Chiyambi: Lupanga Lokhala ndi Thandizo la Kunja Lokhala ndi Zomangira

Chithandizo chakunja chidakali chimodzi cha ziŵiya zotsutsana kwambiri m'mayanjano apadziko lonse, makamaka pamene chilunjikitsidwa ku maulamuliro a authoritarianism. Pambali imodzi, chithandizo chingachepetse umphaŵi, kuwongolera zotulukapo za thanzi, ndi kuchirikiza zinthu zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu osoŵa. Icho, mosadziŵa chingawonjezere kupondereza maboma, kufooketsa zolinga za democracy, ndi ziphuphu. za zandale za chithandizo cha boma la auchiapolitiki m’maulamuliro a a auchiapolicy [[[FLTLT:1] n’zosalunjika kwambiri, zikufunikira kupendedwa kwa ndalama ndi kuyenderana kwa mphamvu za m'banja, zisonkhetso, ndi ntchito zaungwe za bungwe la bungwe. Nkhaniyi ikupereka kupenda kovomerezeka umboni ndi kochitidwa kuchokera kuzungulira padziko lonse.

Kufotokoza Chithandizo Chakunja: Choposa Ndalama

Chithandizo chakunja, chotchedwa Monign Development Arevition (ODA), , ziphatikizapo ndalama zobwereketsa, chithandizo cha zopereka, ndi chichirikizo cha mtundu wa boma lopereka, mabungwe a madera osiyanasiyana, ndi maziko aumwini. Zolinga zake zotchulidwazo zimaphatikizapo kupita patsogolo kwa zachuma, kuchepetsa umphaŵi, chithandizo, ndi kupititsa patsogolo ulamuliro wabwino. Komabe, chithandizo sichichitika kaŵirikaŵiri. Mayiko a boma amagwirizanitsa ndi mikhalidwe ya makampani, amalonda, kapena amalonda, ndi maboma amene amalandira makamaka aumphandu wa ndalama [1] Kuthandiza kwambiri kuti atumikire zolinga zawo.

Mtundu waukulu wa chithandizo ndi uwu:

  • Thandizo la bilibiteral – kusamutsidwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku boma lina kumka ku lina, kaŵirikaŵiri kogwirizana ndi kulinganiza kwa ndale zadziko.
  • [[MLT:0] Thandizo la muluteya [1] – loyendetsedwa ndi magulu onga World Bank, IMF, kapena mabungwe a UN, okhala ndi madesiki osiyanasiyana.
  • Thandizo la anthu amtundu wa munthu – chithandizo chamwadzidzidzi m'nthaŵi yamavuto, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zingachedwe kuchitika.
  • Thandizo la kampani [1] – ukatswiri ndi maphunziro, zimene zingachirikize mphamvu ya boma kapena kusokonezedwa kukulitsa kukhulupirika kwa boma.

Kuzindikira kulembedwa ndi kuyang'anira chithandizo n’kovuta chifukwa chakuti chithandizo chimaperekedwa motani zinthu mofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa zoperekedwa. M'madongosolo a authoritarianism, kusapezeka kwa mabungwe oyang'anira oonekeratu kumawonjezera ngozi yakuti chithandizo chikhale chiŵiya chothandizira anthu mmalo mwa chitukuko.

Mmene Magulu Othandiza Anthu Akuthandizira Anthu Akumayiko Ena ndi Atsogoleri

Maboma a boma akakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, andale amakhala ndi malire, malamulo opereŵera, ndiponso opondereza anthu otsutsa.

