Chiyambi: Malamulo Osiyanasiyana Amathandiza

Ziphunzitso zochepa ndizo zofunika kwambiri pa ulamuliro wa Amereka kuposa ulamuliro wa boma. Malamulo a U.S. amagaŵa mwadala ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ku Washington, D.C., ndi maboma 50, lililonse ndi mbali yakeyake. Pansi pa maboma, zikwizikwi za magawo, mizinda, matauni, ndi zigawo zapadera zimapanga muyalo wa kumaloko umene umakhudza nzika mwachindunji. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi sikuli kokha njira yamaphunziro ya maphunziro; kumakukonzekeretsani kuyendetsa malamulo amene amaumba zipatala zanu zaumoyo, maphunziro, chisungiko, ndi magetsi a tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku. Nkhaniyi imapereka ulendo wochuluka wa milingo itatu ya boma — chivomereza, boma, ndi kulongosola mmene zimayenderana, ndi kugwirizana ndi kupanga dongosolo lovutali masiku ano.

Dongosolo la Federal: Kalembedwe Kake

Opanga malamulo a Konsichushoni analinganiza dongosolo la boma loletsa kuikidwa mphamvu zimene anali nazo pansi pa ufumu wa Britain pamene anali kuyambitsabe boma lamphamvu logwirizanitsira dziko latsopano. Pambuyo pa Nkhani Zolephera za Kugwirizanitsa dzikolo (zimene zinasiya boma lopanda mano), Msonkhano wa Malamulo wa 1787 unatulutsa chikalata chimene chinatchula maulamuliro a boma — monga kutchula ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko — pamene chinali kukhazikitsa maulamuliro ena onse ku maboma kapena anthu pansi pa Pentement.

Pazaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, kulinganiza kwa mphamvu kwasintha mobwerezabwereza. Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ndi Reconstructon inafutukula ulamuliro wa boma pa ufulu wa anthu. New Deal m'ma 1930 inabweretsa boma la boma m’dongosolo la zachuma ndi ubwino wa anthu. Ma 1960 anawona kuwonjezereka kowonjezereka kwa maprogramu a Great Society, ndipo zaka makumi angapo posachedwapa zawona kusinthika kwa mathayo onse kumbuyo ku maboma ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kowonjezereka kwa chipani cha boma. Lerolino, kukambitsirana kwa boma kumakhala kotentha, ndi makani onse a m'malamulo a zaumoyo.

Boma Linagwira Ntchito Pang’ono ndi Pang’ono

Boma la Federal

Boma la bomalo limakhala ku likulu la dzikolo ndipo lili ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani zokhudza dziko lonselo.

  • Blantyre : Congress ya U.S. imaphatikizapo Nyumba ya Malamulo (mamembala 100, aŵiri paboma) ndi Nyumba ya Oimira (mamembala 435 ogawiridwa ndi anthu). Nyumba imalemba malamulo a boma, kulengeza nkhondo, kuvomereza mapangano, ndi kuyendetsa bajeti ya boma. Maulamuliro apamwamba amaphatikizapo kukhoza kukhometsa msonkho, kubwereketsa ndalama, kuyendetsa malamulo a dziko ndi malonda akunja, ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo lofanana lachilengedwe. Kumvetsa mmene lamulo limakhalira, kuyendera [[FL:2].
  • Nthambi Yothandiza: [[FLT :1] Yotsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, amene amatumikira monga Mkulu wa gulu ndi woyang'anira wamkulu. Nthambi yaudindo imakhazikitsa malamulo a boma kupyolera mwa mabungwe mazana ambiri, kuphatikizapo Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Mautumiki a Anthu, Dipatimenti ya Zoyendera, ndi Environmental Protection Agency. Pulezidenti akufunsiranso bajeti ndi kukhazikitsa oweruza a boma (ndiye ndi kutsimikizira kwa Konkirena).
  • Bridge : Khoti la boma, lotsogozedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la United States, limamasulira malamulo a boma ndi Konsichushoni. Makhoti ang'onoang'ono amasamalira milandu yokhudzana ndi mafunso a boma kapena kusiyana kwa unzika. Mphamvu ya khoti lapamwamba la kuweruza imalola kuswa malamulo amene amaswa malamulo a m'Bungwe la Malamulo — ntchito imene yaumba zonse kuyambira pa kuchotsa mimba kufikira ku zoyenera.

