima kwa mayiko ena kungawonongeke
Madalitso a mbiri yakale [1]: Mkulu aliyense wophunzitsidwa anyamula chizindikiro chimenecho kwamuyaya. Kaya cholungamitsidwa kapena chotembenuza, kusamvera kumakhala mbali yosonyeza mbiri yawo.
Kufufuza m’Mbiri yonse ya America: Zotsatirapo ndi Maphunziro
Kusanthula [[ML:0] mbiri yophunzitsa [ kumasonyeza njira za nthaŵi ndi chifukwa chake njira ya malamulo imeneyi imagwiritsiridwa ntchito.
Kutsatira Zotsatira za Pulezidenti
Andrew Johnson (1868) : Kulephera koyamba kwa pulezidenti kunayambika ndi nkhondo za Renationon-era:
Kuchokera kumbuyo [1]: Johnson, Democrat Wakum’mwera yemwe anakhala wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Lincoln Republican, wotsutsa Republican Reformationan Republican Ression Congress anakula mpaka Republicans inafuna kuchotsedwa kwake.
Kuzungulira [1]: Kuphwanya lamulo la Ofesi (mwachidziŵikire popanda kugamulapo) mwa kuchotsa Mlembi wa Nkhondo Edwin Stanton, ndi nkhanza zina zonenedwa.
Zotulukapo : Kusiyana ndi voti imodzi. Kuyandikira pa zifukwa zokayikitsa kunapangitsa ambiri kuona kukanako kukhala kuchenjera koopsa, kosonkhezera kuchenjera kwa mtsogolo.
[[FULT:0] Zotsatirapo [[[ML:1]:
- Si bwino kuletsa zinthu pa nkhani ya kusagwirizana kwa malamulo
- Malamulo ofooka amafooketsa ufulu wa munthu woyenerera
- Kutsutsa kwa ndale kungabweretse zotsatira zoipa
Richard Nixon (1974) [1] : Ngakhale kuti Nixon analeka ntchito asanafufuze, kachitidweko kanavumbula mphamvu ya kusaphunzira:
Kumbuyo [1]: Tsoka la Watergate [1] , kubisa, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu molakwika, kufufuzira kuvumbula kusayenera kwakukulu kwa pulezidenti.
Madendene [1]: Nkhani zovomerezedwa ndi Komiti ya Disitudi zotsekereza chilungamo, kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mphamvu, ndi kunyoza Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndi chichirikizo champhamvu cha bipartisan.
Zopezedwa : Kuyang'anizana ndi kuvomereza ndi chitsimikizo china, Nixon anachoka. Zimenezi zinasonyeza kuti kusamvera kukhoza kugwira ntchito monga momwe kunalinganizidwira [1] kuchotsa pulezidenti amene anataya ngakhale chichirikizo cha chipani chake.
[[FULT:0] Zotsatirapo [[[ML:1]:
- Umboni weniweni ndi chichilikizo cha bipartisan zimapereka umboni wosayenerera
- Kupempha kungapambane ngakhale ngati palibe umboni wokwanira
- Kusiya ntchito kwa Nixon kunathandiza anthu ambiri kuchotsa maganizo awo
BIll Clinton (1998-1999) [1]: Kukayikira kwa pulezidenti kwamakono kokayikitsa kochitidwa mwalamulo:
Kuchokera kumbuyo [1]: Kufufuza kwa Independent Kenneth Starr kwa ntchito za malo ndi malo zinafalikira ku nkhani ya Clinton ndi White House intern Monica Lewinsky.
Madendene [1]: Kubisa ndi kutsekereza chilungamo zogwirizana ndi kunama ponena za nkhani yolumbira ndi kunenedwa kuti ikulimbikitsa umboni wonama.
Zopezedwa [1]: Kuzengedwa ndi Republican House , kopanda mlandu ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi anthu ena a Republicas akugwirizana ndi Democrats . Malingaliro a anthu anatsutsa kukana, kuwona ilo kukhala lopatuka ndi losasinthika.
