Chiyambi: Kubwezeretsedwa Monga Mchirikizo wa Maulamuliro Amakono

Kusintha si kakonzedwe ka malamulo chabe; ndiko kakonzedwe ka ntchito kamene kamasintha mapulinsipulo kulamulira kukhala zotsatirapo zooneka. M'madongosolo a democracy ndi a malonda, utsogoleri wogwira ntchito kumadalira pa kukhoza kwa mabungwe kupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amalinganiza zinthu zopitikizana ndi ubwino wa anthu pamene akuteteza moyo wa anthu. Lingaliro la "boma lolamulira" layamba kuonekera pamene maboma akudalira kwambiri pa kupanga malamulo ovuta kuyang'anira zinthu zachikhalidwe cha anthu, ntchito zake, zivuto, ndi kukonzanso zinthu zina.

Kufunika kwa Kukhazikitsanso Chigwirizano m’Kulamulira

Kusintha kumagwira ntchito monga mnofu wogwirizanitsa pakati pa zifuno za lamulo ndi makhalidwe enieni a dziko. Kumapereka kutsimikizirika, kuchepetsa mtengo wa malonda, ndi kupanga malo ochitirako maseŵero a zachuma ndi za anthu. Bungwe la Economic Copreoperation and Development (OECD) lakhala likugogomezera kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti malamulo oikidwa bwino ndi ofunika kwambiri kuti chuma chiyende bwino, anthu azidalirana, ndiponso kuti pakhale chitukuko.

  • Kutetezera thanzi la anthu ndi chisungiko: Miyezo ya chakudya, mankhwala ogodomalitsa, mikhalidwe ya kuntchito, ndi zoyendera imapulumutsa miyoyo ndi kutetezera masoka.
  • Kuyang'anira ntchito zabwino za msika: malamulo oletsa kuikizira, malamulo otetezera ogula, ndi malamulo a kutetezera ku makampani amaletsa chinyengo, kudyererana, ndi kudyerera.
  • Kuteteza malo okhala: malire a kuletsa, kuyendetsa zinthu zachilengedwe, ndi kuipitsa malo achilengedwe kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo.
  • Zoyenera za ogula: Zofunika za kuwonana, miyezo ya zopangidwa, ndi njira zopangira zinthu zopangira zinthu zimapatsa mphamvu anthu pamsika.
  • Kusunga bata la zachuma: Malamulo a kulanda, kuyang'anira ngozi za dongosolo, ndi kusungitsa inshuwalansi yoletsa mavuto a zachuma.

Popanda malamulo ameneŵa, kulamulira kumakhala kothandiza mmalo mwa kutetezera, ndipo ziŵalo zosavuta kwambiri za chitaganya kaŵirikaŵiri zimayang'anizana ndi mtengo wokulirapo. Ntchito ya lamulo la EOCD imapereka umboni waukulu wakuti mkhalidwe wa dongosolo uwongolera ponse paŵiri kukula kwa chuma ndi kukhazikika kwa mayanjano.

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Kusintha

Kumvetsa magulu ameneŵa kumathandiza opanga malamulo ndi nzika kupenda malamulo amene anapangidwa kuti akwaniritse.

Kukonzanso Zachuma

Lamulo la zachuma limayang'anira kuchepetsa mitengo, kutsata malonda, ndi mpikisano. Nthaŵi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale okhala ndi mikhalidwe yachibadwa ya kuyang'anira zinthu (mjereng, telecoms, steoters , , njanji) kapena kumene mpikisano ungafooketse ntchito za anthu. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo kukonza magetsi, kutumiza zinthu zofunikira kubanki, ndi kugwirizanitsa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu oletsa kupikisana. Cholinga ndicho kutsanzira kuyendetsa bwino kwa misika ya malonda pamene kukuletsa kuyendetsa ntchito kapena khalidwe losokoneza anthu.

