Chiyambi: Chilukiro Chosaoneka cha Sosaite

Malamulo a boma amasintha pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wamakono, kuyambira pa miyezo ya chisungiko ya galimoto imene mumayendetsa kufikira pa chiwongola dzanja pa ngongole za wophunzira wanu. Ndilo maluso osawoneka a chitaganya, kulinganiza mwaŵi wathu, mathayo, ndi maupandu. Pamaziko ake, lamulo la anthu limaimira zosankha zamwambo ndi zochita zimene boma limatenga / kapena mwadala limapeŵa kutenga / /kusamalira mavuto a anthu onse.

Kodi Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri Imaimira Chiyani?

Kufotokoza lamulo la anthu ndi njira yoyamba yodziŵira zimene lingatheke. Wasayansi wandale Thomas Dyer anapereka mafotokozedwe odziŵika bwino, okhala ndi mafotokozedwe: . Lamulo la Thubic ndi lililonse limene maboma asankha kuchita kapena kusachita. Chigamulo chimenechi n’champhamvu chifukwa chakuti chikuvomereza kuti kusachita kanthu ndiko chosankha cha lamulo. Pamene boma lisankha kusalamulira makampani apadera kapena kusaloŵerera m'mavuto a nyumba, chigamulocho chili ndi zotsatira zazikulu kwa anthu.

Lamulo la boma limasiyana ndi zosankha zaumwini ndi ulamuliro wake ndi ukulu. Ilo limachirikizidwa ndi mphamvu ya boma ndipo limagwiritsidwa ntchito ku anthu olongosoledwa. Ilo limaikidwa m'malamulo, malamulo a akuluakulu, malamulo, ndi zigamulo za chiweruzo. Nlofunikanso kumvetsetsa atsogoleri a ziŵiya zimenezi: malamulo olembedwa ndi mabungwe a malamulo, malamulo ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi malamulo a statry; ndi malamulo atsatanetsatane ndi malamulo olembedwa ndi magulu a malamulowo, onyamula malamulo opindulitsa.

  • [[ML:0] Integer: Cholinga cha malamulo kapena uyang'aniro.
  • [[ML:0] Content : Makonzedwe ndi ntchito za lamulolo.
  • Kupereka: Kuperekedwa kwa lamulolo ndi mabungwe.
  • Zotsatirapo ndi zotsatirapo za kuwona kwa anthu oimbidwa.

Monga magwero odalirika pa nkhaniyo, kuloŵetsedwa kwa ``'''' pa lamulo la anthu kumapereka malo oyamba a maphunziro odalirika omvetsa mafotokozedwe ake osiyanasiyana ndi ukulu wake.

Chifukwa Chake Lamulo la Anthu Onse Lili Lofunika

Kumvetsa mfundo za boma si ntchito yongophunzira chabe koma kumakhudza zinthu zakuthupi ndiponso moyo wa demokalase.

Kusamuka kwa Zinthu Zamakono ndi Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Lungo lililonse la boma ndilo lamulo. Chigamulo cha kupereka ndalama zotetezera asilikali ndi zaumoyo wa anthu chimasonyeza kuti pali kugwirizana kwa zinthu. Kusankha malamulo akwanu ndi mtengo wa nyumba. Malamulo oyendetsera ndalama zotetezera zankhondo amakhazikitsidwa ndi mabanki apakati oyendetsa kukwera mtengo ndi ntchito, amene akukhudza mphamvu ya malipiro alionse. Kupyolera pa pulogalamu ya ndalama ndi ndalama (kuyendetsa ndalama) ndi kuyendetsa chuma, kupanga kuyang'anira kwa mabanki ambiri a boma. Njira ya kuyendetsa ntchito ya boma ndiyo njira yoyendetsera ntchito ya boma, imene ikufalitsa ndalama za boma.

Kusintha Makhalidwe a Anthu

Malamulo a boma amalongosola unansi pakati pa munthu ndi boma. Chisungiko ndi [FLT :2] Medicare amaimira lonjezo lachisawawa kuchirikiza nzika mu ukalamba ndi matenda. malamulo a ufulu amakhazikitsa chikole cha kulingana ndi kusagwirizana. malamulo a zachikhalidwe] [[FLT] amapanga thayo limodzi la mpweya woyera ndi madzi. [Kukhazikitsa zoyenera, ntchito, ndi ukonde, ndi dongosolo lapoyera, limapanga pangano la mapangano.

