Table of Contents

Makina Ocholoŵana a Lamulo la Kunja kwa America

Malamulo achilendo a United States amatsogolera m'dongosolo locholoŵana la mabungwe, madongosolo, ndi kupikisana kumene kumasankha mmene America amagwirira ntchito ndi maiko pafupifupi 200 padziko lonse. Mosiyana ndi madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo kumene malamulo achilendo angasinthe kwambiri ndi maboma atsopano, dongosolo la U.S. limayambitsa kupitirizabe kuyendera ndi kulinganiza kwa makampani pamene kulola utsogoleri wa pulezidenti ndi kuloŵetsedwa ndi demokrase. Makampani a chaka ndi chaka ameneŵa ogwiritsira ntchito anthu oposa 75,000 amaumba zinthu zonse kuchokera ku mtengo wa mafuta ku chiyembekezo cha nkhondo ndi mtendere. [UTCUNGWER:] mwa njira zina za malamulo a dziko la United States amagwira ntchito [FLD:3] ntchito zazikulu za padziko lonse pamene nthaŵi zina zikuoneka kuti pali kusagwirizana.

Makina ovutawa amapanga malamulo okhudza malonda apadziko lonse a ndalama zokwanira madola 1 biliyoni pachaka, mapangano ankhondo ophatikizapo anthu mamiliyoni biliyoni imodzi, ndiponso mgwirizano wa mayiko amene amachititsa kuti nyengo isinthe n’kukhala yoopsa.

Ntchito ya Malamulo: Mphamvu Zogawanika mwa Kulinganiza

Kuwona Kwachilendo kwa Oyambitsa Kachitidwe ka Kalamulo

Malamulo amagawa dala mphamvu zachilendo kuti aletse ponse paŵiri kupondereza ndi kupanga zosankha mofulumira. Kulekana kumeneku kumachititsa chimene Edward Corwin anatcha "kulimbana" pakati pa nthambi, kutsimikizira kuti zosankha zazikulu za malamulo achilendo zimafunikira kugwirizana kwakukulu pamene akulola kusinthika kaamba ka chivomerezo cha mavuto.

Maulamuliro a Predified (Article II) [1]

  • Ndikutumikira monga mkulu wa asilikali
  • Mapangano a akuluakulu
  • Kuika akazembe (ndi kuvomerezana ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo)
  • Muzilandira akazembe achilendo ndiponso muzizindikira maboma
  • Musamachite zinthu zimene mayiko ena achita

[[FLT: 0] Mphamvu za Chigwirizano (katswiri I) [1]

  • Talengezani nkhondo (yosagwiritsiridwa ntchito chiyambire 1942, koma idakali yolonda)
  • Kupereka ndalama zonse zothandizira mayiko ena ndi kuteteza
  • Anathetsa malonda a kunja ndi kuika malamulo a boma
  • Mapangano a Rafenig (Lotera, mavoti aŵiri mwa atatu)
  • Tsimikizirani kuikidwa (Senate)
  • Kuyang’anira ntchito za akuluakulu a boma mwa kumvetsera ndi kufufuza
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za akuluakulu a boma

[[FULT:0] Maulamuliro a judicial (Article III):

  • Kumasulira mapangano ndi lamulo la boma lokhudza nkhani za mayiko ena
  • Kambirananinso malamulo a boma
  • Muzithetsa mikangano ya mayiko ena
  • Fotokozani malire a malamulo panthambi zonse ziŵiri

Malamulo omanga ameneŵa ndiwo maziko a malamulo a maiko akunja a United States, ofuna kugwirizana ndi kuyambitsa mavuto. Mabishopu amakakamiza kuti apange liŵiro ndi kulolera; Congress amafuna kulinganiza ndi kuimira. Oweruza amapereka mayeso omalizira, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amatsata nthambi za ndale zadziko pa nkhani za maiko ena.

Kutsatira Chisinthiko mwa Kutsatira

Pazaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, kulinganiza kwa maulamuliro a maiko ena kwasintha kwambiri. Nthambi yapamwamba yapeza mphamvu mwa kugwiritsira ntchito mapangano a akuluakulu (tsopano opitirira 500 pachaka poyerekezera ndi mapangano 20), kukula kwa ulamuliro wa dziko, ndi udindo wa Pulezidenti monga mkulu wa boma, ndi ntchito yake monga mkulu. Nyumba zachitapo kanthu mwa kulimbitsa kuyang'anira, kuyambitsa zofunika zatsopano zopereka lipoti, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za chikwama za kapangidwe. Nkhondo Yosankha ya 1973 inayesa kukhazikitsanso ulamuliro wa dzikolo pambuyo pa Vietnam, ngakhale kuti idakali yogwira ntchito yake. Nkhani zazikulu za khoti monga [FLT:] United States v. Culights . Cuastries-right groioptions , [19] [12]

Oseŵera Ochititsa Chidwi

Otsogolera: Oyambirira Koma Osati Ophatikizidwa

Pulezidenti akuima pakati pa malamulo achilendo koma akugwira ntchito m’zipani:

[[ML:0] Kusintha kwa thupi [[[ML:1]:

