Kuzindikira malire a ulamuliro wa boma ndi maziko a unzika wodziŵa bwino. Kupatsa anthu mphamvu zozindikira ufulu wawo, kukwaniritsa maudindo awo, ndi kuteteza mwamphamvu malamulo a demokrase amene amalamulira. Popanda chidziŵitso chimenechi, nzika zimaika moyo pachiswe kuyang’anira anthu aulamuliro, kulola kuti ufulu womasintha pang’onopang’ono umene umasonyeza kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu.

Lingaliro la Mphamvu ya Boma

Mphamvu ya boma imalozera ku ulamuliro wovomerezeka woperekedwa m’mabungwe kupanga ndi kusungitsa malamulo, kulamulira makhalidwe, kupereka mautumiki a anthu onse, ndi kusungitsa dongosolo. Ulamuliro umenewu umachokera ku chivomerezo cha maziko chokhazikitsidwa mu Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha ndi Konsichushoni. Mphamvu ya boma siiri yotheratu; ilipo kutumikira anthu, osati kuwalamulira.

Ochirikiza ndale zadziko onga John Locke ndi Montesquieu anasonkhezera kwambiri opanga maulansi a Amereka, amene anapanga dongosolo limene limapatsa mphamvu zokwanira kulamulira bwino pamene akusunga ulamuliro wokulira kwa anthu. Lingaliro la ulamuliro wotchuka likunena kuti mphamvu yotheratu iri m’manja mwa nzika, ndipo boma limagwiritsira ntchito kokha zimene zaperekedwa kwa iwo.

Magwero a Mphamvu za Boma

  • Constigational Manday: Malamulo a U.S. amatchula mphamvu zakutizakuti zoperekedwa ku boma la boma, pamene Kusintha kwa Kusintha kwa Kutenga Maulamuliro A khumi kumasunga maulamuliro ena onse kwa maboma kapena anthu.
  • Administray Administration: Congress imakhazikitsa malamulo amene amapanga mabungwe ndi kuvomereza zochita mkati mwa malamulo.
  • Outh Orders ndi Malamulo Oyang'anira: Prezidenti ndi mabungwe a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo kupyolera mwa zitsogozo ndi malamulo, ngakhale kuti ameneŵa ayenera kukhalabe m'ziyeneretso ndi malamulo.
  • Khoti la Chipulumutso: limamasulira malamulo ndi Konsichushoni, kuumba mbali yeniyeni ya ulamuliro wa boma pa nthaŵi.

Mitundu ya Mphamvu za Boma

  • Mphamvu ya Chilamulo: Ulemu wa kulemba, kupeta, ndi malamulo a nyukiliya. Mu United States, mphamvu imeneyi yaikidwa m'Congress (Atulenti I ya Malamulo).
  • Mphamvu Yolamulira: Udindo wa kusungitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo. Wochitidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi mabungwe a boma (Article II).
  • Mphamvu ya judicial: Ulemu wakumasulira malamulo, mikangano yophikira, ndi kupenda lamulo la malamulo la zochita za boma (Article III).

Maziko a Malamulo ndi Zolephera

Olemba malamulo, ochenjera ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba pambuyo pa zokumana nazo zawo mu ulamuliro wa Briteni, anakhazikitsa mitu yambiri ya malire m’makonzedwe enieni a boma.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Mphamvu imagawidwa pakati pa nthambi zitatu zosiyana , zolamulira, ndi zachiweruzo . Nthambi iliyonse yomwe ili ndi ulamuliro wakeyake. Palibe nthambi imodzi imene ingachite ntchito zonse za boma. Kupatukana kumeneku kumaletsa nthambi imodzi kulamulira ndipo kumafuna kugwirizana pa zochita zazikulu, monga ngati kukhazikitsa malamulo kapena kuyambitsa nkhondo.

