Kodi Boma N’chiyani?

Pansi pa ndandandayo, boma ndilo gulu la anthu amene amalamulira chitaganya cholinganizidwa, kaŵirikaŵiri chinsinsi. Limakhala lopanga ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo, kuyendetsa chuma cha anthu, kupereka mautumiki (monga maphunziro, maziko, ndi chitetezo), ndi kuimira kugwirizanitsa nzika zake. Popanda boma logwira ntchito, mabungwe adziika pangozi yosokonezeka kapena kudyerera, ngakhale kuti mtundu umene boma limalamulira ungathe kusiyanasiyana kwambiri. Boma limapanga mphamvu zogawiridwa, mmene zosankha zimachitidwira, ndiponso mmene ufulu wa anthu umatetezedwera kapena kuletsedwa. Kumvetsa nyumba zimenezi sikuli njira yamaphunziro chabe ya maphunziro; imathandiza nzika zake kupenda madongosolo awo andale ndi kuzindikira mphamvu ndi zofooka za anthu oloŵa m’malo a dziko lonse.

Asayansi andale ndi olemba mbiri asankha kwa nthaŵi yaitali maboma ozikidwa pa amene ali ndi ulamuliro ndi mmene mphamvuyo imagwiritsidwira ntchito. Madongosolo ameneŵa amasiyana kuchokera ku madongosolo kumene anthu amasankha mwachindunji malamulo, ku madongosolo kumene wolamulira mmodzi kapena munthu wapamwamba amalamulira mbali iliyonse ya moyo.

Chipwirikiti cha Mitundu ya Boma

Maboma angapatsidwe mbali zosiyanasiyana kuyambira pa kugawana kwapamwamba kufikira pa kulamulira kopambanitsa, koma palibe madongosolo aŵiri ofanana. pansipa, timafufuza mitundu yofala ndi yosonkhezera, kupenda mikhalidwe yawo, zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko, ndi nzeru za filosofi kapena zogwira ntchito zimene amapereka.

Demokalase: Mphamvu kwa Anthu

Dectracracy imachokera ku mawu Achigiriki demokas [anthu] (anthu) ndi kakratos[[FLT]] [malamulo], kwenikweni kutanthauza "kulamulira ndi anthu. M'dziko la demokrase, mphamvu yachifumu imaikidwa mu nzika, amene amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvuzo mwachindunji kapena mwa osankhidwa. Chiphunzitso chamakono cha demokrase chimamangidwa pa miza: kwaulere ndi zisankho zoyenerera zabwino, malamulo ambiri olinganizika ndi ufulu wa munthu payekha, ufulu wa kulankhula ndi wa anthu, ndi ufulu wa kusonkhana, ndi wa kudziimira paokha.

Demokrase Yachindunji Oimira Demokrase

Mu democracy yolunjika . , nzika zambiri zimavotera mwachindunji pa zoyambitsa za malamulo, malamulo, ndi kukonza malamulo. Atene wakale kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa monga chitsanzo choyambirira, ngakhale kuti adachotsa akazi ndi akapolo. Lerolino, Switzerland cantons imagwiritsira ntchito ma democracy kaŵirikaŵiri kuti apange nkhani za kumaloko. Komabe, maiko ambiri aakulu kwambiri amagwira ntchito monga democracy (imatchedwanso ma democracy , (imene imatchedwa ma democracyism), kumene anthu amasankha akuluakulu kuti apange zosankha zawo. Dongo lino, monga momwe limawonedwa ku United States, Germany, ndi mayiko ena ambiri, ndi kulamulidwa kwa anthu ambiri, koma kungayambitse ntchito yothandiza pakati pa anthu onse ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu.

Mphamvu ndi Zofooka

Mphamvu yaikulu ya demokrase ndiyo kulabadira kwake anthu ndi makonzedwe ake a kusintha kwamtendere kwa ulamuliro. Imaperekanso chitetezo champhamvu kwa ufulu wa munthu ndi ufulu. Komabe, mademokrase angakhale ochedwa kuchitapo kanthu, osavuta kuuzidwa zolakwika ndi populism, ndi okhoterera ku kuumirira. Amafunikira kudziŵitsidwa ndi kuikizidwa kwa nzika kuti zigwire bwino ntchito. Malinga ndi Economist Intelligenialism’s Democracy Index [, mitundu yambiri ikuvutika ndi kuchepa kwa democracy, ndi kukwera kwa kuchepa kwa democrase ndi kufufuzidwa kwa zofufuza za boma.