  • Amafotokoza njira yochitira zinthu ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri
  • Alankhulana ndi atsogoleri a dziko pa misonkhano yachigawo ndi misonkhano ya mabishopu
  • Mapangano a akuluakulu (500+ mapangano a chaka chilichonse ndi mapangano 10 - 20)
  • Amazindikira maboma achilendo ndi kukhazikitsa maunansi a anthu
  • Chimathetsa maunansi aunansi pamene mikangano ikula

[[FULT:0] Commander-in-Chief :

  • Magulu ankhondo ndi magulu ankhondo
  • Asilikali onyamula zida popanda kulengeza za nkhondo (ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Libya, Syria, Somalia)
  • Imasunga zida za nyukiliya ndi kupatsa mphamvu ya kuima kwamphamvu kwa kuletsa nkhondo
  • Amachitapo kanthu ngati asilikali a ku United States amenyana ndi asilikali ena kapena achita zinthu zamwadzidzidzi
  • Kuona maopaleshoni obisika kudzera m’dongosolo la lamulo

[[FULT:0] Wolamulira Wamkulu [[[FULT:1]:

  • Akulangiza bungwe la malamulo a maiko akunja m’madipatimenti osiyanasiyana
  • Akufunsa maoda a akuluakulu ndi Pulezidenti wa Chisungiko cha National Mennanda
  • Kukwaniritsa malamulo a bungwe lokhazikitsa maulamuliro
  • Iyang’anira magulu olimbana ndi mavuto ndi kugwirizana

Dipatimenti ya Boma: Dipatimenti ya ku America yolimbana ndi matenda a maganizo

Gawo la lamulo la m'dziko la Department la kampani limaphatikizapo kukambirana, mautumiki a nzika, ndi kukwaniritsa malamulo:

Kufikira ndi kufika :

  • Padziko lonse, anthu okwana 5,000 ogwira ntchito monga mayiko akunja, a ku Civil Service, ndi antchito a m’dzikolo
  • Mabungwe 270, mamenti a makampani, ndi mamishoni a zaukulu m’maiko 195
  • Ndalama zokwana madola 55 biliyoni pachaka zokwaniritsa ntchito, thandizo la kumayiko ena, ndi kukambirana ndi anthu
  • Mabureau a m’chigawo cha Europe, East Asia, Near East, ndi ena.

Makina osoŵeka :

  • Kukambirana ndi kukambirana za makhalidwe abwino ndi za m’tsogolo
  • Tetezani nzika za ku America za kumaiko akunja (opitira alendo mamiliyoni 9 limodzi ndi apaulendo)
  • Ma viza (10 miliyoni pachaka) ndi mapasipoti 20 miliyoni chaka chilichonse)
  • Kulimbikitsa anthu kuti apeze chuma, azichita malonda komanso kuti apeze ndalama
  • Kupititsa patsogolo makhalidwe a demokalase, ufulu wa anthu, ndi ulamuliro wa lamulo
  • Maprogramu a chithandizo cha kumaiko akunja olinganizidwa ($40 biliyoni pachaka olamuliridwa ndi USAID pansi pa ulamuliro wa Boma)
  • Muziyesetsa kukambirana ndi anthu pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a pa Intaneti

[[FUL:0] Mlembi wa Boma [1]

  • Lamulo lalikulu la pulezidenti wa dziko lachilendo lotsogolera
  • Iyang’anira ntchito yaukulu ndi yaukulu ya Utumiki wa Kunja
  • Zithunzi za dziko lonse za ku United States pa misonkhano ndi kukambirana nkhani zikuluzikulu
  • Chachinayi cha m’mzere wa kutsatizana kwa pulezidenti
  • Mwachikhalidwe, amayenda makilomita 100,000+ pachaka kuti akakumane ndi anzawo

Dipatimenti Yoteteza Nkhondo: Chida cha Nkhondo

Chiyambukiro cha lamulo lachilendo la PNTG] [ nchoposa machitidwe akulimbana:

[[FL:0] Diplomacy

  • Kugwirizana kwa chitetezo ndi maiko 140+ kupyolera m’mauthenga ophunzitsa, olimbitsa thupi, ndi ochenjeza
  • Kulimbitsa thupi pankhondo (100+ pachaka) kumene kumasonyeza kudzipereka ndi kugwirizanika
  • Kutetezera dziko m’makampani ogulitsa zida kumakhala magwiriro osuliza ndi maiko ankhondo osungidwa
  • Kuphunzitsa asilikali a mitundu ina sukulu za utumiki ndi maprogramu a maiko ena
  • Kugulitsa zida kwa mtengo wa $175 biliyoni chaka chilichonse kudzera m’malonda a Nkhondo Akunja ndi Amalonda Olunjika
  • Padziko lonse lapansi, anthu othandiza anthu pa ngozi

[[ML:0] Chisonyezero cha mphamvu [:

  • 750+ zipinda za asilikali m’maiko 80, ndi nyumba zomangidwa mozungulira
  • Ogwira ntchito zaulimi okangalika 1,3 miliyoni okhala ndi maluso padziko lonse
  • Ndalama zokwana madola 770 biliyoni (zolembedwa papepala. 3.3% ya GDP)
  • 11 Magulu a ndege amene amatha kunyamula magetsi kulikonse
  • Kakonzedwe kapadziko lonse ka malangizo okhala ndi malamulo omenyanitsa (EUCOM, INDOPACOM, CENTCOM, ndi zina zotero).