Kulimbikitsa Chilungamo ndi Kukondera

Chitsogozo chingakhale njira yamphamvu yothetsera chisalungamo cha m'mbiri. Malamulo otsimikizira zochita, mapangano ovomereza ufulu wovota, ndi malamulo ofikira anthu olumala onse anapangidwa kuchepetsa malo akusewera. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, malamulo osalinganizidwa bwino kapena okondera angapititse chisalungamo, monga momwe zikuwonedwa m'zochitika za m'mbiri yopeputsa kapena nyumba za misonkho. Kumvetsetsa ndiko kumvetsetsa ziŵiya zomangira chitaganya chachilungamo chopezeka.

Mitundu ya Lamulo la Anthu: Zopereka za Mtengo Waung’ono

Wasayansi yandale Theodore Lowi anapereka njira yofala yosonyezera mphamvu za kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zandale zimene akupanga.

Atsamunda Ogaŵira

Malamulo ogaŵira amapereka mapindu ku magulu ena kapena anthu popanda mtengo woikidwa pa gulu lina. Izi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchedwa "maprojekiti a park-barrel" kapena ndalama. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo farm factive factive , , [[FLT]] KUCHEZA [[FLT]] KUMENERANA [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] ndi ngongole za nyumba za eni nyumba [1]. Ndale za . Ndale zadziko za kugamulako zimakonda kukhala zoloza , kumene makampani a malonda a ntchito zina, kutsogolera ku magulu a magulu aunyinyinyinyinyinyi.

Atsogoleli Anu

Malamulo a boma amaletsa munthu aliyense kapena gulu kuti azichita bwino. Amatchula zimene zingachitike ndi zimene sizingachitidwe. Gulu limeneli lingapatulidwenso kukhala ndi malamulo a zachuma (m., malamulo oletsa kudalirana, zipatala) ndi malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu (m’mphindi, miyezo ya malo okhala, chitetezo cha kuntchito, ogula). Zitsanzo zimenezi zimaphatikizapo malamulo a Cean Air Act ndi OSH. Malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amayambitsa nkhondo yaikulu pakati pa malonda ndi magulu a anthu, monga momwe amachitira ndi opanga zithandizo kwa opanga malonda ena kuti apereke mapindu ambiri.

Atsamunda Othandiza

Malamulo ogaŵana mwachindunji zinthu zochokera ku gulu limodzi kupita ku lina. Izi kaŵirikaŵiri ndizo zoimbidwa mlandu kwambiri. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo msonkho wa malipiro opita patsogolo , maprogramu a thaudi (ATANF)[F] , ndi [FLT ,] Sacial Security [[[[FLT:]]. Ndale za Refisgation zimadziŵika ndi mikangano ya gulu ndi makambitsirano aakulu ponena za kuchuluka kwa mabwalo, chipululu, ndi mbali yoyenera ya boma m'zachuma.

Uchimo Wochititsa Chidwi

Malamulo ogwirizana amakhazikitsa malamulo a maseŵera a boma lenilenilo. Amapanga mabungwe atsopano a boma, amamasulira maulamuliro, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a . Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Proceductive Procediedom , imene imalamulira mmene mabungwe amapangira malamulo, ndi kusangalatsa kwa Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security [1]. Malamulo ameneŵa amaumba malo opangira malamulo ena onse ndipo amanyalanyazidwa kaŵirikaŵiri mosasamala kanthu za kufunika kwake kwa maziko.

Kusintha kwa Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito ya Anthu: Ntchito Yosainira Kuipenda

Njira ya malamulo njovuta ndi yosasintha, koma chipangizo chopimira chimapereka mapu othandiza kuti amvetsetse mmene mavuto amakhalira malamulo ndi mmene malamulo amasinthikira m'kupita kwa nthaŵi.