Republic: Kulamulira ndi Chilamulo ndi zithunzithunzi

A public kaŵirikaŵiri imavomerezedwa ndi demokrase, koma imagogomezera kakonzedwe kalamulo kosiyana. M'lipabuliki, dziko limalingaliridwa kukhala "nkhani ya anthu" (kuchokera ku Chilatini ] makamba a pulogalamu ), osati nkhaŵa yaumwini ya wolamulira. Chidziŵitso ndicho chakuti nzika zimasankha oimira kulamulira mogwirizana ndi malamulo . (chilamulo chachikulu chimene chimaika malire a maulamuliro a boma. Ma Republic amasonyeza kwambiri kupatulira kwa maulamuliro pakati pa nduna, Grogic, ndi nthambi zach, limodzi ndi njira yoyendera ndi mayeso ndi malingana.

Pamene kuli kwakuti marepublic ambiri ali a mademokrase, si onse ali . Mwachitsanzo, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) imadzitcha iko kokha kukhala republic koma inali boma limodzi logawana ulamuliro wa authoritarianism. Kusiyana kwakukulu nkwakuti republic yeniyeni imafuna ulamuliro wa lamulo, kutanthauza kuti ngakhale boma liyenera kugwirizana ndi njira zalamulo zokhazikitsidwa. United States, France, ndi Brazil ndi zitsanzo za demokrase. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, Roma wakale linali malamulo ogaŵanitsidwa amene amayenererana ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba (assemblies), ndi nduna (asss) (aumphaka).

Komabe, tinganene kuti kusinthako kumachitika chifukwa chakuti munthu amakhala ndi maganizo olakwika ndiponso chifukwa cholola kuti ntchito zapamwamba za boma zikhale zolamulira ntchito za boma, monga momwe tikuonera m’makambitsirano okhudza ndalama za zionetsero ndi kulimbikitsa ndalama zankhondo m’mayiko amakono.

Mfumu: Mfumu

Mayarchy ndi umodzi wa mitundu yakale kwambiri ya boma, kumene munthu mmodzi (mfumu, mfumukazi, mfumu), pulporant) [1] imatumikira monga mutu wa boma. M'mbiri, mafumu ananena kuti ali ndi ulamuliro wonse, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kuyenera kwaumulungu. Lerolino, unyinji wa maufumu a monarchy ali alamulo, kusiya mfumu monga munthu wamwambo pamene asankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma akulamulira. Komabe, mafumu achifumu ochepa okha adakali amphamvu.

Monarchy Yathunthu

M'ufumu wachifumu [[FLT: 0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zitsanzo za m'zithunzi zimaphatikizapo Louis XIV wa ku France ( "Mfumu Yachifumu") ndi, m'nthaŵi zamakono, Saudi Arabia ndi Oman. M'madongosolo otero, palibe malamulo osankhidwa kapena mapulogalamu odziimira okha kuletsa zosankha za wolamulira. Ochirikiza akutsutsa kuti zimenezi zingatheke kuchititsa kugamula mofulumira ndi umodzi wa dziko, koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsogolera kutsendereza kutsutsa ndi kusoŵa mlandu.

Wolamulira wa Malamulo

M'chigwirizano cha ufumu wa United Kingdom , maulamuliro a monarchy amafotokozedwa ndi kuchepetsedwa ndi malamulo alamulo kapena adongosolo. Mfumu kaŵirikaŵiri imatumikira monga mtsogoleri wophiphiritsira ndi mutu wa boma, pamene kuli kwakuti nyumba ya malamulo yosankhidwa imakhala ndi mphamvu yeniyeni ya ndale zadziko. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo United Kingdom, Japan (amene mfumu yake ndi chizindikiro cha boma), Sweden, ndi Spain. Malamulo a monarchism angasunge mwambo ndi kudziŵika kwa dziko pamene akulola kulamulira kwa demokrase. Otsutsa amanena kuti mpambo wa choloŵa cha dziko uli wosiyana ndi demokrase ndi kuti bungwelo lingapitirire atsogoleri a za mayanjano, ngakhale ngati ntchito ya ulamuliro wandale zadziko ili yamwambo.

Nthaŵi zambiri kupirira kwawo kumadalira pa kukhoza kwawo kusintha, kuchititsa kuti zinthu zikhale zokhazikika ndi zopitiriza kuchitika ngakhale pamene maboma a demokalase akusintha.