Civil-Mililitarylinganity:

  • Kulamulira boma kupyolera mwa Mlembi wa Zotetezera ndi oikidwa m’boma
  • Makedzana amapereka malangizo a asilikali koma salamulira asilikali
  • Olamulira omenya nkhondo amachita malamulo ndi kulengeza za dongosolo lankhondolo
  • Kugwirizana kwa m’thupi kumafunika pa maopaleshoni onse aakulu

Madipatimenti a Ndalama ndi Amalonda: Mabungwe a Zachuma

Zida za zachuma ndizo mbali yaikulu ya lamulo la dziko la United States. Dipatimenti ya Treasurer imapereka zilamulo (kupyolera mwa Ofesi ya Asset Control), imayang'anira malamulo a zachuma apadziko lonse, ndi kutenga nawo mbali mu Financial Action Task Force kuti agonjetse ndalama zoperekera ndalama ndi ndalama za zigaŵenga. Dipatimenti ya za zamalonda imayang'anira kutumiza zinthu kunja (kudzera ku Bureau of Industry and Security), imapititsa patsogolo ntchito zogulitsa mayiko a ku United States, ndi kukhazikitsa mapangano a malonda. Mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi boma ndi National Security Council Council kuti akonzeretion ndi zolinga za pulogalamu za .

Anthu Anzeru: Kunama Kobisika

Mabungwe osamva malamulo a maiko ena [ amapereka chidziŵitso ndi kusanthula kumene kumachirikiza kupanga zosankha:

[[ML:0] Mfungulo ya zanyengo [[[FULT:1]:

  • CIA[[FL:1]: Luntha la munthu, maopaleshoni obisika ($15 biliyoni za bajeti)
  • NSA: Zimasonyeza nzeru, kutetezeka kwa Intaneti, ndi chitsimikiziro cha chidziŵitso
  • [[FULT:0]DIA: luntha lankhondo lochirikiza kukonzekera ndi kukonzekera kwa gulu lankhondo
  • Traffment inR: luntha la pulogalamu yopereka mapendedwe a ndale zadziko
  • NGHA: Luntha la Geospatiti kuchokera ku magwero a satellite ndi mapu
  • DEA, DEA, ndi zigawo zina za makampani

[[FUL:0] FUNT[[FL:1]:

  • Perekani chenjezo lamphamvu la kubuka kwa ziwopsezo (kuukira, kuyesa zida za nyukiliya, ndi mavuto a ndale zadziko)
  • Muzithandiza anthu amene akuganiza bwino pa nkhani ya malo amene ali nawo komanso zinthu zina
  • Kuonetsetsa kuti pangano la kugonjera ndi la zida zankhondo lachitika
  • Kachitidwe ka makhalidwe kobisa monga momwe kunalangizidwa ndi Pulezidenti (kayenera kukhala mu National Security Council)
  • Kulimbana ndi ntchito za luntha la kumaiko akunja panthaka ya United States ndi kutsidya lina
  • Kuyesa anthu kuti apeze njira zothetsera mavuto a ndale, azachuma, a zankhondo, ndi a pa Intaneti

[[FUL:0] Fanizo la Tsiku ndi Tsiku [[[FULT:1]:

  • Day Brief (PDB) - chofalitsa chapadera kwambiri
  • Chikalata cha masamba 30 - 40 chokonzedwa ndi Ofesi ya Mtsogoleri wa National Intelligence
  • Kusintha zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku m’chipinda cha White House Transmetation
  • Enanso anagaŵiridwa kwa akuluakulu a boma ochepa chabe

Bungwe Loona za Chitetezo la Dziko Lonse: Kukhazikitsa Lamulo Loti Anthu Azitsatira

Komiti ya NSC ya ku madera ena imasinthasintha maganizo panthambi ya akuluakulu:

Kusintha kwa zinthu [:

  • Bungwe la Ubwino wa Zachitetezo la National Security Advisor (Sipanakhale chitsimikizo chofunikira)
  • 400+ Odziŵa ntchito alinganiza kukhala oyang’anira madera ndi ntchito
  • Makomiti a maulamuliro amathetsa mikangano ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo
  • Mabungwe akuluakulu pa bungwe la akulu athetsa nkhani zazikulu
  • Misonkhano yonse ya NSC yoyang’aniridwa ndi Pulezidenti

[[FUL:0] FUNT[[FL:1]:

  • Olinganizidwa pakati pa madipatimenti kutsimikizira kugwirizana kwa malamulo
  • Chitani zinthu zimene mungafune kuti muchite ndipo muwapereke kwa Pulezidenti
  • Musamachitepo Kanthu Potengera M’chipinda Chokhala Mkhalidwe
  • Kutsatira zosankha za pulezidenti kudzera m’kachitidwe ka boma
  • Kuthetsa mikangano pakati panu kusanayambe kuchitika mavuto

Mbali ya Nyumba Yachisoti: Nthambi Ina

Mphamvu Zolamulira

Conforder imapanga malamulo akunja [ ku njira zambiri zimene zimapyola pa uphungu ndi chilolezo:

[[ML:0] Kuvomereza ndi Kujambula [[Kupenyedwa: 1]

  • Kulemba maprogramu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito pa zikalata zachilolezo chaka chilichonse
  • Ndalama zenizeni (mchitidwe wa mapazi aŵiri: chilolezo cha kutumiza zinthu)
  • Ndalama zokhala ndi chizindikiro pazifukwa zakutizakuti, zochepetsa kukhoza kwa ntchito
  • Kusunga ndalama kuti zisinthe malamulo (mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa kugulitsa zida)
  • Kupereka ndalama zothandizira pa zinthu zamwadzidzidzi (nkhondo, masoka, mavuto a anthu othaŵa kwawo)

[[ML:0] Kusinthasintha kwa masiku [[ML:1]:

  • Kulimbana ndi magulu ankhondo Resolution (1973) kumafuna kusimba ndi kuletsa magulu ankhondo
  • Kutsatira Lamulo la Kuyendetsa Zida za M’dziko kumapereka umboni wa masiku 30 wa malonda a zida zazikulu
  • Mikhalidwe ya chithandizo cha kumaiko akunja (m’njira, ziletso za kuthandizira oswa zoyenera za anthu)
  • Malamulo oletsa kuyeretsa (m’njira ya ku Iran ndi North Korea)
  • Kukweza ulamuliro wa malonda (njira yofulumira yopezera mapangano a malonda)

Kufutukula Madamu oposerapo :

  • Pachaka, anthu 1,000 amamvetsera mayeso a mayiko ena ndiponso a m’mayiko ena
  • Kafufuzani zochita za akuluakulu a boma kudzera m’makomiti ndi antchito
  • Mufune malipoti (5,000+ pachaka) kupyolera m’malamulo ndi mapempho a makomiti
  • Mboni za boma ndi zikalata zochokera kwa akuluakulu a boma
  • Landirani kabuku kachidule (kaŵirikaŵiri kakudzutsa ndi kuyambitsa mikangano)

Makomiti Aakulu Oyang’anira Nyumba za Malamulo

[[ML:0] Makomiti a komiti yopereka chinsinsi [[[MLT:1]:

  • Mayiko achilendo: Kupereka, kugamula, kuyang'anira
  • Mautumiki a Zida : malamulo otetezera, ntchito zankhondo, antchito
  • Intanegence: ntchito zophimba, maprogramu a luntha, ma bajeti
  • Kumasulira [: ntchito zonse zachilendo ndi ndalama zodzitetezera

[[ML:0] Makomiti a Nyumba [1]

  • Affairs: Malamulo, uyang'aniro, zilolezo
  • Mautumiki a Zida : chilolezo ndi malamulo otetezera
  • Intanegence: Uyang'aniro wanzeru ndi chilolezo
  • Kusintha [: kulipira ndalama za zinthu zonse zachilendo

Zipinda zonse ziŵirizo zilinso ndi atsogoleri amene amasonkhezera malamulo a maiko ena mwa kukonza ndandanda ya kutumiza mauthenga pansi ndi kutumiza mauthenga kwa anthu ogwirizana.

Kusokonezeka kwa Malamulo

Kuyambitsa mikangano ya malamulo achilendo [[FLT: 1] kwaumba dongosolo lamakono la dziko la America:

  • mphamvu zankhondo [[FLT: 1]: Apresidenti amanena kuti ulamuliro wachibadwa wa lamulo kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu; Congress imakhazikitsa mphamvu yake yokha yolengeza nkhondo
  • Mapangano okwaniritsa: Kugwirizanitsa mwa pangano la pass, kutsogolera ku zoyesayesa za msonkhano kulamula kupereka lipoti ndi kuloŵetsedwamo
  • Maseŵero a kupenyelela: Zfunitso za chidziŵitso (m., kachitidwe kobisa kafukulidwa) vs. chitetezo cha ntchito
  • Kugulitsa : kubwereza nyengo za congression v. chikhumbo cha pulezidenti cha kusintha kwa mayanjano apanthaŵi yake
  • Kusankha [[FLT: 1]: Malamulo amaletsa njira zaunduna; mapresidenti amafuna ulamuliro wa kulanda

Njira ya Kusintha: Kuyambira pa Kulingalira Kufikira ku Kukwaniritsa

Kudziwa Mavuto Amene Akubwera ndi Kukonza Zoyambitsa Matendawa

Kodi nkhani za malamulo achilendo zituluka motani pa mapulani a dziko:

[[ML:0] Kusintha kwa zinthu [1]

  • Mavuto apadziko lonse (nkhondo, kulanda boma, masoka, miliri)
  • Kuukira anthu a ku America kapena ku United States kumayiko akutali
  • Kupempha thandizo kapena kuloŵererapo kwa chigwirizano
  • Kusokonezeka kwa zachuma (kugulidwa ndi mafuta, mavuto a zachuma)
  • Madzi oopsa obwera mwadzidzidzi (mafamine, zivomezi, ndi kuthamanga kwa othaŵa kwawo)
  • Mapangano ofunikira kuyankhidwa

[[ML:0] Oyendetsa galimoto a mum'madzi [1]