Magulu Ogwirizana

Malamulo amagawa mphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma a boma. Uchifumu wamitundu iŵiri umenewu umatanthauza kuti boma la boma lili ndi mphamvu zokhazo zimene zinatchulidwa m'Bungwe la Malamulo (m’chitsanzo, kuyang'anira malonda a dziko limodzi, kupanga ndalama, kuyendetsa malamulo achilendo). Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa mbali zonga maphunziro, lamulo laupandu, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nthaka, zogonjera ku malamulo a boma. Maulamuliro a Tenuth Amendment amachirikiza kuti maulamuliro osaperekedwa ku United States asungidwe ndi maboma kapena anthu.

Mlanduwo wa Ufulu

Kusintha koyambirira kwa khumi ku Malamulo, kowonjezeredwa mu 1791, kukhazikitsa ufulu wachindunji wa munthu aliyense payekha umene boma linganyalanyaze. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ufulu wa kulankhula, kusindikiza, chipembedzo, kusonkhana, ndi kuchonderera (Kukonzanso Koyamba); kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi zida (Mpambo wa Kukonzanso Malamulo); kutetezera ku ku kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kudwala kopambanitsa; ndi zoyenera za oimbidwa mlandu (Mpalamula, Sikisi, Sikisi, ndi Mapesetisi a Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chiŵiri).

" Maulamuliro amene sanapatsidwe ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena kuletsedwa ndi iwo ku United States, asungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. — Demetrimenti [[FLT :2]

Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika pa Ntchito

Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imene imakhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri ndipo kuti ntchito ya boma imakhala yodziŵerengera ku malo osiyanasiyana a ulamuliro.

Malamulo Ofufuza pa Bungwe Loyang’anira ndi Lolemba

  • .O kutengera Veto : Congress ingapereke chikalata pa wilden wireto ndi unyinji wa matatu aŵiri m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri.
  • Kufufuza: Nyumba ingachotse akuluakulu a boma (kuphatikizapo Pulezidenti ndi oweruza) kaamba ka "Upandu Waukulu ndi Misdemeor"; Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsogolera kuzenga mlandu ndipo ingawachotse mwa mavoti aŵiri chitatu.
  • Kuvomereza ndi Kuvomereza: Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti (ziŵalo za kabinete, oweruza a boma, akazembe) ndi kukhazikitsa mapangano.
  • Mphamvu ya magetsi: Congress imalamulira ndalama zimene boma limawononga ndipo ikhoza kululuza njira za akuluakulu a boma.
  • Court Eccreation: Congress imapanga makhoti ang'onoang'ono a boma ndi kugamulapo mphamvu yawo, ngakhale kuti siingathetse khoti Lapamwamba.

Akuluakulu Afufuza Malamulo ndi Nyumba ya Oimba

  • Mphamvu: Prezidenti angakane malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, kukakamiza kupendanso.
  • Mphamvu ya Prado: Pulezidenti angapereke chikhululukiro ndi kubwezera milandu ya boma, kupereka cheke pa khoti.
  • Kupereka Malamulo: Prezidenti ali ndi luntha m'kukhazikitsa malamulo, amene angachedwetse kapena kutumizanso zolinga za malamulo.
  • Kuikidwa kwa Oweruza: Prezidenti asankha oweruza a boma, kuumba malingaliro a jadiary.

Oweruza Amafufuza Malamulo ndi Ukulu

  • [[FLT: 0] Judicial Review: [[FLT :1] Makhoti angalengeze malamulo osagwirizana (okhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison , 1803 ).
  • Makhoti omasulira tanthauzo la malamulo, amene angayambukire kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ndi ukulu wawo.
  • Kugamula kwa Machitidwe Olamulira: Makhoti angakantha malamulo a akuluakulu kapena mabwalo amene amaposa ulamuliro wa lamulo kapena wa malamulo.

Dongosolo limeneli silili langwiro − kugaŵikana kwandale zadziko ndi kuikidwa kwa bungwe kungalisokoneze — koma lidakali chitetezo chachikulu cha kuunjikana kwa mphamvu kosaletseka.