Kusintha Mayanjano

Malamulo a kakhalidwe ka anthu amasamalira zaumoyo, chisungiko, ndi zaumoyo zimene misika yokha siingatetezere mokwanira. Gulu limeneli limakhudza kutetezereka kwa ntchito, chakudya ndi miyezo ya mankhwala, kulephera kwa zinthu, ndi malamulo a kakhalidwe ka anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo kupenda koopsa ndi kutayitsa ndalama zambiri kuti adziŵe mmene angadzitetezere. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ndi European Food Safety Authority (ESA) ndi zitsanzo zazikulu za mabungwe a kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Malamulo a malo okhala amatetezera zinthu zachilengedwe ndi kuchepetsa kuipitsa. Amachepetsa mpweya ndi miyezo ya madzi, malamulo a kuyendetsa zinyalala, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kusungidwa kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, Ceasha Air Act ku United States, yakhala ikupangitsa kuti pakhale imfa zikwi mazana ambiri pachaka mwa kuchepetsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za mpweya ndi mlingo wa ozone. Kuletsa malo okhala kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna njira zatsopano zoyendera, monga ngati kapetronandārade ya kaboni yotulutsa mpweya.

Chilamuliro cha Oyang’anira

Malamulo a boma amayang'anira ntchito za mabungwe a boma ndiponso zimene amachita ndi anthu. Ili ndi malamulo a kuonekera kwa anthu (monga misonkhano yotseguka ndi nyengo zonena za anthu onse), malamulo otsatizana ndi kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito za boma zakhala zolondola, osati za madera , ndiponso kuti zikhale zopendedwa. Administrative Procedure Act (A) ndi pepala la maziko a chigawochi.

Kusintha kwa Ndalama

Ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina amatsata malamulo a zachuma, malamulo a zachuma amayenerera kukhala apadera chifukwa cha kukula kwa mabanki ndi kufunika kwake kwa dongosolo. Amaphatikizapo malamulo a ndalama zopimidwa kubanki, malamulo a kuulula zandalama, malamulo a inshuwalansi, ndi chitetezo cha ogula. Vuto la zachuma lapadziko lonse la 2008 linavumbula zofooka m'malamulo a zachuma padziko lonse, kusonkhezera kusintha zinthu monga Doddàfrank Act ndi Basel III.

Ntchito ya Kukhazikitsanso Chigwirizano m’Kulamulira

Kusintha zinthu kumathandiza kuti zinthu ziyende bwino, kuchititsa kuti anthu azitsatira malamulo, kumasulira, ndi kusintha zinthu.

Kukhazikitsa Miyezo

Malamulo amakhazikitsa chiyembekezo chomveka bwino cha khalidwe ndi zochita. Amachepetsa mfundo zosadziwika bwino kwa mabungwe onse omwe ali ndi malamulo ndiponso kwa amene amatsata malamulo. Miyezo ingakhale yoyambirira kulembedwa (m’chitsanzo, "kuteteza malo amodzi a masentimita 42") kapena kugwiritsa ntchito (m’chitsanzo, "kuteteza kumene kumathetsa ngozi). Kutsatira malamulo kumakhudza mtengo wa kulolera kulakwa ndi kusinthasintha.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makina Mokakamiza

Malamulo amathandiza kwambiri monga mmene amachitira. Madongosolo a boma amadalira pa kufufuza, kuyang’anira, zilango, ndi malamulo owongolera kuti atsimikizire kuti atsatiri atsatiri alamulo akuletsa kuswa malamulo ndi zizindikiro zimene amalingalira mwamphamvu. Komabe, kusungitsa lamulo kuyenera kukhala koyenera; njira zoperekera chilango mopambanitsa zingavulaze mabizinesi oyenerera ndi kugonjetsa kuukira kwa mazira.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kuyang’anira

Kukonzanso kumathandizira anthu ndi mabungwe kuŵerengera machitidwe awo. Mabungwe auyang'aniro angapereke ziletso, malaisensi, kapena kufunikiritsa kubwezera. M'mademokrase, kuŵerengera kwa maulamuliro kumapita kutsogolo kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa ndi kutsika kupyolera mwa zofunikira zopereka zapoyera. Bank ya World conderdential shopng imagogomezera mkhalidwe wa kubwezera kukhala chinsinsi cha kuŵerengera mlandu.

