Chiyambi: Mtendere Papepala, Kuumirira Pansi

Pamene Good Wear Agreement (GFA) inasainidwa mu April 1998, inalonjeza kuthetsa nkhondo ya mampatuko ya zaka makumi ambiri yodziŵika monga Nkhondo ku Northern Ireland. Chipangano cha mbiri yakale chinakhazikitsa boma lochotsa mphamvu zamphamvu, lotetezera ufulu wa anthu, ndi kuika maziko a kugwirizana kwa pakati pa mtanda wa ofera. Malo ambiri a m’mizinda monga Belfast ndi Derry / Londrendry, panganolo linabweretsa masinthidwe atsopano , nyumba zomangidwa, ndi kutha kwa chiwawa. Komabe m'zitunda zotalikira, mafamu akutali, ndi msika waung'ang'ono wa ku Northern Ireland, kupangidwa kwa GFA, kutsata kwa magawo ambiri, ndi kupikisana kwa GFA kwatsatira, ndi kupikisana, kosiyana.

Midzi yakumidzi . Kugwirizana pafupifupi 35% ya anthu a ku Northern Ireland . imayang'anizana ndi zopinga zimene zimasokoneza njira ya mtendere. Kudzipatula kwa geographic, mavuto aakulu a zachuma, malire ampatuko okhazikika, ndi kuchepa kwa ndalama za boma kwachepetsa kutembenuza kwa mapangano andale kukhala zinthu zenizeni. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mavuto osiyanasiyana ogwiritsa ntchito Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu ku Northern Ireland, ikufufuza mmene mavuto ameneŵa akukhudzira anthu a m’madera akuderalo, ndi kufotokoza njira zotsimikizirika zokwaniritsira pangano lonse la mizindayi.

Kuchokera Pachipangano Chabwino Lachisanu ndi Zovuta Zake za Kumidzi

Magulu Opangira Mphesa

Good Wearth Agreement (imenenso imadziwika kuti Chipangano cha Belfast) inali ntchito ya zaka za kukambirana pakati pa maboma a Britain ndi Ireland, ndi zipani za ndale zazikulu ku Northern Ireland. Mabungwe ake anaphatikizapo Msonkhano wa ku Northern Ireland wokhala ndi mphamvu zolamulira, Msonkhano wa Utumiki wa Kumpoto-kumpoto wolimbikitsa kugwirizana ndi Republic of Ireland, ndi Bungwe la Britain-Irish logwirizanitsa maboma onse a zisumbu. Pambali pa chitaganya, panganolo linali “kulemekezana kwa madera aŵiri aakulu (omwe ndi Aprotesitanti) ndi a dziko lonse (omwe ndi Akatolika kwambiri) ndi kukhazikitsa Bungwe la ufulu wa Anthu ndi bungwe la Eunity Commission .

N’zofunikanso kuti GFA ikhale ndi cholinga chosintha apolisi, kutulutsidwa koyamba kwa akaidi a asilikali, kuchotsa zida, ndi kulengedwa kwa dongosolo latsopano lochitira ndi choloŵa cha chiwawa. Ngakhale kuti njira zimenezi zinakonzedwa kuti zisinthe dera lonselo, kukafika kwawo kunali kosiyana. Kumadera akumidzi, ndi kuchepa kwa anthu, kuyang'anitsitsa kwa asilikali, ndi kugwirizana kwambiri ndi malo a chikhalidwe, kaŵirikaŵiri kukumana ndi kusintha kumeneku kusiyana ndi malo a m'tauni. Boma linakhalabe ku Belfast, kutanthauza kuti kutumiza malamulo kunali kofunika kwambiri kwa anthu a m'madera akutali.

N’chifukwa Chiyani Anthu Amakhala M’midzi?