Chikalata cha Authoritarianism: Chapakati ndi Chosachenjezedwa

Chiauthoritarist ndi njira yodziŵikira ndi mphamvu yamphamvu ndi ufulu wandale wochepa. Mosiyana ndi ulamuliro wa athonala (wotsutsidwa pambuyo pake), maulamuliro a authoritarianism kaŵirikaŵiri amalola mlingo wakutiwakuti wa ufulu wa mayanjano ndi wa zachuma, koma amalamulira molimbika moyo wa ndale zadziko. Mphamvu imaikidwa mtsogoleri mmodzi kapena kagulu kakang’ono, ndipo chitsutso chimatsekedwa ndi kusanthula, kuyang'anira, ndi kukakamiza.

Mbali zazikulu za ulamuliro wa authoritarian zimaphatikizapo kusapezeka kwa masankho aufulu ndi abwino (kapena masankho amene amaikidwa), kusoŵeka kwa chitaganya cha anthu odziimira paokha, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwalamulo kwa boma. Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zimaphatikizapo Fascist Italy pansi pa Benito Mussolini, limodzinso ndi asilikali ambiri mu Latin America, monga ngati Pinochet boma la Chile (1973 - 19990). Maboma a a a a a a a akhatensipolansi a Chipoliti akuphatikizapo Belarus pansi pa Alexander Lukashenko ndi Russia pansi pa Vladio Putin, kumene masankhoti alipo koma mpikisano wandale watanthauzo.

Chikalata cha unduna kaŵirikaŵiri chimalungamitsidwa ndi olamulira monga choyenerera kaamba ka bata, chisungiko cha dziko, kapena kukula kwa chuma. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ena a authoritarian apeza chiwonjezeko cha chuma chofulumira (m’chitsanzo, Singapore pansi pa Lee Kuan Yew, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri chimalingaliridwa kukhala dongosolo lophatikizapo), chitsanzo chimakana ufulu wa munthu ndi anthu opatuka paupandu wa kutha pamene wolamulirayo afa kapena kutaya mphamvu. Ufulu wa ufulu m'lipo ndi lipoti la Dziko lonse la Freedom House chikhotereretso cha padziko lonse cha kutha kwa ufulu wandale ndi ufulu wa anthu, osati kuti ulamuliro wa ayamba kuwonjezereka m'zaka zaposachedwapa.

Ulamuliro Wopondereza: Boma Loposa Maboma Onse

Chitotalianism imaimira mtundu wopambanitsa wa ulamuliro. M'boma la totalitarianism, boma limafuna kulamulira mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa anthu ndi waumwini. Chiphunzitso cha boma chimalamulidwa kupyolera mwa manenanena ofalikira, apolisi achinsinsi, ndi kuchotsedwa kotheratu kwa kusagwirizana. Munthu aliyense amagonjera ku zonulirapo za boma, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mtundu uliwonse kumalingaliridwa kukhala chiwopsezo.

Zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi izi:

  • Kukhala ndi boma kapena kulamulira kokhwima kwa chuma.
  • Kuyendetsa bwino maphunziro, zoulutsira nkhani, ndi luso la zojambulajambula kumathandiza anthu kuona zinthu moyenera.
  • Chipani kapena mtsogoleri amene amafuna kukhulupirika kotheratu.
  • Kuwalonda ndi kuwaopseza anthu kuti agwirizane nawo.
  • Anawakakamiza kundende kapena kupha adani awo andale.

Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zotchuka zimaphatikizapo Jeremani wa Nazi pansi pa Adolf Hitler, Soviet Union pansi pa Joseph Stalin, ndi Kim Il-sung's North Korea (imene idakali boma la Totalitarian Korea). Totalitarianism imasintha kwanthaŵi yaitali chifukwa imadalira pa kupondereza kwakukulu kumene kumayambitsa kutsutsa kapena kupangitsa kusakhupuka kwa chuma. Ilo limaimira mtundu wa boma wowopsa koposa, popeza kuti silimasiya malo kaamba ka ufulu wa anthu kapena lingaliro la kudziimira.

Oligarchy: Kulamulira kwa Oŵerengeka

[[FLT: 0] Oligarchy [[FLT :1] imatanthauza "kulamulira ndi oŵerengeka". Mphamvu imaikidwa m’manja mwa gulu laling'ono, limene lingasiyanitse ndi chuma, banja, kutchuka, ntchito za makampani, kapena ulamuliro wankhondo. Mosiyana ndi mfumu, oligarchy sadalira pa ndandanda imodzi yokha ya choloŵa; mmalo mwake, gulu lolamulira lingakhale gulu, gulu, la gulu, kapena chilolezo.