Kulimbitsa ndi Kuchepetsa Ndalama

Kufufuza kosasintha kwa sayansi yandale n’kwakuti chithandizo chachilendo chingaletse chitsutso. Mwachitsanzo, atsogoleri angagwiritse ntchito ndalama zothandizira anthu ovutika kwambiri. Zimenezi zimadziwika monga "''rouch" matembenuzidwe a chithandizo chakunja: monga momwe mafuta angachirikizire apolisi, mautumiki a luntha, ndi magulu ankhondo amene amatsendereza chitsutso. Mwachitsanzo, chithandizo cholinganizidwa kaamba ka zipatala zaumoyo chingamasule ndalama zimene boma limapereka kaamba ka kupondereza kwa boma. Chochitika chimenechi chimadziŵika monga "Reich" matembenuzidwe a chithandizo cha kumaiko akunja: monga momwe mafuta angachirikitsire chikhoze kutse chipani cha auchi, chomwenso sichingachotse chithandizo m'zo m'mapanga.

Kufufuza kokhala ndi maantitenti ochitidwa ndi akatswiri onga ngati Buenno de Mesquita ndi Smith (2009) asonyeza kuti chithandizo cha maautocracy chimapangitsa kuti boma likhalebe ndi mphamvu, makamaka pamene mtsogoleri ayang'anira kugaŵira ndalama. Zimenezi sizitanthauza kuti chithandizo chonse nchovulaza, koma ngozi imakhala yaikulu makamaka pamene njira zoŵerengera mlandu sizipezeka.

Kumvetsera ndi Elite Patronage

Atsogoleri audindo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito chithandizo kugula kukhulupirika pakati pa apamwamba, atsogoleri a mafuko, nduna zankhondo, ndi amalonda anzawo. Mwa kugaŵira mapangano a chithandizo, ntchito, ndi mautumiki mosankha, iwo angapange gulu la ochirikiza amene amadalira pa kupitirizabe kwa boma. Njira imeneyi yothandiza kuwonjezera kudalira kwa anthu apamwamba imachepetsa kuthekera kwa kupanduka ndi kuukira boma. Mwachitsanzo, ku Ethiopia pansi pa Meles Zenawi ndi Abiy Ahmed, chithandizo chachikulu kuchokera ku Westerns [1] Zipata za Chitchaina zokongola za Angle , zinaperekedwa kudzera mwa makampani ndi anthu otchuka opanga malonda ndi zigawo, kukhazikitsa ulamuliro kwa olamulira pamene akulamulira udzu.

Kupondereza Magulu Olamulira ndi Chiŵeniŵeni

Pamene kuli kwakuti maprogramu ena othandizira amayang'anira kuchirikiza chitaganya cha anthu ndi masinthidwe a democracy, chiyambukiro chawo m'zochitika za authoritarianism kaŵirikaŵiri nchochepa kapena nchosathandiza. Maboma nthaŵi zonse [[FLT: 0] amapanga malo ovomerezeka, coopt, kapena kutsendereza mabungwe amene amalandira ndalama zachilendo, kuwatcha kuti nthumwi zachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, ku Russia, lamulo linafuna kuti anthu alandire ndalama za kumaiko akunja kuti alembetsedwe monga "amphaka a ku ," kuletsa ntchito zawo. Mofananamo, ku Hungary ndi Turkey, olamulira a boma ndi makhoti atsutsa anthu a ku Western .

Ndiponso, chithandizo mosadziŵa chingafooketse magulu a demokalase mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira za kumaloko. Pamene opereka ndalama zamitundu yonse apereka ndalama zothandizira magulu otsutsa, maguluwo amataya kuyenera kwa dziko lawo ndipo angajambulidwe ngati zidole za anthu a ku Western. Zimenezi zinachitidwa ku Igupto pambuyo pa zipanduko za 2011, kumene U.S. adakhala poyambira kuukira boma la anthu kwa boma la boma lopinga kumbuyo kwa nkhondo.

Kusokonezeka kwa Chuma ndi Kufooka kwa Mabungwe

Chithandizo chakunja, makamaka ngati kupotoza kwakukulu kwa GDP ya dziko, kungasokoneze chuma cha dziko. Kungachititse kuyamikira kwa kusinthana kwa ndalama (Tchaola), kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha maboma kusonkhanitsa misonkho yapanyumba, ndi kupanga madongosolo ofanana amene amapotoza mabungwe a boma. M'maulamuliro ankhanza, kupotoza kumeneku kaŵirikaŵiri kumawonjezereka chifukwa kumayenda ndi gulu laling'ono lapamwamba loyang'anira anthu. Chotulukapo chingakhale chopanda umboni wapo kanthu.