Chithunzi 1: Chiyeso cha Agenda

Kodi vuto limakopa motani boma? Agenda imakhazikitsa mafotokozedwe amphamvu. Ilo limalongosola kuti mitsinje itatu yodziimira. Prequent, Policy, ndi Ndale zadziko zimafuna kuti nkhani ifike pa ndandanda. Chochitika cholunjika (monga tsoka lachilengedwe kapena kuphulitsa) chingatsegule "wiro la windo. Kulinso kusiyana pakati pa [FFLT:4] kapangidwe ka [FFFF:] kakeme, Policy, Policy, Plicy, ndi Selme , (allsssssssssss odziŵika bwino kwambiri. [Foctive:] "C.[5]

Chiyeso 2: Kukhazikitsa Lamulo

Pamene nkhani yagona pa mapulani, njira zothetsera zimayambitsidwa. Chigawo chimenechi chimaphatikizapo matanki a maganizo , makomiti a bungwe la zikondwerero, magulu a zikondwerero, ndi mabungwe a nthambi akuluakulu opanga malamulo. Ideas amatsutsana, kupenda koikitsa ndalama kukuchitidwa, ndipo malamulo alembedwa. Oyendetsa ntchito zolimba kupititsa patsogolo njira zawo zokondeka, kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizanitsa magalimoto a malamulo a boma.

Chiyeso 3: Kulera Ana

Iyi ndi mbali yalamulo yopanga zosankha. Imaphatikizapo kuchirikiza kokwanira kukhazikitsa malamulo. M'dongosolo la U.S., zimenezi zimatanthauza kuyendetsa malamulo ovuta a makomiti, mavoti a pansi m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri za Congress, ndi kusaina kwa pulezidenti kapena nuveto. [[FLT: 0] Bargain, communing, ndi kumanga pamodzi kuli pakati. Kukhalako kwa mfundo zambiri "veto" m'dongosolo (m. g., Filister in the Servery) kumapangitsa kulandiridwa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kaamba ka kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo.

Chigawo 4: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Lamulo

Kulandira lamulo sikuli mapeto a ntchito. Kusintha kumatchedwa "RGBB kukumana ndi siteji". Mabungwe a boma ayenera kumasulira lamulo, kulemba malamulo odziŵika, ndi kuwasungitsa. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo nzeru zapadera. Michael Lipsky a Lupsky amalingalira za [[FL:0]"" chigawo chapamwamba cha boma" chimagogomezera mmene antchito apatsogolo (aphunzitsi, apolisi, apolisi, nduna zosamalira anthu oloŵa m’dziko) amachitira mwanzeru kwambiri pochita zinthu zawo ndi nzika zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku. Zigamulo zawo zimapanga lamulo lenileni la dziko, limene lingasiyane kwambiri ndi cholinga choyambirira cha lamulo. Chidziŵitso chimenechi kuchokera ku ntchito ya m’khwalala [FLD2]

Chiyeso 5: Kupima Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito

Magulu ofufuza, maphunziro, ndi manyuzipepala akuyesedwa nthaŵi zonse, ponse paŵiri mwalamulo ndi mwamwayi. Mabungwe a boma onga Ofesi ya Umboni wa Government (GAO) amatsogolera kuŵerengera ndi kupenda. Magulu okondwerera, maphunziro, ndi manyuzipepala oulutsa lipoti la zotulukapo za malamulo. Kupenda kumeneku kumabwezeretsanso masiteji otsa masewero, kupanga chilo chovomerezeka chimene chingatsogolere ku kusungitsa, kutumiza, kumbuyo, kapena kuswa. Malamulo amene amaonedwa kukhala olephera angachotsedwe ku mandandanda, pamene kuli kotchuka kukhazikitsa chikalata chake chochirikiza.

Magulu Aakulu Asokoneza Lamulo la Anthu

Njira imeneyi siichitika popanda cholinga chilichonse, koma imangodalira zinthu za m’malo osiyanasiyana.

Malingaliro a Anthu, Ofalitsa Nkhani, ndi Anthu Okonda Kumvetsera

Akuluakulu andale amasintha kwambiri maganizo a anthu. Komabe, njirayi ndi yopanda ungwiro. Nkhani ndi yothandiza kwambiri m'manyuzipepala ndi mwa andale, imakhudza kwambiri anthu. Apolisi angapangitse kuti akhale ngati "kuchepetsako kwa zinthu kapena kuti "kudulidwa," kukonza kuti anthu azigwirizana. Magulu aakulu kwambiri akupereka zinthu, ndi mavoti ovomerezeka kuti athandize anthu kupeza zinthu. Malingaliro a "Irontalenti" amafotokoza unansi wokhazikika, symbiation, brecracracy, a bungwe la zigawo, ndi chikondwerero. Zowonjezera, zina zamakono, zikugogomezera kwambiri: [FTT: [FFT:] ndi zikalata zothandizira zokopa: [FT]

Maganizo a Zandale ndi Zachuma

Mfundo zandale zotchuka za nyengo . Zilipo zachikenesi, zopereka chuma, kapena zokhala ndi ufulu wamakono . Zimakhazikitsa nzeru za kukonza njira za kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Mikhalidwe ya ndale yonga ngati kutsika kwa chuma, kukwera mitengo kwa ndalama, ndi ulova zimasonkhezera mwamphamvu opanga malamulo. Vuto lalikulu la zachuma lingatsegule njira yosinthira kusintha (m'q., New Faual mu 1930, Bank belo ndi chitsenderet , 2008-2009).