Ntchito ya Nzika m’Demokrase

Kuvomereza ulamuliro wa boma kosaloledwa kumafuna kuti anthu achenjerere; kukhala ndi phande kwachangu kumatsimikizira kuti oyambitsawo anali osamala kwambiri pa boma.

Kutulutsa madzi

Kulankhula kuli njira yachindunji kwambiri imene nzika zimasonkhezera boma. Pa mlingo wa kumaloko, boma, ndi dziko, masankho amasankha amene ali ndi udindo ndi malamulo amene akutsatiridwa. Nzika ziyenera kuvota osati m'masankho apamwamba okha a pulezidenti komanso m'mipikisano yotsika ya Congress, mabwalo a malamulo a boma, zoweruza, ndi makomiti a sukulu. Wowhota nthaŵi zambiri amalola zikondwerero zapadera kulamulira, kutsogolera ku malamulo amene sangasonyeze chifuniro cha anthu onse.

Kukhala Wakhama Ndiponso Kukhala ndi Udindo Wothandiza

Pambuyo pa kuvota, nzika zingagwirizane ndi magulu a oweruza, kupezeka pamisonkhano ya m’holo ya tauni, kulemba makalata kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa, ndi kukhala ndi phande m’zisonyezero zamtendere. Magulu onga American Libereties Union (ACLU]), Common Change , ndi [[FLT] BRENAN Center ya Chikalata cha Chilungamo cha Woweruza [ amagwira ntchito kutetezera ufulu wosankha, chionetsero, kuonekera kwa mphamvu, ndi malamulo a. Opatukirapo angachirikize kapena kugwirizana ndi magulu ameneŵa kuti adziwitse mawu awo.

Kukhalabe Wodziŵa

Nzika zodziŵa bwino kwambiri ndizo chitetezo chopambana kwa boma lochenjeredwa. Izi zimatanthauza kulengeza nkhani kuchokera ku magwero osiyanasiyana, odalirika, kumvetsetsa malamulo amakono, ndi kudziŵa malamulo a malamulo. Chuma cha maphunziro monga Consitution Annowment (kuchokera ku Laibulale ya Congress) kupereka mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane a pepala lililonse. Nzika ziyeneranso kupenda maprogramu a kufufuza, malangizo a akuluakulu a boma, ndi zilengezo zamwayi.

Kumvetsa Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense

Kudziwa zoyenera n’kofunika kwambiri pozindikira pamene boma layamba kupondereza ufulu wa anthu. Buku la Bill of Rights ndi kusintha kotsatirapo (kuphatikizapo njira yoyenerera ya 144 Demendment ndi ziganizo zoteteza) zimalongosola ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha umene boma liyenera kuulemekeza.

Kusintha Koyamba kwa Malamulo

  • [[MLT: 0] Ufulu wa Kulankhula: imatetezera kalankhulidwe ka malingaliro, ngakhale osakhala achilendo, kusanthula boma. Komabe, si kulankhula konse kumene kumatetezeredwa (m’jere, kusonkhezera chiwawa, kuipitsa).
  • Ufulu wa Manyuzipepala: imatsimikizira kuti zoulutsa nkhani zingapereke lipoti la zochita za boma popanda chiletso, kutheketsa anthu kuŵerengera akuluakulu a boma.
  • Ufulu wa Chipembedzo: imakhazikitsa boma la chipembedzo ndi kutetezera kutsata kwaufulu kwa chikhulupiriro.
  • Kuyenera kusonkhanitsa ndi Kupempha: imachinjiriza kukhoza kwa kusonkhanitsa mwamtendere ndi kufuna zobwezeretsera ku boma.

Kuyenera Kukhala Wekha

Pamene kuli kwakuti liwu lakuti "prigacy" silikupezeka m'Malamulo, Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuyenera kwautali kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi kochokera ku Malamulo Oyamba, Achitatu, Achinayi, Achisanu, ndi Anthren Amendments . Kuyenera kumeneku kumatetezera kuloŵerera kwa boma kosalingalira m’moyo wa munthu, kuphatikizapo m'madera onga kubereka, ukwati, ndi zosankha za zamankhwala. Kusintha kwachinayi kwa malamulo a kutetezera ku kusanthula kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njiru, kufunidwa ndi zifukwa zothekera.