[[FULT:0] Zotsatirapo [[[ML:1]:
- Makhalidwe oipa aumwini, ngakhale kunama, sangafikire ku muyezo wa “upandu waukulu" ngati sugwirizana ndi ntchito za boma
- Kukana popanda kuchilikiza anthu kumakhala kokwera mtengo kwambiri (Apalegalamu atataya mipando yawo m’nyengo zapakati za 1998)
- Kuvomereza ndi chichilikizo chofooka kaŵirikaŵiri sikupambana
Dionald Trump (209-2020, 2021) : pulezidenti woyamba adalemba kaŵiri:
[[ML:0] Coyamba [[[ML:1]:
- Kuchokera kumbuyo : Trump akunenedwa kuti anakakamiza Ukraine kufufuza Joe Biden mwa kuchotsa chithandizo chankhondo
- [1]: Kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mphamvu ndi zopinga Nyumba za Malamulo
- Zotulukapo : Anafunsira mavoti a parti, omasuka ndi Romney yekha wovota kwa wogwidwa
- Zotsatira [1]: Kuphunzitsa kwa nyengo yapakati kumapereka chigamulo chotsimikizirika
[[MFUNDO:0] Kusintha [['FULT:1]:
- Kumbuyo : Mbali ya Trump mu kuukira kwa Capitol
- Madeko : Kusonkhezera chipanduko
- Zotulukapo [1]: Kugwirizana ndi chichirikizo cha Republican, kuchotsa 57-43 (Apabuliki asanu ndi aŵiri ovotera akaidi)
- Zotsatira [1]: Ngakhale kulephera kwa bipartasan sikungagonjetse kukhulupirika kogaŵanitsa pamene chitsimikiziro chifuna mavoti aŵiri - tatu
Zilango za Chiweruzo
Oweruza a boma amaŵerengera mlandu wa milandu yambiri yotsutsa, yokhala ndi khumi ndi asanu ndi anayi otsutsa ndi asanu ndi atatu opezedwa ndi mlandu:
Chifukwa Chake Zofala Kwambiri : Oweruza amatumikira moyo, kuyambitsa chisonkhezero champhamvu cha kuchotsa oweruza oipa kapena osakhoza amene sangasankhidwe.
[[MLENGO:0] Malo achizindikiro [:
- Mkhalidwe waupandu (kupeŵa msonkho, kunama, ndi chiphuphu)
- Kugwiritsira Ntchito molakwa ofesi yachiweruzo
- Kuipa kwa maganizo kapena kusakhoza pachiweruzo
Nkhani zosadziŵika :
Samuel Chase (1805) : Woweruza wa Khoti Lalikulu anatsutsa chifukwa cha tsankho m’nkhani ndi makhalidwe osagwirizana. Wopanda chilungamo, kukhazikitsa kusagwirizana kwa malamulo ndi nzeru za chiweruzo siziyenera kuchotsedwa.
Walter Nixon (1989) : Woweruza wachigawo apezedwa ndi mlandu wa kulakwa, kutsutsidwa ndi kuchotsedwa ngakhale pambuyo pa chigamulo cha upandu. Chitokoso chake ku kutsutsa kwa lamulo la Bwalo Lalikulu lamilandu chigamulo chakuti kukana kuli makhoti andale zadziko sanakhoze kuyankha.
Thomas Portmost (2010) : Kuchotsedwa chifukwa cha ziphuphu ndi kupanga ndemanga zonama, ndiyeno kusavomerezedwa ku ofesi yamtsogolo. Kuphunzitsa kwaposachedwapa kwa nduna iliyonse.
Zimene Mbiri Imaphunzitsa
[[FLT: 0] Kuphunzitsa Ndi Rare [1]: Ndi zitsutso makumi aŵiri okha m'zaka zoposa 230, ndi zitsimikizo zisanu ndi zitatu zokha, kusamvera kumakhala kosiyana mmalo mwa lamulo. Kulakwa kumeneku kumasonyeza ponse paŵiri miyezo yapamwamba ndi maupandu a ndale zadziko ophatikizidwa.
Parisanship Dooms Chikhululukiro [1] : Kulephera kulikonse kwa pulezidenti kwakhala kogaŵanikana kwakukulukulu. Chiyeneretso cha magawo aŵiri atatu chimatanthauza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kwa mapirtisan kuti apatsidwe , kumene kusungunuka kwamakono kumapanga kukhala kosatheka.