  • Malamulo a m'zochitika za ndawala (m'b., "Mtendere mwa mphamvu" kapena "Kulimbana ndi dziko lapansi")
  • Chitsenderezo cha gulu lachisangalalo (AIPAC, Human Rights Watch, Chamsika cha Zamalonda cha United States)
  • Kufalitsa nkhani (CNN imayendetsa mwamsanga)
  • Anthu amasinthasintha maganizo awo pofufuza
  • Makonzedwe a msonkhano (kumva, kulipira, ndi kugamulapo)
  • Usilikali wa boma la Bureaucracy wochokera ku mabungwe ofuna chuma kapena ntchito

Kusintha kwa Njira Zoyendetsera Ntchito

Kachitidwe ka kugwirizana [ kaamba ka zosankha zazikulu motsatira kutsatizana kumeneku:

  1. Ndilo kuzindikiritsa [[FL:1] (Masiku 1-3): Kufufuza kwanzeru, ndodo za Department ya Boma, malipoti a zankhondo, kuulutsa kwa ofalitsa nkhani kumagogomezera vutolo.
  2. Inquisition Review (Masiku 4-10): Magulu ogwira ntchito kuchokera ku Boma, Defense, CIA, KHAMBI, ndi mabungwe ena oyenerera amasonkhana kuti apange zosankha ndi kupenda kwa lamulo.
  3. Komiti ya Komiti ya Komiti ya Office (Masiku 11-1): Secreen akonza zosankha, kutulukira kusagwirizana kosathetsedwa, ndi kuchita zinthu zokwera mtengo ndi zofufuza za ngozi.
  4. Komiti ya Principals [[[FT:1] (Masiku 16-20): Akuluakulu a pakiniki amapenda zosankha zomalizira, kuchita kulinganiza, ndi kukonzekera kaamba ka Pulezidenti.
  5. Cosankha [[FT:1] (Tsiku 21+): NSC kukumana ndi Pulezidenti, kukambirana za zosankha, malangizo omaliza, ndi kulengeza kwa bungwe la National Security Menandial Menandium kuti akwaniritse.

Kuopsa kwa matendawa kunachititsa kuti pakhale kusokonezeka kwa zinthu zambiri.

Kuthetsa Mavuto

Chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo achilendo kaŵirikaŵiri kumalephera:

  • Kukana kwa andale [[FT: 1]: Makampani amatetezera kawirikawiri ndi bajeti, malangizo oyenda pang'onopang'onopang'ono
  • Nkhokwe zotsendereza: Kusapereka ndalama zokwanira, antchito, kapena maphunziro a zolinga
  • kugwirizana kwa mgwirizano : chipambano cha lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri chimadalira pa zochita za maiko ena
  • Chitsutso cha Chitsutso [[FLT: 1]: Kukana kwapoyera kapena kwa Msonkhano kungasokoneze lamulo
  • Zotsatira zosayembekezereka [1]: Malamulo oyenera amachititsa zotsatirapo zosayembekezereka (m' lekuatiso, ziletso kuvulaza anthu wamba kuposa maboma)
  • Nthawi imasintha [1]: Zolinga za nthaŵi yaitali (kukweza, kukulitsa) zimatsutsana ndi zitsenderezo za kanthaŵi kosankhika

Zida Zogwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zina za Ku America

Zida Zogwiritsa Ntchito Malo Ofeŵa

Kulamulira kwa m'nyengo zakale [ kudakali chida chachikulu:

  • Kukambitsirana ndi kukambirana kwa mayiko
  • M’mitengo yambiri (UN, NTO, G7, G20, WTO)
  • Msonkhano pakati pa mitu ya boma
  • Kufufuza njira zaubwenzi zachiŵiri kudzera m’njira zosakhala za boma
  • Masukulu a chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro (Ndondo ya Alendo a Padziko Lonse Yotsogolera)
  • Zokambirana za anthu kudzera m’manyuzipepala, m’mafilimu, m’mapulatifomu, ndi m’zochitika zachikhalidwe

Ziŵiya zamakono za maulamuliro [[FLT: 1] zafutukula zida za magetsi:

  • Kulankhulana kwa pa Intaneti kudzera m’zokambirana za pa Intaneti ndi misonkhano
  • Kukonza ndalama, malonda, ndi kukonza ndalama
  • Kugwirizana kwa nyengo (kukambirana za kutulutsa mpweya, kusintha kwa zinthu, ndi ndalama)
  • Kukambirana zaumoyo (PEPFAR, chisungiko cha thanzi la dziko lonse)
  • Kugwirizana kwa sayansi (kufufuzanso kugwirizana kwa maulamuliro, kugwirizana kwa mumlengalenga)
  • Kukambitsirana za maseŵera (Olympics, kusinthana zinthu)

Kuvutika kwa Zachuma

[[Kusintha:0] Ziŵiya zachuma zopimira [[Kusintha :1] gwirizanitsani:

  • Chithandizo cha kumaiko akunja ($50 biliyoni pachaka kupyola USAID, MCC, ndi Boma)
  • Mapangano a malonda (14 FTAS kuphatikizapo USMCA)
  • Mapangano a ndalama zimene amapanga poteteza makampani a ku United States ku mayiko akunja
  • Ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito (zokongola ndi zikalata zotsimikizira kuti ndalamazo zidzakhaladi)
  • Kupereka chithandizo cha ngongole (Kukambitsirana za Chilango cha Pari)
  • Kuthandiza m’zopangapanga (kulamulira, malamulo, njira zaumoyo)

[[ML:0] Ziŵiya zachuma zodziŵika [ zimakakamiza kapena kuletsa khalidwe:

  • Zilango Zowachititsa Kuvutika (Iran, North Korea, Syria, Cuba)
  • Zilango zochitidwa mwankhanza (anthu ndi mabungwe odziŵika kuti amachitira uchigaŵenga, ndi kupondereza ufulu wachibadwidwe)
  • Ziletso za malonda (zoletsa ntchito za boma, madera, ndi ziletso)
  • Kudzipatula pa zandalama (kuchepetsa njira yopezera ndalama za U.S.)
  • Malamulo oletsa kugulitsa zinthu zamakono (BiS Common ndandanda ya makina a zamagetsi osalimba, a zankhondo)
  • Zilango zachiŵiri (zopereka zigamulo zachitatu zimene zimachita malonda ndi mabungwe ovomerezedwa ndi boma)

Zida za Nkhondo

Zipangizo zankhondo zosankhidwa zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo malamulo achilendo:

  • Deterance: Utatu wa nyukliya ndi mphamvu zodziŵika zamphamvu za kuukira
  • Presence : Kutumiza kwa mphamvu ndi ufulu wa zoyendetsa ndege
  • [[MLT:0] Kugwirizana kwa chinsinsi : Kuphunzitsa, kulimbitsa thupi, ndi kugulitsa zida kwa mabwenzi
  • Kusonyeza mphamvu : Kutumiza, ndege zophulika ndi mabomba, kulimbitsa thupi kwa mfundo
  • Kuphulika kothamanga [1]: Mabomba oponyera ndi oponyera khosi akumenya malo amodzi
  • Machitidwe apadera [[FLT:]: Raids, kulanditsa anthu, kuletsa uchigaŵenga
  • Maluso a MPHAMBIRI: kuloŵerera kwakukulu monga Iraq ndi Afghanistan

Chidziŵitso ndi Chisonkhezero

Kusintha kwa mphamvu ya magetsi kuumba malingaliro a dziko lonse:

  • Broadcasting (Voice of America, Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, Radio Farda)
  • Masukulu (Kuwomba, Gilman, Pumphrey)
  • Maprogramu a miyambo (American Corners, zithunzithunzi zojambulidwa, maulendo a nyimbo)
  • Kucheza pa Intaneti ndi pa Intaneti
  • Kuyesayesa kwachinyengo (Malo Ochitira Ubwenzi ndi Dziko Lonse)
  • Kulankhulana kwanzeru kogwirizana ndi ntchito zausilikali ndi zankhondo

Ziphunzitso Zazikulu za Mfundo za Kunja ndi Malamulo

Ziphunzitso Za mbiri Yakale

Njira zamaziko zimene zikupitirizabe kusonkhezera makambitsirano a malamulo:

  • Doctrine Monroe (1823) : Analengeza Kumadzulo kwa Dziko Lapansi Chiyambukiro cha U.S., kuchenjeza Azungu kuletsa kutsata maufumu
  • Atsegula Khomo (1899) : Inafuna kupezeka kwamalonda kofanana ku China, pambuyo pake inagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse
  • Wilsonianism (1918): Chikhumbo cha democratic, kudzisankhira, chisungiko cha gulu kupyolera mwa Chigwirizano cha Mitundu
  • Containment (1947): lamulo lanzeru loletsa kufutukuka kwa Soviet Union mwa kugwirizana, chithandizo cha zachuma, ndi kukonzekera nkhondo
  • DETENTE (1 969) [FL:1]: Kuchepetsa mikangano ndi USSR kupyolera m'kulamulira ndi kukambirana ndi zida
  • Reagan Doctrine (1985) [FLT ]: Communistback mwa kuchirikiza magulu otsutsa mphamvu za dziko lonse

Malamulo a Panthaŵiyo

Kufika kwa nkhondo yakalekale kukusonyeza kusintha kwa mphamvu padziko lonse:

  • Kukula ndi Kufutukuka (Clinton): Kufutukula ulamuliro wa demokrase ndi chikapitolizimu cha msika
  • Chiphunzitso cha Bosh [[FLT: 1] (2002): Kuukira kopanda pake, kusafuna kutchuka, ndi kupititsa patsogolo demokrase
  • Chiphunzitso cha Oma (2010-2014: Kuletsa, "kutsogolera kuchokera kumbuyo" ku Libya
  • America Yoyamba (Trump): Kukayikira chigwirizano ndi mabungwe ambiri
  • Kachitidwe kachilendo kaamba ka Gulu Lapakati (Biden): Kuika demokrase vs. autocracy , kulimbitsa kugwirizana, kusamalira nkhani zachuma za m'nyumba kupyolera mwa malonda ndi maindasitale

Zolankhula Zamphamvu Zoposa Boma

Ganizirani Zinthu Zokhudza Ntchito ndi Makina Opangira Malamulo

Chiyambukiro cha tanki pa malamulo achilendo [[FLT: 1] n’chochuluka. Mabungwe aakulu amaphatikizapo Council on Foreign Relations (ziŵalo 5,000), Brookings, Heritage, RAND, Carnegie, ndi American Enterprise Institute. Zimapereka ukatswiri wa malamulo, kupereka nduna za boma, kupanga makambitsirano aponse kupyolera m'malipo ndi kuwonekera kwa ofalitsa nkhani, kupereka mapangano auchetechete ndi mayanjano achilendo, ndi mayendedwe a II.