Ulamuliro wa boma si wopanda malire. Malamulo amapatsa mphamvu zina zoŵerengedwa; maulamuliro ena ambiri amatsala ndi maboma. Khoti Lapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri limakhazikitsa mikangano yokhudza malire a boma ndi boma, monga ngati United States v. Lopez (1995), imene imachepetsa malonda mphamvu za Claus.

Boma

Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake, malamulo ake, bwanamkubwa wake, ndi mabwalo ake amilandu. Maboma amachita zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchedwa “maulamuliro” — kukhoza kulamulira thanzi, chisungiko, ubwino, ndi makhalidwe abwino. Izi zikutanthauza kuti maboma ayang'anira malamulo ambiri aupandu, malamulo a banja, lamulo la katundu, ndi maphunziro a anthu.

  • State Legislatures : Maboma onse kusiya Nebraska ali ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya mabulone (nyumba yaing'ono ndi nyumba yapamwamba). Maboma amapanga malamulo pa nkhani zimene sizinachotsedwe ndi boma. Amapatulanso bajeti ya boma, misonkho ya boma, ndi kuichotsa m'malo mwa jibernarianal vetoes.
  • Governor: Mkulu wa boma, wosankhidwa mwachindunji ndi ovota. Bwanamkubwa akupereka malamulo a boma, akupereka bajeti, amaika madipatimenti, ndi angapereke malamulo a akuluakulu a boma. Olamulira ambiri ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu pa kuyang'anira ngozi ndi kutumiza kwa National Guard Accountment.
  • Makhoti a Boma: Oweruza a boma akumasulira malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma. Makhoti aakulu a boma (kaŵirikaŵiri otchedwa ndi maina osiyanasiyana) ndiwo omalizira pa nkhani za lamulo. Amasamalira mikangano yambiri yalamulo — suti, milandu yachiŵeniŵeni, nkhani za banja, ndi maprobate.

Mayiko alinso ndi mphamvu yolinganiza maboma a m’mayiko awo. Angapange, kugwirizanitsa, kapena kusungunula magawo, mizinda, ndi masukulu.

Boma Lakumaloko

Boma la m’deralo ndilo limakhudza malo amene mumakhala tsiku lililonse. Lilinso ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo anthu oposa 90,000 m’mayiko onse a ku United States.

  • Magawo: Magawo a boma amene amapereka mautumiki onga ngati kusungitsa lamulo (madipatimenti a boma), kupenda katundu, madipatimenti a zaumoyo wa anthu onse, ndi kukonza misewu. Magawo ena asankha mabungwe a boma ndi mabwana oikidwa.
  • , : [FLT :1] Matauni, matauni, ndi midzi imene imatumikira anthu ambiri. Iwo amagwira ntchito m'malo osungirako, apolisi ndi madipatimenti amoto a kumaloko, mapaki, madzi ndi zimbudzi, ndi kutumiza kwa anthu onse. Makampani ambiri ali ndi mtundu wa boma la meya kapena bungwe loyang'anira.
  • Magawo apadera: Mabungwe odziimira a kampani opangidwa kupereka mautumiki apadera monga madera a sukulu, madera a madzi, madera a malaibulale, kapena madera otetezera moto. Nthaŵi zambiri amakhala ndi ma pulatifomu osankhidwa ndi okhometsa msonkho. Malinga ndi bungwe la U.S. Censues Bureaual, madera apadera ndiwo amakula mofulumira kwambiri a boma lakwawo.

Maboma a m’deralo amatengera malamulo a boma. Amapereka malamulo (malamulo a malo) pa mitu imene boma limalola, monga kumanga malamulo a malamulo, malamulo a phokoso, ndi misonkho ya malonda a kumaloko.

Mmene Boma Limathandizira

Kutsatira Mafuko

Masitepe atatuwa sachita zinthu modzipatula ndipo amayenderana m’njira zosiyanasiyana:

  • Ants-in-Aid: Boma la boma limapereka mabiliyoni a madola ku maboma ndi madera chaka chilichonse kupyolera m'zifuno zachindunji (zonga ndalama za misewu yaikulu) ndi zopereka zothandizira (zofanana ndi kufalikira kwa chitaganya). Kaŵirikaŵiri zimenezi zimabwera ndi mikhalidwe — mwachitsanzo, maboma ayenera kukweza msinkhu wakumwa kufikira 21 kuti alandire ndalama za boma za misewu.
  • Madeti ndi Kuwomboledwa: [[FLT :1] Boma la boma lingafune maboma kuchita ntchito zina (zifuno) kapena kuchotsa kotheratu malamulo a boma (chilango). The Ceat Air Act ndi America Okhala ndi Chilango ndi Zitsanzo za malamulo a boma amene amawonongetsa boma ndi maboma akwawo. Kuchotsedwa kuli kofala m'madera onga ngati kusamuka ndi kutsekedwa kwa banki.
  • Gwirikiti la Boma: Malo ambiri ovuta kumvetsetsa, monga ngati kuyankha tsoka, amaphatikizapo milingo yonse itatu. Pamene mphepo yamkuntho iphulika, boma lakumaloko limachitapo kanthu poyambirira, boma limagwirizanitsa zomangira za National Guard ndi boma, ndi FEMA (bungwe lolamulira) limapereka ndalama zothandizira ndi mgwirizano.

Ntchito ya Ndalama: Kupeza Ndalama Zokwanira

Msonkho ndi udindo wothandizana, koma mlingo uliwonse umadalira pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Boma limasonkhanitsa ndalama zambiri kuchokera ku misonkho ya malipiro a munthu payekha ndi kulipira misonkho ya pepala. Maboma amadalira kwambiri misonkho ya malonda ndi misonkho ya ndalama zimene boma limapereka. Maboma amadalira kwambiri misonkho ya katundu, misonkho ya malonda, ndi ndalama zoyendetsera malonda. Kusintha boma kumakhalanso kwakukulu: pafupifupi gawo lachitatu la boma ndi ndalama zimene boma limapereka. Malamulo apakati pa milingo ya mlingo — pa kufutukuka kwa Medicaid, ndalama zoyendetsera katundu, kapena chithandizo cha maphunziro — ndi mbali zopitirizabe za ndale zadziko za U.S.

Chiyambukiro Chenicheni cha Dziko pa Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Mautumiki a Mayanjano

Maprogramu a Federal onga Medicare (a achikulire) ndi Medicaid (a anthu osalandira ndalama zambiri) amakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko koma amaperekedwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi maboma. Affordcable Care Act ya boma ya misika ya zaumoyo (ACA) inafutukula malamulo a boma a malonda a inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo pamene ikusiya malamulo a boma a kulinganiza ndalama zawo ndi kufutukula Medicaid . Ku mlingo wa kumaloko, madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma amayang'anira katemera, kutumiza matenda, ndi mlikiniki ya zaumoyo. Mlikiti wa Covid inagogomezera kusamvana pakati pa chitsogozo cha boma ndi zigamu za boma ndi malamulo a .

Maphunziro

Maphunziro ndi thayo la boma ndi la kumaloko. Maboma amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, zikalata zoperekera makalata, ndi mayeso a kumaliza maphunziro. Masukulu a m'dzikolo amayang'anira sukulu, amalandira aphunzitsi, ndi kukweza misonkho ya katundu kuti apereke ndalama. Kuloŵetsedwamo — monga ngati Association Reseeds Act (ESA) — amapereka ndalama zoyendetsera ophunzira olandira ndalama zochepa ndi maphunziro apadera koma samalamulira madeti a maphunziro. Komabe, malamulo a ufulu wachibadwire amaletsa tsankho m’masukulu, ndi Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro kuletsa malamulo a ngongole za ophunzira ndi chithandizo cha ndalama.

Zoyendera Ndiponso Zinthu Zowonongeka

Boma limasunga ndalama zazikulu za misewu ya m’mayiko, mabwalo a ndege, ndi madongosolo a zaulendo kudzera ku Highway Trust Fund . United States ali ndi misewu ya boma ndi kuyang'anira ndi chakudya cha m'maprojekiti. Maboma a m'madera amayang'anira misewu ya m'mizinda, mabasi oyendera anthu onse ndi sitima zapansi panthaka, ndi njira zapanjinga za panjinga. Chigamulo cha kumanga mla watsopano kapena kukonza madzi aakulu kwenikweni amaphatikizapo msanganizo za malo omangira, boma limapatsa, ndi ndalama za boma (monga Infrablicractmentation Act of 2021)

Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse ndi Chilungamo

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma monga FBI amafufuza milandu ya boma, uchigaŵenga, ndi kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Apolisi a boma amayendera misewu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Apolisi a m’dzikolo ndi madipatimenti a boma ayankha mafoni 911 ndi kusamalira milandu yambiri ya m’misewu. Makhoti: Oweruza milandu ya boma ndi milandu ya boma; makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu yambiri ya boma, milandu yachiŵembu, kuukira boma, ndi nkhani za mabanja. Ndende: Ndende za boma zisunga oweruzidwa milandu ya boma; ndende zakumasunga milandu ya boma isanayambe kuweruzidwa ndi kuweruza milandu yachidule. Mabomawo — pa mabungwe a za malamulo, kuweruza kwa chamba, kukonza zachiweni, kukonzanso zinthu kapena kulangana kwa ndalama za mabanja.