Kumadera akumidzi a ku Northern Ireland sikwakupanda kanthu. Kuli ndi “makoma a mtendere” a mayanjano , mizere yosawoneka yolekanitsa Aprotestanti ndi Akatolika okhala pafupi, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsata malire a tchalitchi cha mbiri yakale. M’midzi yambiri, sukulu, tchalitchi, ndi nyumba za anthu imakhalabe malo amodzi. Chuma cha m’madera akumidzi chimadalira kwambiri pa ulimi, maulendo, ndi kukonza zinthu zapatali, zonse zimene zinavutika kwambiri m'nthaŵi ya mavuto ndipo zayang'anizana ndi kuchira pang'onopang'ono kwa post - 1988. Ndiponso, malo oyendera zinthu za m'dziko kaŵirikaŵiri n’ngosauka, ndi mautumiki a anthu a boma ndi misewu yochepa imene imachotsa mipando kuchokera ku madera. Zinthu zimenezi zimachititsa malo okhala ndi malo okhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana kumene GFA a mtendere ndi ogwirizana angamvere ndi ogwirizana.

Mavuto a Kukwaniritsa Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu m’Madera Akumidzi a Northern Ireland

Kudzipatula kwa Malo ndi Kugwirizana Koipa

Midzi ya kumidzi yoŵerengeredwa m'madera monga Fermanagh, Tyrone, ndi kummwera kwa Armagh imachokera ku Belfast. Kutali kumeneku kumapanga chopinga cha kuyendera mautumiki a boma, kupezeka pa zochitika zogwirizana, kapena kungochita nawo za ndale zadziko. Mwachitsanzo, maofesi a ku Northern Ireland oyendera akukhala m’matauni aakulu; anthu a m'makhwalala akutali ayenera kupanga maulendo aatali kuti akumane ndi oimira awo kapena kutumiza ndandanda. M’nthaŵi ya Nthenda zambiri, misewu yambiri ya kumidzi inaikidwa ndi makampani oyendera malo ena oletsedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti malo ofufuzirako apita kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuchokera pamene kutha, lingaliro la kupatulidwa.

Chibalo ndi mafoni ndi magalimoto zidakali zotha ntchito zambiri, zikuchepetsa mautumiki a anthu onse ndi zipangizo za pa Intaneti zogwirizanitsa. Northern Ireland Rural Bublics Unividice ndi Research Hub [1] zalemba kuti anthu akumidzi sangakhale ndi vuto kwambiri kugwiritsira ntchito madoko a boma pa Intaneti, chifukwa cha kugwirizanitsa. Kugawidwa kwa makompyuta kumawonjezera malingaliro a kukhala kumbuyo m'dongosolo la mtendere, kumene kumadalira kwambiri pa mapulatifomu a pangano la ukwati ndi ziwiya zamakono.

2. Kusakhazikika kwa Zachuma ndi Kukhupuka

Vuto la zachuma ndilo vuto lalikulu limene limafooketsa kukhazikitsa mtendere. Kumadera akumidzi Northern Ireland kuli ndi kuchuluka kwa ulova kuposa madera a m’mizinda, kumene anthu ambiri amadalira pa ntchito za nyengo kapena malonda a m'madera ena amene anasokonezedwa kwambiri panthaŵi ya nkhondo. Kugulitsa makampani a Post-GFA kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Belfast ndi Derry / Londonderry, kusiya madera akumidzi opanda ntchito zambiri zokonza ndi zoyendetsera ntchito. Kutsekedwa kwa masiteshoni a apolisi a m’midzi ndi zipinda za asilikali [1] Mbali yofunika ya chitetezo chachibadwa cha anthu ku Belfast ndi Derry ndi Londrenderry , kuchotsanso bwanam'ka a m'midzi ina.