Aid Translation imachepetsanso kuŵerengera kwa boma kwa nzika zake. Pamene mtsogoleri angakhoze kulipirira mautumiki a boma kupyolera mwa ndalama za kumaiko akunja mmalo mwa misonkho, nzika sizimafuna kuti asonyezedwe kapena asinthe malamulo. Ichi ] chiyambukiro cholembedwa bwino lomwe [1] m'makampani a otoma ndi mafuta, komanso chimagwiranso ntchito ku maiko okhala ndi zithandizo zowonjezereka zonga Rwanda, Uganda, ndi Bangladesh.

Kusintha kwa Ndale: Kusintha Zinthu, Kupanda Chilungamo, ndi Kupereka Zizindikiro

Kuzindikira ziyambukiro za ndale zadziko kumafuna kunyalanyaza njira zimene chithandizo chimagwirira ntchito. Zitatu zimawonekera: kudalira pa zinthu zina, kuseketsa, ndi kusonyeza zizindikiro.

Kusinthasintha kwa Zinthu: Nthano ya Kuvutika

Opereka ambiri amagwirizanitsa mikhalidwe ya chithandizo, monga ngati chilango chapanthaŵiyo, kuwongolera ufulu wa anthu, kapena masankho aulere. Komabe, maulamuliro a authoritarianism ali ndi luso kwambiri pa kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kuchotsa mfundo zapadera. Iwo angalonjeza kusintha kuti apeze zothetsa, kenaka kuchedwa kapena kubwezera. Ngakhale pamene mikhalidwe yachitika mwa dzina lokha, kaŵirikaŵiri imakhala yopanda kudalirika. Umboni wofufuzidwa, wopendedwa ndi [2004] [2004] [FLT], imapereka lingaliro lakuti chithandizo chamwakamodzi chimachirikiza kuperekedwa kwapadera m'zokhazi. M’malo mwake, umawoneka kukhala wothandiza pamene zichirikizidwa ndi mphamvu yandale ndi yosadalirika.

Kulephera: Kulephera Kumva

Ngakhale pamene operekawo ayesa kusonyeza chithandizo kaamba ka zifuno zenizeni [1] Kuphunzitsa, thanzi, chitetezo cha malo okhala, zingasinthidwe m'makonzedwe a boma. Madola mamiliyoni 100 opereka ndalama zomangitsira sukulu angalole boma kuchotsa ndalama zake zokwana madola 100 miliyoni kuti apereke ndalama zankhondo kapena kuchirikiza. Vuto limeneli losapiririka nlofala m'malo amene bajeti ili yosadalirika ndi yotsika. Kulimbana ndi zimenezo, opereka ndalama ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito madeti a ndalama zopimira kunkhondo, koma m'maautocracy amene amakana kusanthula, ichi kaŵirikaŵiri nchosatheka.

Chizindikiro: Aid monga Chiyeneretso cha Zandale Zadziko

Chithandizo chakunja chimaperekanso zizindikiro zamphamvu za ndale. Pamene wopereka woperekayo apereka chithandizo chachikulu kwa mtsogoleri wa authoritarianism, mtsogoleri ameneyo apeza kuyenera kwa dziko lonse ndi chisonyezero cha chivomerezo chimene chingagwiritsidwe ntchito m’banja kuletsa otsutsa. Magulu otsutsa amalimbana ndi nkhondo yaikulu pamene akutsutsana ndi boma limene likuchirikizidwa ndi anthu a ku Western kapena ku China mabiliyoni. Malamulowa (malamulo amodzi kapena osati [1] Ovomerezeka, ngakhale ovomerezedwa ndi maulamuliro apadziko lonse. Chiyambukiro chimenechi chimatchulidwa makamaka pamene chichirikizidwa pambuyo pa nyengo ya chilolezo kapena kutuluka, monga momwe kwawonedwa ku Myanmar (2011) ndi Ethiopia.