Magulu Ofuna Kusangalatsa Ena ndi Kungowamana Masuku pamutu

Kutsata malamulo a maiko akunja kuimira $500 + miliyoni pachaka ku Washington. Magulu a akulu amaphatikizapo ma orbica (AIPAC ku Israel, magulu a Cuba-American), makampani a malonda (U.S. Chamber , National Association of Mafectors), mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe (Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch), otetezera (Locheed Martin, Boeing), ndi magulu achipembedzo (Msonkhano wa Abishopu Achikatolika). Madongosolo awo amaphatikizapo ndawala, kusonkhanitsa kwa udzu, mipikisano, maumboni a bungwe lotetezera, misonkhano ya nthambi, ndi zionetsero zapo zapoyera.

Zimene Ofalitsa Nkhani Amaganiza

Ntchito ya Media m'malamulo achilendo imapangidwa mosiyanasiyana. Agenda-setting imasankha mavuto amene amalandiridwa m'dziko. Kujambula mmene anthu amamvera nkhani. CNN imayambitsa chitsenderezo cha nthaŵi yeniyeni ya ntchito pamavuto a anthu. Kufalitsa kokhudza kuvumbula malamulo achinsinsi (m'., NSA., kuyang'anira, kuyambitsa maprogramu). Mabuku a maganizo amapanga nkhani zapamwamba, ndi nkhondo ya chidziŵitso yochitidwa ndi anthu akunja yoyesa kusokoneza maganizo a anthu. Malingaliro a anthu onse amaletsa kuloŵerera kwa asilikali (momwe amawonedwa ku Somalia ndi Iraq), kusonkhezera zigamu za masankho, malo a kulinganiza, amakhudza kugwirizana, ndi kukhazikitsa mphamvu zomangirira ntchito.

Mavuto ndi Kutsutsana kwa Nthaŵi Yomweyi

Mavuto a Malo

Nkhani za dongosolo la zinthu zosonkhezera kugwira ntchito kwa lamulo la maiko akunja la United States:

  • Parisan polation : Kugwirizana kwa bipartisan pa nkhani zazikulu za malamulo a maiko ena
  • Kulamulira kwamphamvu [1]: Nyumba za Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchula mbali yake ya malamulo, kutsogolera ku ulamuliro wa mfumu
  • Bureaucratic interia: Kukana kusintha kuchokera ku zikondwerero ndi njira zozika mizu
  • Kuchuluka kwa chidziŵitso : Kucholoŵana kwa kupanga zosankha m'nyengo ya chidziŵitso chosasintha
  • Kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga kwapasadakhale: Mabungwe olimbana ndi kuyendera limodzi ndi intaneti, AI, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa mlengalenga
  • chitseko cha zopinga [1]: Zonulirapo zogwirizana ndi malire a filimu ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri panyumba

Mikangano Yamakono

Malamulo aakulu a maiko akunja amafunsa opanga malamulo ndi akatswiri:

  • Mpikisano waukulu wa magetsi umalimbana ndi mgwirizano wosankha ndi China ndi Russia
  • Kuchirikiza demokrase kutsutsana ndi. Kuvomereza maulamuliro a autocracy
  • Kuloŵerera m’nkhondo kumaletsa ku Middle East ndi Afirika
  • Kupanda chipembedzo kutsutsana ndi kuchuluka kwa zipembedzo: phindu la mabungwe a mitundu yonse
  • Kuteteza anthu amalonda kumalimbana ndi malonda aulere kuti ateteze antchito a ku America
  • Kusintha kwa nyengo kumachititsa kuti nyengo isamayende bwino.

Nkhani Zoyambitsa

Malo atsopano a malamulo achilendo amene adzafunikira kusintha:

  • Nkhondo ndi kuletsa nkhondo ya ku Cyber (zopereka, malamulo, maluso oukira)
  • Kugulitsa Magulu ankhondo a Kuthambo
  • Kupikisana ndi kuyendetsa zinthu kopangidwa mwaluso
  • Kukonzekera kwa zachuma ndi chisungiko cha thanzi la dziko lonse
  • Kutetezeka kwa nyengo (kusamuka, kukangana kwa chuma, kukambirana za ngozi)
  • Kuyendetsa bwino ntchito za anthu othaŵa kwawo ndiponso mavuto a anthu othaŵa kwawo
  • Kuthandiza kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino komanso kuti ndalama zizichepa

Mmene Lamulo la Kunja Limakhudzira Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Ziyambukiro Zachuma

Zigamulo za mayiko ena zimasintha mwachindunji zinthu zachuma m’mabanja a ku America. Malonda amasankha mitengo ya zinthu kuchokera ku zovala mpaka ku makompyuta. Malamulo a mphamvu yamagetsi amawononga petulo ndi magetsi. Malamulo a ndalama amayambukira mphamvu ya ndalama, kuyendetsa ndalama zogulitsidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ndalama. Malamulo a malonda amakhudza ndalama zosungidwa pa ntchito ya makampani ndi zamalonda. Kugulitsa zinthu kungakhudze mabizinesi ndi makampani ndi ogula zinthu.