[[FLT: 0] Malingaliro Ogwirizana Aake [1]: Kufufuza popanda chichirikizo cha anthu (Clinton) kumatsutsa zandale, pamene kuli kwakuti awo amene ali ndi chichirikizo cha anthu (Naxon, ngakhale kuti wasiya) angapambane.
SEVIdence Seacts Legitacy [FLT:]: Zikalata zozikidwa pa umboni wotsimikizirika wa kusamvera kwakukulu (Nixon, zikalata zina zachiweruzo) zimaonedwa kukhala zovomerezeka. Zija zozikidwa pa mikangano ya malamulo kapena kuswa malamulo (Andrew Johnson) zimaonedwa kukhala nkhanza ya kachitidweko.
Kufufuza Zinthu Zina Zokhudza Kuŵerengera
Njira yophunzitsira ndi imodzi mwa njira zingapo zopangitsira akuluakulu a boma, limodzi ndi limodzi lokhala ndi zolinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana.
Mpumulo Wachisanu ndi Chiŵiri
Chimene Chili : Kusintha kwa Malamulo kulola Pulezidenti ndi Kabinati kuchotsa pulezidenti wosakhoza kukwaniritsa ntchito zake chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa thupi kapena maganizo.
[[MZINDA: 0] Mmene Kumasiyanirana ndi Chiphunzitso [[Mbali:1]
- Kulankhula ndi anthu olephera kuchita zinthu, osati m’makhalidwe oipa
- Gawo la Nthambi (Cabinet ndi VP), osati lamulo
- Kuchotsedwa kwa kanthaŵi kochepa, pulezidenti atakwanitsa kutsutsa
- Sanagwiritse ntchito mwachipambano kuchotsa pulezidenti
Pamene analingaliridwa [[[FLT: 1]: Mpumulo wa 25 unakambitsiridwa ponena za Trump pambuyo pa January 6, koma ziŵalo za Kabinati sizinalifunsire.
Kuzenga Mlandu
kwa Akuluakulu ambiri : Akuluakulu a boma angaikidwe mlandu waupandu wa khalidwe losakhala la lamulo, kutsogolera ku kuikidwa m’ndende ngati apezedwa ndi mlandu.
Umboni wa Kusintha kwa Madesala [1]: Ngati pulezidenti wokhala pansi angaikidwe mlandu mosatsutsidwa. Lamulo la Chilungamo la Department (osati lamulo) limaletsa, koma zimenezi sizinayesedwepo m'khoti. Atachoka m'maofesi, pulezidenti akale angaikidwe bwino lomwe.
Kusintha kwa Kusintha kwa Kusintha [1]: Njira za upandu ndi kusatsata zingayende panthaŵi imodzi kapena mwamwambo, kulankhula ndi kachitidwe kofanana kupyolera m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Kuŵerengera Mlandu
Kausele wa Primita [1]: Zisankho zimapereka njira yaikulu yoŵerengera mlandu, kulola ovota kuchotsa akuluakulu a boma amene sawakondweretsa.
[[FUL:0] Masinthidwe[[ML:1]:
- Kokha imagwira ntchito panthaŵi ya chisankho (zaka zapadera pambuyo pa mkhalidwe woipa)
- Simuchotsa akuluakulu a boma nthaŵi yomweyo
- Anthu opanga mahotela angasankhenso anthu ena ngakhale kuti amachita zinthu zosayenera
- Siimagwira ntchito kwa akuluakulu a boma osasankhidwa monga oweruza
Kuthandiza Nyumba za Malamulo ndi Kubwezeretsa
Zimene Ali : Mawu amwambo a kusavomereza amene samachotsa akuluakulu a boma ku ofesi koma amatsutsa poyera khalidwe lawo.
Chizindikiro [1]: chophiphiritsira, koma chingawononge mbiri ndi kaimidwe ka ndale zadziko. Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson anadzudzulidwa (pambuyo pake anachotsedwa), monga momwe analili Pulezidenti Trump (Mlandu wa Nyumba pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa koyamba).