Choloŵa cha Mavuto chikumvedwa mwachuma: Alimi m'madera akumidzi akukumbukira zaka makumi ambiri za kuzembetsa ndi kulanda kwa asilikali, zimene zinawononga chidaliro m'mabungwe ndi kuletsa kunja kwa oikitsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti International Fund ya Ireland [ ndi EUUS yapanga maprogramu a Mtendere aloŵetsa ndalama m'madera akumidzi, chiyambukirocho chakhala chosagwirizana. Kuphunzira 2020 ndi Queen’s Center for the Study of Mavaltic anapeza kuti kusoŵa kwa chuma kwakhala ndi chichirikizo chochepa kwambiri cha GFA m'madera akumidzi, monga momwe anthu omwe sakuona kuti mtendere wawawonjeza bwino.

3. Magaŵano Akuya a Mayanjano ndi Kagulu

Masomphenya a GFA a chitaganya chimodzi amadalira pa anthu oyenda kupyola pa udani wa m'mbiri. Komabe, m'madera akumidzi, kugawana kwampatuko kumakhazikika. Midzi yambiri ili ndi malo amodzi, okhala ndi malo a nyumba, sukulu, ndipo ngakhale mapwando opatukana kapena mapwando amoto omwe amazindikiritsa kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe. Kugwirizana pakati pa Akatolika ndi Aprotesitanti kungakhale kochepa chabe. Kugaŵana kwa chikhalidwe nkosachirikizidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu: Magawo a m'midzi kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi Orangendo, pamene kuli kwakuti madera akumidzi a dziko lakumidzi amasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi Mayanjano a Gaelic Athletic ndi kukondera.

Zoyesayesa zopititsa patsogolo kukambitsirana kwa pakati pa makompyuta akumidzi zimaletsedwa ndi kusoŵeka kwa malo auchete kumene magulu onse aŵiriwo amadzimva kukhala otetezereka. Malo a m'mudzi kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi mbali imodzi kapena inayo, ndipo chochitika chilichonse chogwirizana chimafunikira kukambitsirana kosamalitsa pa zizindikiro, mbendera, ndi zizindikiro. 2022 kuchokera ku [FLT:] . [FLT] Actal Community Network [1] imagogomezera kuti ma shopu ambiri omanga mtendere okhala m’matauni akumidzi amatuluka ndi opezekapo ochepera chifukwa chakuti owopa kuwonedwa kukhala ogwirizana ndi “mbali ina.". Chivomerezo cha “ulemu cha" kaŵirikaŵiri chimachepetsedwa kulolera kwapamwamba kumene sikusintha kukhala kuyanjana kwenikweni.

Kusoŵa kwa Chuma ndi Kusoŵa Kwantchito Kwamakampani

Mabungwe a m’midzi ndi mabungwe odzifunira kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito ndi bajeti yaing'ono ndi antchito ochepa kuposa a m'tauni. Udindo wogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendera GFA-aunt , monga maprogramu aunansi, kugwirizanitsa maphunziro, kapena kuchuluka kwa zoloŵa zapamtunda , kaŵirikaŵiri umagwa m'magulu akwawo amene atalikira kale. Ndalama zochokera ku EU Peace power kapena Super Ireland Guided ndi kukhoza kulemba mayenerezero ocholoŵana kapena kukwaniritsa ziyenerezo.

Mautumiki a zaumoyo ndi amaphunziro, amene ali maziko a makonzedwe a kufanana kwa panganolo, nawonso amavutika ndi kumidzi yosakondweretsa. Sukulu zambiri za kumidzi zikupitirizabe kukhala zopatulidwa m’mbali za chipembedzo, ndipo kuchirikiza kwa GFA maphunziro ogwirizana kwakhala kochedwa kufalikira m’madera akumidzi. Kutsekedwa kwa chipatala ndi kupereŵera kwa GP kwayambukira mokulira malire, kufooketsa lingaliro la nzika lakuti mtendere wabweretsa mautumiki abwino a boma.