Kuona Bwino Malo ndi Kukhala ndi Mbali

Malamulo amakono akhazikitsa kuti malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu akhale ooneka bwino. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kufalitsa malamulo olembedwa kuti apereke ndemanga za anthu, kuchititsa kuyang’anira, ndi kusunga zolembedwa za ntchito zotsatizana. Oyang’anira malo a Transparective amalimbikitsa kukhulupirirana ndi kulola oyendetsa malowolo kutengamo mbali m’kukhazikitsa malamulo. Mabungwe ena amafuna ngakhale mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo kuti alungamitse lamulolo likhale lofunikira lisanagwire ntchito.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kuphunzira

Kusintha sikuli kogwirizana. Madongosolo oyendetsera zinthu amaphatikizapo njira zopendera nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, kulowa kwa dzuŵa, ndi kupendanso. Mabungwe ofufuza zinthu nthaŵi zambiri amagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zoyendera kuyang'anira zotsatira ndi kusintha malamulo pamene pakhala maupandu atsopano. Kuphunzira kumeneku n’kofunika kwambiri makamaka m'magawo othamanga 76 monga zaumisiri ndi mankhwala.

Mavuto a Kusintha

Ngakhale kuti malamulowo ndi ofunika kwambiri, malamulowo amakhala ndi mavuto ambiri amene angafooketse ulamuliro.

Kuletsa

Kulamulira kopambanitsa kungaletse kukonza zinthu, mabizinesi aang'ono, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa chuma. Chochitika cha "kukhazikitsanso malamulo" [1] kumene malamulo amachuluka kwanthaŵi yaitali popanda kuletsa zinthu zakale . Kuyerekezera kwina kumasonyeza kuti mtengo wotsatira lamulo ku U.S. umaposa $2 biliyoni pachaka. Kuchuluka kwa makampani kapena kuchokera ku kusagwirizana kwa madongo 93jerk kukhoza kubweretsa mavuto.

Kuletsa

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, malamulo osakwanira angatsogolere ku kulephera kwa malonda, mavuto a zaumoyo, ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala. Vuto la zachuma la 2008 ndi chitsanzo choopsa cha kuchepetsa kubwereketsa ndalama ndi misika ya zachuma. Kuletsa kungayambike ndi kutsendereza kwa ndale zadziko, kulanda, kapena kutsendereza ziwiya. kulephera kugwidwa kwa anthu. [[FLT:] [1] [_1] [1] Mabungwe amene amatumikira mafakitale amene amalamulidwa kuti ayang'anire zinthu zandale.

Kucholoŵana ndi Mtolo Wofunika

Malamulo ovuta amasokoneza anthu omvera ndiponso kuwonjezera mtengo wa kugonjera. Mwachitsanzo, zilolezo zoperekedwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana zingachedwetse ntchito za malo apamwamba kwa zaka zambiri. Kusinthasintha kumayambitsanso mipata ya zitokoso za lamulo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makampani otchuka omwe angagulitse maloya omvera. Kuyesa kukhazikitsa maloya odula, monga ngati kujambula ndi kukhazikitsa njira zolowera, n’kupitirizabe m'mayiko ambiri.

Kusoŵa Chuma ndi Ukulu

Mabungwe a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amavutika ndi ndalama zochepa, kupereŵera kwa antchito, ndi luso lamakono. Woyang’anira angakhale ndi lamulo loyendera malo zikwi zambiri koma ofufuza okhoza kukwaniritsa mbali zochepa za makompyuta. Kusintha kwa manambala kumalonjeza, koma mabungwe ambiri alibe likulu kapena ukatswiri wokhazikitsa makompyuta apamwamba. Zotsatira zake ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi mpata pakati pa mabuku ndi malamulo.

Kuloŵererapo pa Zandale

Kusintha kungakhale chida chothandizira pandale kapena chosokonezera boma pamene maulamuliro akusintha. Mabungwe a audindo a Independent amapangidwa kutetezera malamulo kuchokera ku ndandanda yachidule yosandutsa masankho, koma ufulu wawo sumatheratu. Kuwopseza kuti adzilamulire okha monga ngati kuchepetsa bajeti, kugawa apolisi osayenerera, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo otsogolera zinthu.

Kufufuza Matendawo Motsatira Zomwe Amachita

Kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko 93 kumavumbula mmene malamulo angachitire, ndi mmene angachitire, ndi mmene angachitire, pamene apangidwa ndi kutsatiridwa bwino.