Kugwiritsira ntchito kwachisawawa [: Nthaŵi zina kugwiritsiridwa ntchito monga njira ina pamene chilango chiwonekera kukhala chosapambana, kulola Nyumba za Malamulo kutsutsa khalidwe mwalamulo popanda kuchotsa.
Kutsutsana kwa Patsogolo ndi Magulu Okangana
Kutsutsa kwamakono kumadzutsa mafunso osayankhidwa ponena za chifuno cha ntchitoyo, miyezo, ndi kugwira ntchito kwake.
Kodi Kulephera Kopambanitsa Kwa ndale Zadziko?
[[FLT :0] Nsonga [ ]: Osuliza atsutsa kukhala chida chogaŵanitsa mmalo mwa chida chovomerezeka choŵerengera mlandu. Pamene onse aŵiri asankha mapresidenti a gulu lina pa chivoti, kodi kachitidweko kamagwira ntchito monga momwe afunira?
[[ML:0] Kusintha kwa Chikhalidwe [[Kusintha:1]:
- Kuchuluka kwa maulamuliro kwawonjezereka (pafupifupi kuchepetsa kwa mapresidenti konse kunachitika m’zaka 25 zapitazo)
- Njira Yovotera
- Kuopseza anthu powaopseza polankhula zandale
- Nthawi yabwino yosankha anthu
[[FLT: 0] Liferament : Oyambitsawo anayembekezera kutsutsana kukhala wandale .Hamilton anaitcha yandale m'Federalist No. 65. Funso nlakuti kaya ndi woimira (achigawo- kasupe) v. ndale zadziko (kubweretsa chiweruzo ponena za chikondwerero cha anthu).
Kodi N’zotheka Kusintha Ntchito M’nthawi Zake?
Vutolo [1]: Kuvomerezana kwa zitsimikizo ziŵiri modzifunira kungafikiridwe chifukwa cha chisembwere chachikulu. Masiku ano, ngakhale makhalidwe oipa osaonekeratu sangatulutse mavoti 67 a khoti.
[[FL:0] Ziphunzitso [1]
- Mapresidenti angakhale otetezereka bwino lomwe ku kuchotsedwa ngati mipando ya gulu lawo 34+ Nyumba ya Malamulo
- Kukana kumakhala kutsutsa kophiphiritsira m’malo mochotsa zinthu zenizeni
- Malingaliro a opanga malamulo onena za kugwirizana kwa mtanda sakugwirizananso
Zothetsera Vutoli [ (palibe ndi mmodzi amene akupulumuka):
- Kuchepetsa chikalata chotsimikizira kuti zimenezi n’zoona (kungafunike kusintha malamulo a boma)
- Pangani miyezo yomvekera bwino ya kuvomereza (kuchepetsa mphamvu ya ndale zadziko)
- Kuchepetsa kusungunuka kwa nthaka (nthaŵi yaitali, mosaloŵetsedwamo)
Kodi Akuluakulu Amene Kale Anali Osafuna Kuwatsatira?
Nthano [1]: Kufufuza kwachiŵiri kunachitika pamene anali pulezidenti, koma kuzenga mlandu kunachitika atachoka pa ofesi. Zimenezi zinadzutsa mafunso a lamulo.
[[FUL:0] Zifukwa za [[[ML:1]:
- Akuletsa akuluakulu a boma kuti asadziimbe mlandu
- Kusokonezeka ndi ntchito ya m’tsogolo kumakhala kothandiza munthu akachoka
- Kukana kukhazikitsa mbiri yakale ndi kutsutsa
[[FULT:0] Zitsutso Zotsutsana ndi[[ML:1]:
- Mawu a malamulo amasonya ku kuchotsa akuluakulu a boma "kuudindo," kutanthauza kuti ayenera kukhala ndi udindo
- Chimangokhala chongofuna kulakwitsa zinthu, osati kuchotsapo cholinga china
- Akanatha kumenyera boma chifukwa cha adani andale
C Ukhalidwe Wamakono [1]: Funsolo silinathetsedwa. Nyumba ya Malamulo inapitiriza ndi mlandu wa Trump koma ambiri a Republica adatsutsa kuti analibe ulamuliro.