Mabungwe Omanga Nyumba

Makampani amaumba njira ya malamulo. Féderal imabala mphamvu m'dziko, boma, ndi maboma akomwe, kuyambitsa malo ambiri kaamba ka ka kachitidwe ka lamulo ndi nkhondo (m., boma limakakamiza kukhazikitsa lamulo la mbanje). Kugaŵa mphamvu ndi kupima ndi kulinganiza kumapanga mfundo zambiri, kupangitsa malamulo kusintha kokulirapo ngati kulibe kuvomerezana kapena kulamulira kogwirizana kwa gulu la boma. Kugwirizana kumeneku kuli mbali yaikulu ya U.S.

Kufufuza Nkhani Zochititsa Chidwi

Malo ofotokoza zinthu amakhala atanthauzo pamene agwiritsiridwa ntchito ku zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko.

Njira Yotetezera Wodwala ndi Yosamalira Odwala Mosavutikira (ACA)

ACA ndi buku lothandiza kwambiri pa nkhani ya kubwezera ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Linaikidwa pa mavuto a kukwera kwa ndalama zosamalira zaumoyo ndi anthu 47 miliyoni osawadziwa, linapangidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi mizera yamphamvu. Lamulo la "chipazi zitatu zopangidwa" . "Unyinji wa munthu, chilolezo, ndi ndalama zothandizira anthu. Zinaikapo kuyesayesa kwapadera kwa kukonza vuto la inshuwalansi. [[FLT: 0] [ka] linapangidwa ndi malamulo atsopano andale. poyamba linali la miyala koma pomalizira pake linafutukulidwa kwa anthu oposa 20 miliyoni a ku America. CHAKU chisonyezero chonse ndi mphamvu ya [FLD:] mphamvu ya [FLD]. [FT], monga momwe inayambitsa lamulo la zandale zadziko latsopano. [FTT]

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala: Lamulo la Mpweya Woyera

Cleena Air Act (1970, yokonzedwanso 1977, 1990) ndi njira yoyambira yotetezera chilengedwe. Inakhazikitsa miyezo ya mtundu wa mpweya ndi kupatsa EPA mphamvu kuti izitsatirike. Mapempho a 1990 anayambitsa upainiya [[FLT: 0] wozikidwa pa chikhoma ndi njira yoyendetsera zinthu kugonjetsa mvula ya sulfur dioxide. Njira imeneyi yopanga zinthu inasonyeza kuti yapambana, kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya mofulumira ndi pamtengo wotsika kuposa malamulo amwambo ndi olamulira. Nkhaniyo imasonyeza mmene njira yopangira zinthu zamalonda ingagwiritsirire ntchito yopanga zisonkheze ntchito zamakono. [[FLD2:] PAEF] kufufuzira kwa deseart Speed Air Act [FFFT]

Kugwirizana ndi Malamulo a Majeremusi

Kulimbana komakulakula pakati pa kuvomerezedwa kwa lamulo kwa boma ndi kuikidwa kwake kopitirizabe monga Sedynal I pansi pa lamulo la boma kuli kupenda kwamphamvu m'malamulo [[FLT: 0] ogwirizana ndi boma. Kukugogomezera mmene kuyesa kwa lamulo la boma kungatokosa ndi kukhazikitsanso malamulo a dziko, kukakamiza mabungwe a boma kugwiritsira ntchito ufulu wa ozembetsa. Lamulo limeneli limadzutsa mafunso aakulu ponena za zoyenera za maboma, zofunika za boma, ndi kusintha kwa malamulo m'dongosolo la boma.

Mavuto Ovuta Kwambiri Masiku Ano pa Ntchito Yopanga Malamulo

Kusinthasintha kwa malamulo kogwirizana ndi mfundozo kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsutsana ndi zenizeni zowopsa.