Kufufuza za Odwala: Aid Yochitapo Kanthu

Egypt: Ajeopolitic of aid for for for for for for for for for Armar

Egypt imalandira ndalama zoposa $1.3 biliyoni pachaka m'chithandizo cha nkhondo ku United States, choloŵa cha Kampu ya David Accons . Mosasamala kanthu za kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa ufulu wa anthu, boma la authoritarianism la Abdel Fattah el-Si lalandira chithandizo chimenechi nthaŵi zonse. Thandizo lagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa magulu ankhondo ndi kutsutsa, kuphatikizapo kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri, kuzunzidwa, ndi kugwetsedwa kwa ufulu wa anthu. [FLT: 0] Kupandukira U. S. chithandizo cha kupondereza zolinga za U. chalembedwa ndi mabungwe ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu. Komabe, oyang'anira zinthu za U. AS alephera kuthandiza pa kuwongolera ufulu wa anthu, akutchula zinthu zoyenerera monga mmene zingachitire ndi mtendere ndi Israyeli. Nkhani imeneyi yosonyeza kuyendetsa zinthu ndi kuyendetsa zinthu.

Rwanda: Kupita Patsogolo Kapena Mphamvu za Autocracy?

Rwanda pansi pa Paul Game imatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala chitukuko cha chipambano cha chipambano cha chuma . Chitukuko cha thanzi, ndi chiphuphu chochepa. Komabe ndi boma limodzi lokhala ndi ziletso zowopsa pa chitsutso cha ndale zadziko, zoulutsira nkhani, ndi anthu a m'dziko. Adona, kuphatikizapo UK, Sweden, ndi World Bank, apereka chithandizo cha madola mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri ku Rwanda, kutamanda chipambano chake. Komabe, chithandizo chimenechi chagwiritsiridwa ntchito [[FLT: 0] kuchirikiza ulamuliro wa Rwanda wa Patriotic Frocts [[FL:1]. Boma limagwiritsira ntchito chithandizo chopereka ntchito bwino ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito zopindulitsa, komanso kulamulira, kutsendereza, ndi mphamvu za m'mabungwe (g., pochirikiza kugalamulitsira m'dziko la United States.

Ethiopia: Aid Pakati pa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ndi Kutsenderezedwa

Ethiopia, pamene anatha kupha anthu a kumadzulo, analandira ndalama zoposa $4 biliyoni pachaka kuchokera ku U.S., EU, ndi ena m'ma 2010. Pansi pa Nduna Yaikulu Abiy Ahmed, dzikolo linayamba kuona mawonekedwe a democracy, koma kuyambira 2020 kum'tsogolo, boma linamenya nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni yankhanza ku Tirgy, ndipo lolembedwa kuti lichotseretu fuko ndi njala monga chida chankhondo. Mlandulo zambiri zofuna kuthandiza anthu wamba zinatsekedwa kapena kucheutsidwa ndi boma. [FLT:] Nkhondoyo inavumbula kulephera kwa kupereka chithandizo chachithandizo : opereka thandizo lopitirizabe kuthandiza ngakhale monga ngati nkhanza zochitidwa ndi boma. Vutolo linatsogolera kupendanso njira yothandiza anthu auchigawanitsa ndi kuukira boma, ndi akatswiri ena odziŵa zandale.

Chitsanzo cha China: Palibe Zingwe Zomatidwa?