Kusintha kwa Ndalama: Chichitidwe cha Dodd76Flack

Poyankha mavuto a zachuma a 2008, bungwe la United States linakhazikitsa Dodd frade Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act mu 2010. Lamulo limeneli linakhazikitsa bungwe la Financial Stability Oversict Council (FSOC) kuti liyang'anitse kuopsa kwa dongosolo la zinthu, kukhazikitsa malamulo apamwamba pa mabanki aakulu, ndi kukhazikitsa bungwe la Consumer Compator Protection Bureaual (CFPB). Kutsutsana ndi nkhondo yokhudza ndalama za dziko lonse, CFPB yabwezera madola mamiliyoni ambiri kwa anthu ovulazidwa ndi zochita zosayenera. Pamene otsutsa a Dodd .Fid .Filidi Fractive ikunena kuti kulimba kwa ndalama kuwonjezera ndalama, kulimbaniza njira ya kubanki ikupereka mphamvu pa KHOVAMBIRID ikupereka lingaliro lakuti lamulo lamphamvu kwambiri loletsa kubwerezanso malamulo a 2008.

Kusintha Kwabwino Kwa malo: Chilamulo Choyera cha Mpweya

Cleenamor Act (CAA) inapangidwa koyamba mu 1963 ndi kukonzedwanso kwambiri mu 1970 ndi 1990, ndi limodzi la malamulo okhudza kwambiri malo okhala m'mbiri. Pansi pa CAA, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imakhazikitsa National Ambient Air Sexual Act (NAAQS) kaamba ka zoipitsa monga zinthu zokhala ndi mbali, ozone, ndi sulfur dioxide. Kufufuza kwa EPA ndi ofufuza okha kumasonyeza kuti CAA yaletsa imfa zapasachedwa ndi kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa zipatala za kapu ndi matenda a mtima. Mapindu a KaA amaposa mtengo wake wa pafupifupi 30 poyerekezera ndi 1 pofufuza EPA. Komabe, kufufuza kochitidwa ndi kuyang''''kayang'anira kochitidwa ndi kochitidwa ndi malamulo andale, kuonetsa kuti akuyenda kwa chipambano ndi kuchepetsa kwa nthaŵi zonse.

Kuteteza Ndalama: Bungwe Loteteza Ndalama la Ndalama la Anthu Ogula

Dodd à Farm . CFPB imakhazikitsa ntchito za ogula zimene kale zinali zomwazikana m'mabungwe ambiri. Iyang'anira mabanki, maukwati a ngongole, obwereketsa ndalama, ndi mabungwe ena a zachuma ogwirizana ndi malamulo onga Truth in Linding Act ndi Fair Crears Reporting Act . CFPB yakhazikitsa madandaulo a anthu ogula oposa mamiliyoni 4.5, osungidwa kaamba ka mikhole ya zochita zosakhala za lamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo akuletsa kubwereka kwa odyerera. Kachipang'ka kake kokhala kogwirizana ndi Federal Reservation, m'malo mwa kukhazikitsa chitsenderezo china cha ndalensi pa zitsenderezo zina za ndalensiyo, ngakhale kuti kakhalanso nkhani ya mavuto a malamulo a boma ponena za kuchotsa mphamvu zake.

Kuteteza Zinthu Zachinsinsi ndi Chitetezo: Kuteteza Zinthu za M’gulu la Asayansi a EU

GDPR, yogwira ntchito kuyambira 2018, imaimira malamulo a kakhalidwe ka anthu a nyengo ya manambala. Imapatsa anthu ufulu wokulira pa mfundo zawo, imalamula zofunikira zolimba, ndi kukhazikitsa ndalama zokwana 4% za kusintha kwa pachaka kwa dziko lonse kaamba ka kuswa malamulo. Lamuloli lakakamiza makampani padziko lonse kupondereza maluso awo a chidziŵitso ndipo lasonkhezera malamulo ofananawo m'mayiko ena (m'mphindi, LGPD , CPA California). Pamene kuli kwakuti makampani ena akudandaula za ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, GDPR yathandiza ogula ndi kupanga muyezo wapadziko lonse wa ulamuliro wachinsinsi. Lamulo lake lapamwamba lapamwamba lathandiza mmene malamulo angachititse khalidwe lamphamvu kupyola malire a dziko limodzi.