Zotsatirapo za Chisungiko

Malamulo ochokera kumayiko ena amateteza anthu chifukwa cha ntchito zauchigawenga, njira zoteteza anthu kumalire, njira zoteteza anthu pa Intaneti, kuletsa zida za nyukiliya ndiponso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zida za nyukiliya, mgwirizano umene ungafune kuti anthu agwire ntchito zankhondo, ndiponso ntchito za asilikali zimene zimakhudza makhalidwe ndi chuma cha anthu.

Chikhalidwe ndi Makhalidwe Awo

Malamulo a maiko akunja amakhudza kusamuka kwa anthu ndi kusiyana kwa anthu, kusinthana maphunziro kumene kumapatsa ophunzira a m’maiko osiyanasiyana maphunziro, maprogramu a zaluso ndi maluso achilendo, malo odziŵira zinthu okhala ndi mabodza achilendo kapena omasuka, mwaŵi wa kuyenda ndi ziletso za visa, ndi mbiri ya dziko lonse ya Aamereka, zimene zimayambukira mmene anthu a ku Amereka amachitidwira kunja.

Kugwira Nawo Ntchito ya M’mayiko Ena

Kuloŵa M’gulu la Nzika

Nzika zingasonkhezere malamulo achilendo kupyolera m'njira zambiri. Kuphunzitsa kozikidwa pa malo a malamulo achilendo ndiko maziko. Kulankhulana ndi oimira nkhani za mitundu yonse kungasintha mavoti. Kugwirizana ndi mabungwe a kugonja kugwirizanitsa mawu a munthu aliyense. Kugawana m'mikangano yapoyera kupyolera m'masewero, maholo a tauni, kapena maluso a manyuzipepala a anthu. Kuchirikiza maprogramu osinthana ndi kugawana ndi nzika poyenda kapena poitana alendo a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana onse kumaperekamo zothandizira.

Mwayi Wogwira Ntchito

Makampani a zamalonda a mayiko ena ndi monga bungwe la kampani la zachuma (State Department), makampani a luntha (CIA, NSA), ntchito zankhondo, kupita patsogolo kwa dziko lonse (USAID, Peace Corps), akuganiza za akasinja ndi mabungwe ofufuza zinthu, manyuzipepala ndi manyuzipepala a padziko lonse, ma NGO ndi zinthu zina zopanda phindu zimene zimagwira ntchito pa ufulu wa anthu, chitukuko, kapena malo okhala, ndiponso malonda apadziko lonse ofuna kumvetsetsa ndale.

Kumaliza: Demokrase ndi Kudziloŵetsa m’Dziko Logwirizana

. . . . . . . . [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . makina ovuta kwambiri ameneŵa, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina akuchedwa ndi kutsutsana, amasonyeza maso a woyambitsa kuti asachite zinthu mopupuluma ndi wopunduka ku America.

Kumvetsa mmene ntchito imeneyi imagwirira ntchito kupatsa mphamvu nzika zamphamvu kuti zizikangana bwino kwambiri ndi mayiko a America. Njira za dziko lina sizipangidwa ndi mphamvu zachinsinsi koma ndi mabungwe ndi njira zimene zimakhalabe ndi mlandu kwa anthu a ku America. Pamene kuli kwakuti Prezidenti amatsogolera ndi kuyendera mayeso a Congress, ovota amaweruza.

Pamene mavuto apadziko lonse akukula kwambiri , kuchokera ku kusintha kwa nyengo kukhala matenda ofala pa Intaneti, kuyambira pa kusokonezeka kwa chuma cha anthu ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko ena, malamulowo ayenera kuyendera limodzi ndi kulolera, mphamvu ndi kusamala zinthu. Kugwira ntchito kwa mayiko akunja sikudalira pa mphamvu ya nkhondo kapena mphamvu ya zachuma yokha, koma pa njira ya democracy yomwe imatsogolera ntchito yawo. Malamulo a dziko lachilendo a U.S. adzasintha ndi mmene dongosolo lakaleli lidzasinthira bwino ndi mavuto 21 a kuyang'anira ntchito ya democracy. Anthu amene amvetsa njira imeneyi angaonetse bwino malamulo, atsogoleri a kuŵerengera, ndi kutenga nawo mbali m'ntchito yokonza dziko la America.

Kaamba ka kufufuza kozama, chezerani Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ya Tsitsi [1], kupenda pa [[FLT:] Council ku Foreign Relations, ŵerengani National Security Strategy ku [[FLT:] Nyumba ya magetsi. gov, kapena kupenda machitidwe atsatanetsatane pa Mafunso] Malonda ndi magazini [[FLT:]]