Kodi Nchiyani Chimene Chimadziŵika kukhala "Upandu Waukulu ndi Zolakwa"?
Kutsutsana kosalekeza: Mosasamala kanthu za zaka 230+ za mbiri, kusagwirizana kukupitirizabe ponena za khalidwe losayenera.
Malingaliro a Chiwonjezeko : Kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kumasulira kochepa / upandu weniweni kapena kuswa lamulo komvekera bwino.
Malo a biribiri [1]: Mawu ofotokozera matanthauzo aakulu [1] Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kuphwanya kudalira kwa anthu, kuchita zinthu zowononga mabungwe a demokalase.
Ziphunzitso [1]: Popanda kugwirizana, kukana kulikonse kumakhala nkhondo yokhudza miyezo, ndipo mbali iliyonse imati inayo yagwiritsira ntchito molakwa njirayo.
Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse: Mmene Maulamuliro Ena Amagwirizanira Kubwereranso Kwawo
Kupenda mmene maiko ena amachotsera atsogoleri kumalongosola nkhani yake ya ku America [[FLT: 0] projekiti yophunzitsa [[FLT: 1]
Madongosolo a Nyumba Yamalamulo
Kingdom [Bwanjidwa] [1]: Palibe njira yalamulo yoperekera kwa Nduna Yaikulu, amene amatumikira pa chisangalalo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo. Voti ya kusadziŵa ichotsa PMS mwamsanga.
Malo apamwamba [1] : Kuchotsedwa mofulumira kwa atsogoleri olephera; kuŵerengera kowonekera kwa kakonzedwe; sikufunikira milandu yeniyeni.
Malo oyenerera [1]: Maboma osasintha ngati mavoti osadalirana achitika kaŵirikaŵiri; osatetezereka kwambiri ku chizunzo chandale.
Madongosolo a Prezidenti
South Korea [1]: Wasankha ndi kuchotsa mapresidenti, Park Geun-hye posachedwapa mu 2017 kaamba ka chiphuphu. Khoti lawo la Malamulo liyenera kuchirikiza kusavomereza kulembera kwa lamulo [1] Kugwirizanitsa njira yachiweruzo ya ndale zadziko.
Brazil [1] : Mwachipambano Pulezidenti Dilma Rousseff mu 2016 kaamba ka kuyendetsa bajeti. Kachitidwe kawo kali kofanana ndi ka America koma kagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri.
Fransa [1]: Pulezidenti angafunsidwe kaamba ka "kukwaniritsa ntchito zake mosagwirizana ndi kupitiriza kwake mu ofesi," kufuna zipinda zonse ziŵiri kuti avote. Sanagwiritsire ntchito mwachipambano.
Maphunziro a Kuyerekezera
Isipansi ya America: Njira ya kugawira ya U.S. ndi:
- Malo ovuta kwambiri (apamwamba kwambiri) kuposa mayiko ambiri
- Kufotokozedwa bwino kwambiri kuposa njira zina
- Makhoti odziimira okha kuposa ena (South Korea imagwiritsira ntchito kufufuza kwa Konsichushoni ya Khoti)
- Nthaŵi zambiri sizimakhala zopambana poyerekeza ndi mademokrase ena
Trade-fons: Magetsi alionse:
- Kusasinthika (kuchotsedwa kwa mavuto kumateteza ku kusakhazikika kwa ndale)
- Umboni (kuchotsa kopimira kutsimikizira atsogoleri kupendedwa)
- Ufulu wa democracy (mabungwe osiyanasiyana(mabwalo amilandu) v. osankha( ali ndi zitsimikizo zosiyana za demokalase)
Dongosolo la America limaika kukhazikika ndi kugaŵikana kwa mphamvu pa kuchotsedwa kosavuta, ku zinthu zabwinopo ndi zoipa koposa.
Maganizo Olakwika Amene Anthu Ambiri Amapeza pa Nkhani Yofuna Kusintha Zinthu
Kuthetsa chisokonezo kumathandiza nzika kumvetsa njira yovuta imeneyi.