Kugwirizana ndi Boma Lanu: Chitsogozo Chogwira Ntchito

Kusankha

Kutulutsa ndi mtundu wofunika kwambiri wa pangano. Masankho a Federal a Pulezidenti, Senators, ndi Oimira amachitika zaka ziŵiri zilizonse. Maboma ndi malo a kazembe, nyumba ya malamulo, meya, ndi bungwe la mzinda kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi chiyambukiro chapadera. Masankho ambiri a kumaloko amasungidwa pa masiku a kulembetsa kapena sapartistan, kutsogolera ku kutsika kwapansi. Gwiritsirani ntchito chuma chonga [FLD:0].gov's conchorretion project [ kupeza malo anu opakira, kufufuza masiku olembetsera, ndi kumvetsetsa zifunsiko za voti. Boma ndi makomiti a mavoti akwa akupereka chisankhoti.

Kulankhulana ndi Akuluakulu

Akuluakulu a boma ndi antchito awo amamvetsera anthu. Mungalembe, kuitana, kapena kutumiza makalata mamembala anu a Congress (ikani iwo ku [[FLT: 0] Conreg]. Chiŵalo cha chikalata cha boma ). Pankhani za boma, mungapeze wopanga malamulo ndi bwanamkubwa wanu. Pankhani za kumaloko, pezekani pa msonkhano wa mzinda kapena bungwe la bungwe la boma — ambiri amakhala ndi ndemanga zapoyera. Pamene mulankhulana ndi mkulu wa boma, khalani wolunjika, ndi wolunjika ponena za nkhaniyo ndi kachitidwe kamene mufuna (m. g., voti ya pa chikalata chapadera).

Kukhala ndi Mbali m’Misoko Yapoyera

Mabungwe a boma nthaŵi zonse amatchula malamulo amene aperekedwa (Acts of Refect Relagement.gov). Mabungwe a boma akupereka zilolezo za malo okhala, malamulo a zaumoyo, ndi makonzedwe a kayendedwe. Mabungwe olinganiza malo amapatsa anthu mpata wa kulankhula za kusintha kwa malo, maprojekiti a chitukuko, ndi zosankha za malo.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zogwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Maboma ambiri agwiritsa ntchito luso la zopangapanga kuti awonjezere kuonekera kwa zinthu. Amisinkhu ndi mphindi zambiri za misonkhano imaikidwa pa Intaneti; misonkhano yambiri imaikidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana. Mawebsite onga USA.gov amagwira ntchito monga yothandiza pa chidziŵitso cha m'mipata yonse. Maboma ndi maboma ali ndi madoko awoawo otseguka, kumene mungayendetse bajeti, ziŵerengero za upandu, ndi ntchito za kusukulu. Makampani a za makampani (zochitika za mabwana a mabwana, akazembe, ndi makampani) amapereka njira zenizeni zosinthira ndi mipata yolankhulira.

Kumaliza: Ntchito ya Nzika Yokangalika

Dongosolo la maulamuliro ogaŵanika ku United States lingaoneke ngati lakutali kapena losokoneza, koma nlopangidwa kuti likhale lofikirika. Kuchokera ku maholo a boma a Congress ku holo ya tauni yanu, boma ndilo gulu logwirizana lopanga zosankha zimene zikuvomereza — ngakhale ngati nlopanda ungwiro — ku zoloŵetsedwa ndi nzika. Kaya mukuchirikiza kaamba ka mpweya woyera, sukulu zabwino, makwalala, kapena msonkho wapamwamba, kudziŵa kuti ndi mlingo wanji wa boma umene uli ndi sitepe lamphamvu la ntchito yogwira ntchito. Mwa kuyankha, ndi kukhalabe wodziŵidwa, mumathandiza kutsimikizira kuti dongosololo likhale logwirizana ndi lonjezo lake: boma la anthu, ndi anthu, anthu, pamlingo uliwonse.