Kukonza Zinthu Moyenera

Malamulo achisanu ndi 14 amatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene adzakhala "wopangika ndi moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo . Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo zonse ziŵiri njira zofunikira (makonzedwe a ndege, chidziŵitso, ndi kumva) ndi njira zofunikira (kutetezeredwa pa kachitidwe kodzifunira ka boma). Malamulo a Sikisite Demendment amatsimikizira ufulu m'mabwalo aupandu: kuzenga mlandu mofulumira ndi kwa anthu, komiti yopanda tsankho, kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu, ndi kukhoza kuyang’anizana ndi mboni.

Kuzindikira Kugonjetsa Kopambanitsa kwa Boma

Boma limachenjerera ngati boma lichita zinthu mopitirira malamulo a boma kapena malamulo awo, kaŵirikaŵiri modzionetsera kuti ndilo chitetezo cha dzikolo, thanzi la anthu, kapena kuti n’lofunika kwambiri.

Zitsanzo Zakale

  • [[FLT: 0] Alien ndi Sedition Machitidwe (1798): [[FLT :1] adakhazikitsa boma kumanga kapena kuchotsamo anthu osakhala apadera omwe analingaliridwa kukhala "oopsa" ndi kusuliza boma. Machitidwe ameneŵa anatha kapena anapekedwa pambuyo pa kubwezera kwapoyera.
  • Chijapani cha American Internament (4219496): Pansi pa Lamulo la Uyang’aniro 9066, Aamereka a ku Japan oposa 120,000 anasamutsidwira ku misasa mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Dziko II, mosasamala kanthu za umboni wa kusakhulupirika. Khoti Lapamwambalo pambuyo pake linavomereza kuswedwa kwa ufulu wa anthu.
  • PARITIOT Act (2001): Mphamvu zowonjezereka za boma zoyang’anira, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ndandanda za anthu popanda chifukwa chomveka ndi kupezeka kwa zolembedwa zaumwini, kuyambitsa mkangano wopitirizabe wokhudza chitetezo cha dziko lonse ndi zachinsinsi.

Nkhaŵa Zamakono

  • Maprogramu a programu a [1] Omwe anavumbulidwa ndi Edward Snowden anasonyeza kuchuluka kwa mitu ya matelefoni ndi njira zolankhulirana za pa intaneti. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusintha kwa pambuyo pake kunachepetsa zopereka zambiri, nkhaŵa zikupitirizabe za kuyang'anira kosatsimikizirika pansi pa Chigawo 702 cha Foreign Intelligence Surveilnce Act.
  • Olamulira Ofutukula Ulamuliro: Maulamuliro agwiritsira ntchito mowonjezereka malamulo a akuluakulu kupanga malamulo popanda chivomerezo cha bungwe, kudzutsa mafunso onena za malire a mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe.
  • Mphamvu za Kubisa: Act ya National Emerpotutions imalola mapresidenti kulengeza zangozi ndi kutsegulira mphamvu zapadera; otsutsa atsutsa ulamuliro umenewu wagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka zonulirapo za lamulo zogwirizana ndi ngozi zenizeni.
  • Kutsenderezedwa kwa Kusavomereza: Nthaŵi zina, kusungitsa lamulo kwagwiritsira ntchito njira zolamulira gulu zimene zimachepetsa chitsutso chamtendere, ndi kuyang’anira makampani a za mayanjano a boma kumawonjezera nkhaŵa.