China’s Belt ndi Road Initiative ndi bipateral ndi maprogramu a chithandizo amapereka chitsanzo china. Akuluakulu a ku China amapeŵa kwenikweni malamulo andale, kugogomezera kusayanjana ndi zochitika za m'banja. Izi zimachititsa chithandizo cha Chitchaina kukhala chokopa ku maulamuliro a authoritarianism ofuna ziŵiya za ndalama popanda kukakamiza kuposerapo. Komabe, umboni umasonyeza kuti chithandizo cha China chimalimbitsanso olamulira a a kampani mwa kuwapatsa ntchito zapamwamba zimene zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito pothandiza anthu, ndi kubwereketsa maulamuliro amene akuyang'anira ku Western. Zopereka zandale za Chitchaina zimaphunziridwa mowonjezereka, ndi kufufuza kuti [[FLT:] chitukutso cha democracy [FLD .[FLD]] [FLD]]

Mapindu Othekera: Pamene Aid igwira Ntchito m’Mavesi a Authoritarian

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto, thandizo la mayiko ena silingathe kusokoneza ndale, koma ngati pali zinthu zina zimene zingatithandize:

  • Kutsimikizira anthu kukhala bwino [[FLT :1] – ntchito zaumoyo ndi zamaphunziro zimapulumutsa miyoyo ndi kuwonjezera likulu la anthu, ngakhale pansi pa maulamuliro opondereza. Mwachitsanzo, ndawala zothandizira akatemera ku Afghanistan pansi pa Taliban (pambuyo pa 2021) zinafikira mamiliyoni.
  • Kusintha kwa technocrates [[FT:1] - maboma ena a authoritarianism amapanga masinthidwe a zopangapanga (m., kukhazikitsa msonkho, kuyendetsa kwamakono) kumene kungakulitse mphamvu ya boma ndi kuonekera kwa zinthu, kuyambitsa mawonekedwe a mtsogolo.
  • Akhazikitsa malo a chitaganya – kugwiritsira ntchito kwa maluso kutetezera magulu opatulidwa, kuchirikiza zoulutsira nkhani zaumwini m’malo opapatiza, kapena kulemba kusayenera kwa ufulu wa anthu kungathere polamulira ulamuliro wa authoritarianism, ngati operekawo akugwira ntchito mwanzeru ndi ndi mabwenzi awo akumaloko.
  • Kukhazikika kwamphamvu [[FLT :1] – M'mayiko ofooka, chithandizo chingatetezere kugwetsedwa kwa boma, zimene zingadzetse zotsatirapo zoipa kwambiri, kuphatikizapo nkhondo, njala, kapena kusokonezeka kwa madera.

Chinsinsi nchakuti mapindu ameneŵa amadalira pa kulinganiza kwanzeru, kuyang'anira kokhwima, ndi kumvetsetsa kwenikweni kwa mphamvu za ndale zadziko . Kuyembekezera motsimikiza za mphamvu ya thandiza kaŵirikaŵiri kumasintha.

Maupandu Abweranso: Umboni Wochuluka

Upandu wopambanitsa ndi wakuti chithandizo chakunja chifutukula moyo wa maulamuliro a authoritarianism. Maphunziro a m'makompyuta, kuphatikizapo kuwonjezera mameta-alysis ndi Heinrich ndi Loftis (20) , amapeza chigwirizano chachikulu pakati pa chithandizo m'makampani ndi zaka za boma zokhalitsa. Malusowo ali omveka bwino: chithandizo chimawonjezera zinthu zopezeka kaamba ka kuwonjezera misonkho ndi kuchepetsa, kuchepetsa msonkho wa ma-DP, ndi kupereka kuyenerera kwa mitundu yonse. Kuwonjezera apo, chithandizo chingapezeke kuchokera ku malonda a m'banja ndi malonda a boma. [FLT.FLD:], kupanga chuma chimene chimadalira pa kukula kwa maiko ena.