Nthanthi 1: "Chisonkhezero chimatanthauza kuchotsedwa ku Ofesi"
Iniweni [[FLT : Nyumba yobweretsa milandu (monga mlandu). Kuzenga mlandu kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo kugamula kuti kuchotsedwa. Mkulu wa boma angakhululukidwe koma kuchotsedwa (BClinton, Donald Trump kaŵiri).
Bodza Lachiwiri: “Chisonkhezero Chimafuna Mayendedwe Aupandu ”
Ilidi : Pamene kuli kwakuti upandu ungakhale wokhoza, "Upandu Waukulu ndi Miseche" umaphatikizapo kusagwiritsira ntchito molakwa mphamvu, kusadalirana kwa anthu, ndi khalidwe limene limafooketsa boma la malamulo.
Nthanthi 3: "Khoti Lalikulu Ligamula za Milandu Yotsutsa"
Zenizeni [ : Kuvomereza kuli konse kwalamulo. Woweruza Wamkulu amayang'anira milandu ya pulezidenti koma sapanga zosankha zapansi. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri sabwerezanso zigamulo zonena (alamulira funso la "ndale" mu Nixon v. United States, 1993).
Nthanthi 4: "Chifuniro Chili Ngati Kuzenga Mlandu Waupandu"
Icho chenicheni [1]: Pamene kuli kwakuti chili ndi mbali zonga zoyesa, kuvomereza kuli kwakukulukulu kwa ndale zadziko, osati upandu. Malamulo owonekera osiyanasiyana, palibe juli, palibe zilango zaupandu, ndi kukambitsirana kwa ndale zadziko koyenerera.
Bodza Lachisanu: "Akuluakulu Ophunzitsidwa Sangaloŵenso mu Ofesi Yawo"
Iniweni : Kuchotsedwa paudindo sikumangolephera utumiki wamtsogolo. Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kukhala ndi voti yosiyana (kungofuna anthu ambiri okha). Popanda chivoti chimenecho, akuluakulu ochotsedwa angayendenso.
Bodza Lachisanu: "Chiphunzitso Chichotsa Chosankha"
Claim : Ena amatsutsa kutsutsa kuvota chifuno cha mwa kuchotsa akuluakulu osankhidwa.
Iniweni : Malamulo amapereka mwachindunji kuyang’anira kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa. Oyambitsa anapanga dala njira yochotsera akuluakulu a boma pakati pa masankho pamene agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo molakwa, kuchotsa chidaliro, kapena kufooketsa demokrase yeniyeniyo.
Mapeto ake: Kodi Njira Yothandiza Yoyendera Imagwira Ntchito Motani?
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Yankho la Woyambitsayo . . inde, njira yovuta yofunikira kuchirikiza chipambano chapamwamba. Kusonyeza kuyesayesa kwawo kulinganiza mapindu opikisana:
- University popanda kutheketsa chisankho kubwezera
- Kukhoza [ popanda kuyambitsa chitetezo cha monarch
- Ufulu wa democracy ukukutetezerani ufulu waung’ono
- Kachitidwe ka kumbuyo motsutsana ndi ziwopsezo zenizeni pamene mukuletsa ziweruzo zofulumira
Kaya kulinganiza kumeneku kumadalira pa lingaliro lanu. Ochirikiza amatchula kulephera kwa kuvomereza ndi chitsulo chapamwamba monga umboni umene chimaletsa kuchotsedwa kosafunikira pamene kuli kopezeka kaamba ka mavuto enieni. Osuliza amatsutsa chiyeneretso cha kulimba kwamphamvu kwambiricho kumapangitsa kusatheka m'nthaŵi za anthu osinthasintha, kupangitsa kachitidweko kukhala kosagwira ntchito kwenikweni pamene kuli kofunika kwambiri.
Mbiri ikusonyeza zonse ziŵiri. Kufufuza kwa Nixon kunasonyeza njira imeneyi ikhoza kugwira ntchito pamene umboni wochuluka ndi kuvomerezana kwa bipartisan kunawonekera. Koma masinthidwe a pulezidenti wamakono , zonsezi zotulukapo kumasuka , kuchititsa njirayo kukhala yophiphiritsira kwambiri kuposa kugwira ntchito, kwa mapresidenti omwe ali ndi chichirikizo champhamvu.