Malangizo a M’tsogolo Oti Abwezeretsedwe

Zinthu monga luso la zopangapanga, kudalirana kwa mayiko, ndiponso kuyembekezera anthu kuchitika mwachisawawa, zimadalira pa kusintha kwa malamulo.

Kutsatira Zipangizo zamakono Kuti Zizikuthandizani Kusintha

Kudziŵa zinthu, nzeru zopeka, ndi kuphunzira makina kungawonjezere kugonjera ndi kuyang'anira. "Regtech" njira zothetsera mavuto zimalola makampani kusimba, pamene kuli kwakuti "Suptech" zida zothandiza oyang'anira kuwona mathero ndi kuneneratu za ngozi. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la U.K. la Finance Sele Authority layesera ndi makina kuphunzira kuzindikira kuipitsa msika. Komabe, kugwiritsira ntchito AING popanga malamulo kumawonjezera nkhaŵa zake ponena za kukondera, kuonekera kwa munthu, ndi njira yake. Maselo a bungwe la Geneance ayenera kulankhula ndi zimenezi pamene akututa bwino.

Kuyesa Kupanga Nthaka ndi Mayeso Ovuta

Kuti apeŵe kusungunuka kosokoneza, oyendetsa m'mayiko ambiri ayambitsa "mabokisi a sandbox oyendetsa zinthu" . malo otetezedwa kumene zinthu zatsopano kapena makampani angayesedwe ndi zofunika zochepetsedwa. Chiphunzitsochi chinachokera ku luso la zachuma (fintich) koma chikufalikira ku umisiri wa zaumoyo, mphamvu, ndi zoyendera. Sandboxs amalola oyendetsa kuti aphunzire limodzi ndi ma innovator ndi malamulo opanga omwe amateteza ndi kutheketsa. Malamulo a gencho, amene amagogomezera lamulo lochirikiza lamulolo projective projective ndi maactives, ndi kuwonjezera kugwirizanitsa malamulo amwambo.

Kugwirizana pa Mavuto a Padziko Lonse

Mavuto ambiri osintha zinthu . . Kusintha kwa makampani, kuphwanya malamulo, mliri wokonzekera, kusamvera msonkho . Uyang'aniro wothandiza kwambiri umafuna kugwirizana kwa mayiko onse kudzera m'mapangano, mapangano ogwirizana, ndi malamulo okhazikitsa mabungwe monga bungwe la International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), Komiti ya Basel pa Banking Superfection, ndi International Civiation Organization (IAO). Chigwirizano cha Paris pa kusintha kwa nyengo chimasonyeza zonse ziŵiri kuthekera ndi kulimba kwa mgwirizano wa dziko lonse. Kulamulira kwa mtsogolo kudzadalira pa kulimbitsa mabungwe ameneŵa pamene akulemekeza ulamuliro wa dziko.

Kugwirizana kwa Onse ndi Kuvomerezana

Nzika zikufuna kwambiri kuti anthu azitsatira malamulo a boma. Kupanga malamulo, kujambula makhoti a pa Intaneti, ndi misonkhano ya nzika zinzake imapereka njira zochitira nawo zinthu. Pamene malamulo asonyeza chidziŵitso cha moyo, iwo angavomerezedwe ndi kutsatiridwa. Maboma ena ayesa kugwiritsa ntchito bajeti ya malamulo a boma kapena malo a anthu oyang'anira. Kulingalira kuti pangano nlopindulitsa .

Kumaliza: Kulinganiza Kupulupudza ndi Kusintha

Kukonzanso kuli maziko a ulamuliro wogwira ntchito, kupereka maziko ofunika kaamba ka kulinganiza, kuŵerengera, ndi kutetezera zinthu za anthu. Komabe malamulo sathera pa iwo okha; ndi chida chimene chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala. Madongosolo apamwamba kwambiri a malamulo amapanga kulinganiza pakati pa miyezo yolimba ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe. Amateteza kuti asagwire ndi kusamala pochita zinthu motsatira zofuna za nzika ndi misika. Mwa kuzindikira malamulo, mavuto, ndi njira za chisinthiko, opanga malamulo ndi anthu angagwire ntchito ku masinthidwe oyenera ndi opindulitsa kwambiri.