Kusintha kwa Ndale ndi Mabungwe Ochititsa Chidwi

Kugaŵikana kwakukulu kwachititsa kutengera ana kukhala kovuta kwambiri. Kukula kwa kugawana ndi kusokonezeka kwa maganizo kwachititsa kuti boma likhale ndi mphamvu zolamulira ku nthambi ya akuluakulu a boma (mwa malamulo a akuluakulu ndi kukhazikitsa mabungwe) ndi jadiary (imene ikufunsidwa kuthetsa mikangano yaikulu ya ndale). Kusintha kumeneku kungasokoneze kuŵerengera kwa demokrase ndi kukhazikika kwa malamulo a nthaŵi yaitali.

Mavuto ndi Zotsatirapo Zosayembekezeredwa

Zitokoso zathu zambiri zosautsa kwambiri . "kunga kumanga mlatho), umphaŵi wadongosolo, ndi uchigaŵenga, ndi zimene Horst Rittel ndi Melvin Webber amatcha mavuto oipa" osiyana ndi "mavuto (monga kumanga mlatho), mavuto oipa alibe njira yotsimikizirika. Chidziŵitso chofunika kumvetsetsa vutolo chimadalira pa lingaliro la munthu la kulithetsa, kuyambitsa vuto lozungulira. Njira iliyonse yoyesa kuyambitsa, kaŵirikaŵiri yosayembekezeredwa. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti kukonza mavuto oipa kuyenera kufufuzidwa, kuzoloŵera, kupitirizabe, ndi kusumika maganizo pa kuphunzira kopitirizabe osati njira zomalizira.

Udindo ndi Ntchito Yapadera

Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino malamulo kumafuna bungwe laudindo laluso. Komabe, mabungwe a boma nthaŵi zambiri amayang’anizana ndi zopinga za ndalama, kupereŵera kwa antchito, ndi ziukiro za ndale zadziko zimene zimawononga mphamvu zawo. Kusoŵa kwa chidziŵitso ndi luso la zopangapanga kungalepheretse kwambiri kukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino malamulo ovuta. Kugwira ntchito kwa boma ndi maindasitale amene amayendetsa kulinso kovuta.

Nzika Monga Ochitira Malamulo: Mbali Yanu m’Njira ya Zinthu

Kudziko lako n’kumene anthu amatengerapo mwayi wochita zinthu. Unzika wakhama sumangosankha pa masankho a pulezidenti. Kuphunzira ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kumvetsetsa malamulo, njira zimene amapangira, ndi njira zowasonkhezera. Anthu angaloŵetsemo:

  • Kugwirizanitsa ndemanga zapoyera pa malamulo a boma olingaliridwa pa malamulo.gov, njira yeniyeni yosonkhezera kukhazikitsa malamulo.
  • Kusankha m'masankho onse , makamaka mipikisano ya kumalo ndi ya boma kumene malamulo ambiri amakhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku (mabungwe a sukulu, makhonsati a malo) amagamulidwa.
  • Magulu a kuphatikiza kapena kutengamo mbali m'mikupiti ya udzu wolunjikitsidwa pa madera ena a malamulo.
  • Kuthamanga pa ofesi kapena kutumikira pa ma pulatifomu ndi madanga akwanuko.
  • Kukhalabe wodziŵa mwakusanthula mosamalitsa chidziŵitso kuchokera ku akasinja a kazitape, zisonyezero za nyuzi, ndi magwero a boma, kuzindikira kulinganiza ndi zikondwerero za aliyense.

Kugwirizana ndi malamulowo si koyenera chabe; ndiko kofunika kuti pakhale demokrase yogwira ntchito.

Kumaliza: Kuloŵerera m’Kachitidwe ka Lamulo

Malamulo a boma ndiwo njira imene timapanga mogwirizana ponena za mmene tikhalira pamodzi. Siiri malo akutali, osawoneka osungidwa kwa akatswiri ndi andale zadziko. Ndicho chotulukapo chamoyo cha mkangano wa demokrase [1] ndi kulimbana. Kumvetsetsa malingaliro aakulu a kachitidwe, mitundu ya malamulo, masitepe a kayendedwe, ndi ntchito za makampani osiyanasiyana . Mwakupanga dongosolo lomveka ndi kuzindikira mamtengo oloŵetsedwamo, nzika zingachokere ku kukhala anthu ongochitapo kanthu. Umoyo wa demokrase umadalira pa kubweretsedwa ndi kulinganiza kwa lamulo ndi kuchirikiza lamulo la nzika.