5 Chiwawa Ndiponso Kuponderezana

Pamene kuli kwakuti GFA inatsogolera ku kuchotsedwa kwa zida zankhondo zazikulu, mthunzi wa Mavuto udakali wowonekerabe kukhala waukulu m'madera akumidzi. Magulu akale ankhondo kumbali zonse ziŵiri adasunga chisonkhezero cha kumaloko, makamaka m'midzi yapafupi kumene mabanja ndi mbiri yakale imalimba. M’matumba ena akumidzi, makamaka kummwera kwa Armagh ndi kumpoto kwa Tyrone, magulu a Repabuliki otsutsa akupitirizabe kugwira ntchito, kuyendetsa mabizinesi kapena kuyambitsa ziukiro za a a ankhondo. Kukhalapo kwa asilikali kopitirizabe kumeneku kumaletsa kugwirizana ndi boma ndipo kungawo amene amayesa kutenga mbali m’gulu la mtanda wa Amnony.

Mikhole ya Mavuto m'midzi kaŵirikaŵiri imalingalira kuti njira za choloŵa cha panganolo . monga ngati Historical Enquies Team kapena Independent Commission for Reconciliation and Information Recovery [1] ndi yosagwira ntchito. Mabanja ambiri amafuna mayankho onena za okondedwa amene anaphedwa m’mabomba a pamsewu kapena m’mabomba, koma njirazo sizichedwa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsegulanso mabala akale osatseka. . WAVEMA Centre [1], zimene zimapereka chichirikizo ku Northern Ireland, malipo akuti opulumuka akumidzi sakhoza kupezeka ndi uphungu chifukwa cha kunyozeka ndi ulendo.

Chiyambukiro pa Anthu a M’deralo – Chithunzi Chosanganizidwa

Pamene Mtendere Wazika Mizu

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto, pali nkhani zachipambano. Matauni ena a m'midzi. Monga Enniskillen, Banbane , ndi Strabane adapanga mapwando otchuka a m'mphumo, mabwalo a masitolo, ndi magulu a masewera osiyanasiyana. Kuwonjezeka kwa maulendo kufupi ndi Callway Coaral Rouge , ndi Wild Atlantic Way kwathandiza kuti pakhale mipata yambiri imene imabweretsa Aprotesitanti ndi Akatolika monga alendo. Masukulu ambiri akumidzi akutengera “maphunziro okhazikika , , kumene ana ochokera ku zigawo zosiyanasiyana amaloŵa m'makalasi limodzi m'malo audindo audindo apadera, ngakhale kuti sukulu yawo yaikulu idakali yosiyana. Malamulowa a GFA akusonyeza kuti mfundo za m'matauni, a mtsogoleri a m'dzikolondawo asungidwa.

Kumene Magaŵano Apitirizabe

Komabe m'madera ambiri a alimi, mtendere umangokhala wochepa. Zochitika za mpatuko zonga kujambula nyumba, kulemba zipupa, kapena kutentha zithunzi za masankho . Zikuchitika, makamaka m’nyengo ya madendesi. Nkhani ya parading, yomwe makamaka ndi ya kumidzi (ndipo Orange Order ikuyenda m'madera a Nationalism), imakhalabe imodzi mwa magawo osagwirizana kwambiri a GFA. Zosankha za bungwe la Parades zimachitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kutsutsa kwa kumaloko, ndipo nthaŵi zina kubuka kwa chiwawa pa [FL:] Gargy Road ku Portown [1] kapena [FLD:] [FFF:] mu DelFFFFF]

Masinthidwe a mbiri yakale amadzutsanso chipwirikiti. M'madera ena akumidzi, chiŵerengero cha Akatolika chakula pang'onopang'onopang', kuchititsa mavoti kusintha ndi kuimira kwa bungwe la kumaloko. Ogwirizana a m'mayiko ameneŵa angawopsezedwe, pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikiza dzikolo amaona kusinthako kukhala kwachibadwa kwa tsankho la m'mbiri. Makonzedwe a GFA a mapendedwe a mtsogolo a malire (kubwezera chikalata pa Ireland yogwirizana) akuwonjezera kusatsimikizirika kwina m’midzi yakumidzi kumene kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi malo.