Upandu wina ndiwo kuopsa kwa makhalidwe kwa opereka. Pamene chithandizo chipitirizabe mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe wa boma, boma la authoritarianism limaphunzira kuti icho chingaswe ufulu wa anthu, kuba masankho, kapena kuukira anansi popanda kutaya chichirikizo cha ndalama. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kukhulupirika kwa opereka ku ulamuliro wa demokrase ndi zoyenera za anthu, kufooketsa dongosolo la maiko onse.

Kufuna Kupereka Malamulo

Kwa maboma ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana opanga njira zothandizira anthu, umboni umasonyeza mfundo zingapo zimene zingathandize:

  1. Kusanthula kwa ndale zadziko kwachikhumbo asanalembe ndalama zambiri. Chindikirani amene amalamulira chithandizo akuyenda, mmene amayenderana ndi mphamvu za magetsi zakumaloko, ndi kaya mikhalidwe ingasungidwe.
  2. Gwiritsirani ntchito njira zoonekera, zokhoza kusinthika kuti muchepetse kusanguluka. Kusamutsira ndalama kwa nzika (monga m'maprogramu oyendetsa ndege ku Kenya ndi India) kunyalanyaza ulamuliro wa boma ndi kukulitsa kuŵerengera kwa mayanjano.
  3. Thandizo la kukhazikitsa monga mbali ya njira yokulirapo yomwe imaphatikizapo kukambirana, ziletso, ndi kuchirikiza chitaganya cha anthu odziimira. Aid yokha siingasinthe ulamuliro wa boma; iyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi zipangizo zina.
  4. Khalani wofunitsitsa kuwopseza ndi kusungitsa malamulo oikidwiratu pamene mipata yowonekera bwino ya zoyenera za anthu itsatiridwa. Thandizo lopumulitsa silingagwire ntchito nthaŵi zonse, koma chiwopsezocho chingasinthe kuŵerengera kwa boma.
  5. Kuthandiza njira zakumaloko zoŵerengera mlandu monga kupenda kwaumwini, kujambula kwa boma, ndi kuyang’anira chitaganya. Zimenezi zingathandize kutsimikizira kuti chithandizo chifikire opindulitsa mmalo mwa zopereka za boma.

Cholinga sichiyenera kukhala kuletsa chithandizo chonse ku maulamuliro a authoritarianism − “‘ kusamuka koteroko kungavulaze anthu osatetezereka — koma kusintha maluso othandizira kuchepetsa ngozi ya kutsendereza maatomalcracy pamene kukuwonjezera mapindu akukula.

Kumaliza: Kuyang’ana ku Chilukiro cha Aid cha Machenjera a Zandale

Ziyambukiro za ndale zadziko za chithandizo chachilendo m'maulamuliro a authoritarianism nzowopsa ndi zodabwitsa. Aid ikhoza kupulumutsa moyo ndi kuchirikiza kupondereza, kupatsa nzika mphamvu ndi kulimbikitsa otsendereza awo. Umboni wochokera ku Igupto, Rwanda, Ethiopia, ndi kupyola pulogalamu ya ndale zadziko uli njira yothandizira kubweretsa zotulukapo zosayembekezereka. Opanga a gulu la opanga ayenera kusiya chinyengo chakuti chithandizo ndicho luso la zopanga kapena chandale. Mmalomwake, ayenera kuvomereza njira yodziŵira [[FLT: 0] yodziŵikiridwa ndi chidziŵitso cha zandale imene imavomereza mmene imathandizira ndi zisonkhezero zapamwamba, chifooko, ndi mphamvu ya asmmetge.

Pomalizira pake, chithandizo chachilendo sichili chabwino kapena choipa mwachibadwa kwa demokrase. Ziyambukiro zake zimadalira pa mmene imalinganizidwira, kuperekedwa, ndi kuyang'aniridwa [1]. Kwa awo odzipereka kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu ndi ulamuliro wa demokrase, ntchito ndiyo kubwezeretsa chithandizo cha anthu ndi kukonzanso ndi anzawo a m'dzikolo, kukhazikitsa mizera yofiira, ndi kulimbitsa anthu a m’dzikolo.