Zimene Zikusonyeza Kuti Apambana Mopitirira Muyeso

  • [[ML:0] Kufufuza kwa m'''actival: Kuyang'anira popanda kukayikira kwaumwini kapena uyang'aniro wachiweruzo.
  • Kusasunga lamulo: kugwira anthu popanda malipiro, popanda uphungu, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito ndende zosalekeza.
  • Kutsendereza kwa Kusavomereza: Kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo kuukira otsutsa andale zadziko, otsutsa, kapena atolankhani.
  • Kutsutsa Malamulo Oweruza: Zigamulo za khoti kapena kulephera kugwirizana ndi apapa.
  • Malamulo okhwima kwambiri amene amapatsa akuluakulu nzeru angagwiritsidwe ntchito mosankha magulu osayanjidwa.

Mmene Mungachitire ndi Boma Lolamulira

Anthu akazindikira kuti achita zinthu mochenjera, amakhala ndi zipangizo zowathandizira kuti asinthe malamulo a boma kuti asinthe.

Oimira Ophunzitsidwa

Okambirana angatchule, kutumiza makalata, kapena kukumana ndi mamembala awo a Congress ndi opanga malamulo a boma. Momvekera bwino fotokozani nkhaŵayo, tchulani malamulo kapena zochita, ndi kupempha kumvetsera kapena kupempha lamulo lowongolera. Ngakhale wailesi yaing'ono ya oimira

Kumenyana ndi Malamulo ndi Kuwadzudzula

Mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amaimba mlandu boma kuti litsutse machitachita osagwirizana ndi malamulo. Nzika zingachirikize nkhani zoterozo za ndalama kapena, ngati ziyambukiridwa mwachindunji, kugwirizana monga ofufuza. Malamulo monga . Kapupuler .Amnesty International (2017]) ndi [FLT] [FLT] [[FLT]] [2] ACLUBU v. NALT [F:3] Yayesa kuweruza kwalamulo kwa maprogramu a ukalonda. Khoti Lapamwamba la m' [FLT:] FC].[12]

Kutsutsa Kwamtendere ndi Maphunziro a Anthu Onse

Zizindikiro, masiteshoni, ndi kuphunzitsa ndi kusonkhezera anthu ndi kukulitsa chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko. Gulu la Occupy, Black Live Matter , ndi Malichs anasonyeza mmene kusonkhanitsa anthu ochuluka kungakakamizire nkhani za dziko. Komabe, nthaŵi zonse, amakhalabe amtendere; chiwawa chimachepetsa kuyenera ndi kuitanira boma kusweka.

Kuchirikiza Magulu Oyang’anira ndi Zoulutsira Nkhani

Magulu onga ACLU, Ebecronic Foundation (EFF) , ndi Project on Goversement (POGO) imayang'anira ntchito za boma ndi kuchirikiza kuonekera. Magazine a Independent ndi oulutsa (m', Pentagon Papers, Snowden Recording) amapereka chidziŵitso chotsutsa chimene nzika zimafunikira kukhala ndi mphamvu.

Dziŵani Zoyenera Zanu ndi Kuzifotokoza

Ngati apolisi aona kuti anthu a boma ali ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zina, ayenera kudziwa ufulu wawo: kukhala chete, kuyenera kwa loya, ndi kukana kufunsira. Kukhala wodekha, waulemu, ndi wolimba kungateteze poteteza malo alamulo. Mabungwe monga ACLU amapereka makhadi a "bult" ndi otsogolera pa zochitika zina.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma sasintha kapena kudzilamulira okha. Iwo amafuna kukhala maso nthaŵi zonse kwa nzika zodziŵa ndi zokangalika. Mwakumvetsetsa dongosolo la malamulo, kuzindikira zizindikiro za kuchenjera, ndi kudziŵa mmene angachitire bwino, anthu angakwaniritse mbali yawo monga otetezera ufulu. Democracy si maseŵera ongofuna kuphatikizidwa, kufunsa, ndi kutsutsa nthaŵi zina. M'nyengo ya ulamuliro womakulakulakula, kuyang'anira, ndi kutsata, kufuula ntchito ya boma sikunakhaleko kofulumira. Mphamvu, nzika zingatsimikizire kuti boma likhalebe mtumiki, osati mbuye wa anthu aufulu.