Kusiyana kwa Mbadwo

Achichepere amene anabadwa pambuyo pa 1998 anakulira m'dziko limene chiwawa cha asilikali nchosapezekapezeka, koma kugaŵana kwa anthu kwa anthu kumakhalabe kwabwino. M’matauni akumidzi, achichepere ambiri amachoka ku Belfast, Dublin, kapena kumaiko ena, kuchuluka kwa anthu akumidzi. Amene amakhalabe ndi moyo kaŵirikaŵiri amaloŵa m'mayanjano a makolo awo ndipo amafikira kukhala m’madera amodzi a m'madera akumidzi omwe ali ndi zigawenga. Komabe, pali zizindikiro zolimbikitsa: magulu a achinyamata amene amagwirizanitsa achinyamata kuchokera ku zikhalidwe za Akatolika ndi Chiprotesitanti ku maseŵera, nyimbo, kapena ntchito yodzipereka ali ndi chipambano chachikulu polimbikitsa ubwenzi. Chitokosolo cha ntchito zimenezi n’cho chomwe chimafika kumadera akutalikirako kumene ndalama zoyendera ndi manambala otsika akukhala ovuta kwambiri.

Njira Zowongolera – Kubweretsa GFA ku Malo a Kumidzi

1. Kupanga Ndalama m’Malamulo ndi Kugwirizanitsa

Kuwongoleredwa kwa zinthu ndi makompyuta ndi zofunika kuti anthu azikhala ndi mtendere m’midzi. Kumpoto kwa Ireland Audiotise kuyenera kuwongolera msewu usanawongoledwe, makamaka pa kholiji ya mtanda wa m'mphepete mwa msewu monga A1 / N1 ndi A5, zimene zinalonjezedwa kwa zaka zambiri koma mobwerezabwereza. Zoyendera za anthu zikakhala pakati pa midzi ndi malo a madera osiyanasiyana zingachititse kuti anthu azikhala osavuta kulowa m’mautumiki ogwirizana, kupezeka pa zochitika zoyenderana, ndi kukambirana nawo. Zimatatatana mokwanizana , kuzungulira madera onse a m'midzi yonse kukakhala ndi magawa a chigawo ndi kulola kuti anthu akutali agwirizane ndi mapulatifomu oyanika, ndi misonkhano ya pulogalamu yogwirizana, ndi mabungwe a boma.

Atsogoleri Oyamba Akhala ndi Magulu Oyenda M’ndege

Mapwando apamwamba a kumidzi samagwira ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri. Mabungwe othandizira kukonza malo ayenera kutsatira “kutsimikizira kwa magetsi a dziko, kufuna kuti kumanga mtendere konse kuphatikizepo kukafika ndi kuzoloŵera kwa madera okhala ndi anthu ochepera. Ntchito za chitaganya . Zonga ngati mapwando akumidzi ochembera, mafrikizira amene mabulo a mabulo, kapena njira za kumaloko zimene zimauza onse aŵiriwo za mgwirizano ndi za dziko, nkothekera kwambiri kupeza chikhulupiriro cha kumaloko. . Komiti ya EUCROPAIC [1] Yakhala kale ndi “mizere yamtendere” imene imalimbikitsa magulu apafupi a m’midzipiri; izi ziyenera kufutukulidwa. Kuphatikizapo, kugaŵira nkhani zazing'ono, zopezeka mosavuta, zopezeka m’malo mwa kudalirana kwa akatswiri a NGOGON.