Kwa oweruza a boma, kutsutsa kumakhala bwino. Oweruza khumi ndi asanu ndi anayi atachotsedwa ndipo asanu ndi atatu atachotsedwa, njirayo imachotsa mwachipambano oweruza oipa kapena osakhoza amene akanatumikira moyo wawo wonse. Phunzirolo: Kupeputsa ntchito yabwino pamene:
- Anthu ambiri amalakwitsa zinthu
- Zotsatirapo za ndale nzochepa (oweruza ndi mapresidenti)
- Pali mfundo zina zimene anthu amavomereza
- Anthu onse amamvetsetsa ndipo amachirikiza zinenezozozo
Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, kutsutsana ndi mavuto. Kuzama kwa dzikolo kumapangitsa chitsimikiziro cha bipartis kukhala chosatheka kukhazikitsa madenti. Chifuniro cha chitatu chimene chinatsimikizira kuyenerera tsopano chimapanga malinganano a kufupi ndi. Komabe malingaliro a kusintha njira za kusintha [1] Kukhazikitsa miyezo yomveka bwino, kuwonjezera kupenda kwachiweruzo . Kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto awo ndipo alibe njira yeniyeni yopezera mwana.
Mwinamwake phindu lenileni la kutsutsa siliri kuchotsa chipambano koma kukhalako kwake monga chosankha chalamulo. Kuthekera kwa kukana kungaletse kupondereza kwina. Njirayo imodzimodziyo . "Apication , akumva, kutsutsana kwa anthu, kuvumbula kusadziletsa, kuyambitsa chitsutso, ndi kufooketsa akuluakulu ngakhale ngati amasulidwa. Ndipo kusamvera kumapereka njira yalamulo yotsegulira zidandaulo zazikulu zimene zingaperekedwe ndi mayeso owonjezera.
Kwa nzika, kuzindikira kumatanthauza kuzindikira mphamvu yake ndi malire ake. Sichinthu chothandiza kuchotsa andale zadziko amene simukonda kapena njira yopatulika yoposa kulingaliridwa kwa ndale zadziko. Ndi mankhwala a ndale zadziko a mavuto a ndale zadziko . Ndiwo oletsedwa, otsutsana, ndi okhazikika kwambiri m'malamulo athu.
Monga mmene Office Center ya National Constitution imanenera, kuvomereza kumasonyeza chikhulupiriro cha Woyambitsa kuti Konsichushoni yokha siingatetezere demokrase. Iwo anazindikira kuti palibe dongosolo la malamulo, ngakhale likhale loikidwa bwino, limene lingagwire ntchito popanda atsogoleri a chikhulupiriro chabwino ndi nzika zimene zimafuna kuti anthu azidziŵerengera mlandu. Kufufuza kuli chiweruzo chandale choperekedwa ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa, odziŵerengera okha mlandu kwa osankhidwa.
M’lingaliro limenelo, kuyenera kwa kuvomereza kumadalira pa miyezo yalamulo kuposa pa pangano la demokrase. Anthu odziŵa bwino amene amamvetsetsa njirayo, amapenda umboni, ndipo amaimba mlandu oimira akupanga cheke chodalirika pa mphamvu. Anthu osafuna kuvomereza amene amalingalira kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi ongopeka okha amalola njirayi kukhala chida chandale kapena chizindikiro chopanda mano.
Kulakwako kumakhalako chifukwa chakuti, pazolakwa zake zonse, kumatanthauza kanthu kena kofunika: lamulo lakuti ku America, palibe aliyense, ngakhale pulezidenti(ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Ngati lamulolo likhala lenileni limadalira osati pa malemba alamulo okha koma pa kudzipereka kopitirizabe kwa nzika ndi oimira ake kuti apange zimenezo. Kumvetsetsa kusaphunzira kuli sitepe loyamba la kutsimikizira njira yamphamvu ya malamulo imeneyi kuli ndi chifuno chake: kutetezera demokrase kwa awo amene angaigwiritsire ntchito molakwa.