3. Kulimbikitsa Maphunziro ndi Ntchito ya Achinyamata

GFA yachirikiza maphunziro ogwirizana ndi ocheperapo ndi ochedwa, makamaka m'madera akumidzi kumene sukulu zasukulu zamodzi zili mwambo. Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro iyenera kugwirizanitsa sukulu zakumidzi kupanga makonzedwe a sukulu za kumidzi. Pamene sukulu ziŵiri pa malo oyandikana zigawana zintchito ndi makalasi ogwirizana, ndipo kuwonjezerapo kugwirizanitsa. Kuphatikiza zimenezi kwathandiza kwambiri m'malo onga [FLT: 0] Kholiji ya SSmish mu Blymena [1] ndi kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kwa achichepere osagwirizana ndi maphunziro, kusungitsa makiralamu a achichepere akumidzi ndi antchito oyenda m’magalimoto (anyamata omwe angapite kumadera akutali) angapange malo osakhalirako apakati pa mtanda wa .

Kuthandizana Mwachindunji ndi Zachuma

Mtendere umakhala wochirikizika kwambiri pamene anthu aona mapindu achuma. Njira za kumidzi zosinthiranso ziyenera kuukira malo osoŵa kwambiri ndi kuphatikizana kwa maluso a ntchito, kuchirikiza ulendo wa kudziko, ndi malo a makampani. Chikalata cha Actal Network NI [1] Yakhala ikulingalira “mabungwe a mtendere" m'madera a malire, ndi zisonkhezero za msonkho za mabizinesi amene amagwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ya opatsirana ntchito. Ndiponso, kutsimikizira kuti choloŵa cha jambulidwa cha jatiss siimaletsa kusungitsa malonda otetezeka ndi kuchirikiza magulu a anthu akumeneko.

5. Chichirikizo cha Boma ndi Kutsekereza

Pomalizira pake, Komiti ya Chigawo cha Kumpoto kwa Ireland Iyenera kuyang'anira ntchito zonse za GFA . Izi zikutanthauza kuti angafunikire kuti dipatimenti iliyonse ikhale ndi chiyambukiro cha kumidzi cha njira zosamalira choloŵa, kulingana, ntchito zapolisi, ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu. Komiti ya kumadera akumidzi ya Communion iyenera kukhala ndi mbali yeniyeni pa kukhazikitsa mtendere. Kugwirizana kwa mtanda pansi pa bungwe la North- Southal Guard Auniverse Council kungagwiritsiridwenso kutse ntchito kuti kuvulaze malamulo owongolera a kumadera akumidzi, makamaka m'madera onga ngati kusamala zaumoyo, zoyendera, ndi mautumiki a zamwayi, zimene zimakhudza mwachindunji midzi.

Mapeto ake: Njira Yamtsogolo Kumbali ya Dziko

Good Wear Adventived inaikidwa m'zipinda zosonkhanira ku Belfast, koma mtsogolo mwake mudzagamulidwa m'njira ndi m'madambo a Northern Ireland. Midzi ya m’midzi yakumana ndi ponse paŵiri kugwiritsidwa mwala ndi zipambano za nthaŵi za mtendere pa nyengo yapambuyo pa 25 kalelo. Mavuto a kudzipatula kwa malo, kusagwirizana kwa zachuma, timagulu tampatuko topitirizabe, ndi kufikiridwa kwa ziungwe zocheperapo n’zowopsa. Komabe njira zondandalitsidwa [1] kuchokera ku ku kukwera kwa chuma ndi ntchito zoyendetsera chitaganya kugwirizanitsa maphunziro ndi kutukuka kwa chuma .

Palibe chilichonse cha zimenezi chimene chili zipolopolo zasiliva; zimafunikira chifuno cha ndale zadziko chochirikizidwa, ndalama zokwanira, ndi kukhalamo ndi phande kwa anthu akumaloko. Koma popanda kusamala dala ku ukulu wa kumidzi, Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu chingakhale chiwopsezo cha mtendere wa m’tauni, kusiya anthu ambiri aang'ono ogwidwabe m'mavuto. Mwakupereka lonjezo lonse la GFA ku chigawo chilichonse, chigwa, ndi msewu wamalire, Northern Ireland angayandikire ku mtendere weniweni ndi wokhalitsa, umene sudzangosainidwa ndi inki, koma umakhala panthaka.