Oligarchy angayendetse ntchito mwa kukhazikitsa kapena mwamwayi. M'kampani ya oligarchy, zikondwerero zazikulu za bizinesi zimasonkhezera boma kudzipindulitsa. M'gulu la asilikali, akazembe ankhondo amapanga komiti ya kulamulira. Sparta wakale anali ndi ufumu wa aŵiri limodzi ndi bungwe la akulu (Gerousia), lomwe kwenikweni linali bungwe la oligarchy. M'nthaŵi zamakono, Russia amatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala chitsanzo kumene dongosolo la oligarchs [1] anthu olemera okhala ndi kugwirizana kwapafupi ndi boma.

Mfundo yaikulu m'sayansi yandale ndiyo "lamulo la oligarchy," loperekedwa ndi Robert Michels, limene limalingalira kuti ngakhale mabungwe a demokrase amakhala otchuka kwambiri mkupita kwa nthaŵi chifukwa atsogoleri amakhazikitsa mphamvu ndi ukatswiri. Otsutsa ambiri amatsutsa kuti mademokrase amakono ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu, monga zopereka ndi kusonkhezera kupatsa chisonkhezero chapamwamba kwambiri. Malinga ndi [FLT: 0]] kufunafuna chuma cha kusiyana [, kuchuluka kwa chuma m'maiko a democracyism kumapereka chitokoso ku lamulo la ndale zadziko.

Teokrase: Ulamuliro Waumulungu m’Kulamulira

Theocracy [[FLT :1] ndi dongosolo la boma mmene ansembe kapena atsogoleri achipembedzo amalamulira m'dzina la mulungu (kapena milungu). Malamulo a boma, malamulo, ndi uyang'aniro amatengedwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku malemba achipembedzo ndi miyambo. Mu teokrase yoyera, mulibe kulekana pakati pa tchalitchi ndi boma; lamulo lachipembedzo liri lamulo lapamwamba la dziko.

Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Vatican City (ufumu wachifumu wosankhidwa kotheratu mmene Papa ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu), Iran (umene umaphatikiza pulezidenti wosankhidwa ndi Mtsogoleri Wamkulu yemwe ali mtsogoleri wachipembedzo wokhala ndi ulamuliro wotheratu, wochita zinthu motsogozedwa ndi lamulo la Chisilamu), ndi ulamuliro wa Taliban mu Afghanistan (kusungitsa lamulo la Sharia).

Zizindikiro za teokrase:

  • Atsogoleri achipembedzo ali ndi malo aakulu a boma.
  • Malamulo azikidwa pa malemba achipembedzo.
  • Nthawi zambiri ziphunzitso zachipembedzo zimaletsa ufulu ndi ufulu.
  • Zikhulupiriro kapena zipembedzo zosavomereza zingaletsedwe kapena kuletsedwa.

Maboma ateokratiki amakhala osunga mwambo ndi otsutsa kusintha. Akhoza kugwirizanitsa makhalidwe koma kaŵirikaŵiri kutaya ufulu waumwini, makamaka kwa akazi, magulu achipembedzo ochepa, ndi nzika zakudziko.

Njira Zopangira Ukhondo ndi Zenizeni za Maulamuliro Amakono

Maboma ochepa amaloŵa m’gulu limodzi. Maboma ambiri amaloŵa m'gulu limodzi ndi madongosolo ogwirizana ndi mitundu yambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Singapore ndi boma la boma lokhala ndi masankho a democracy koma lalamulidwa ndi gulu limodzi (PAP) kuyambira pamene linkayamba ufulu, ndipo nthawi zambiri amaletsedwa kulankhula zandale ndi msonkhano .

Mitundu ya ziŵiya imeneyi njofala kwambiri, makamaka pamene maboma a authoritarianism akubwereka njira za demokrase (zopanga, malamulo) kuti apeze lamulo pamene akuletsa mphamvu zenizeni. Asayansi andale amatcha izi "kulimbana ndi ulamuliro wa authoritarianism" kapena "kulamulira kwa authoritarianism" Kumvetsetsa mitundu imeneyi ya kuyera kwa utsi kuli kofunika popenda ntchito yeniyeni ya maboma, mmalo mwa kungodalira pa malembo awo enieni.

Kumvetsa Mtundu wa Boma N’kofunika

Kumvetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya boma si kungoika anthu pa gulu chabe ayi, koma kumawapatsanso zida zogwiritsa ntchito:

  • [[FLT: 0] Azindikire njira yawoyawo: Kuzindikira mbali za demokrase, origarchy, kapena ulamuliro wa authoritarianism kumalola anthu kudziŵa pamene boma lawo likukhala losaŵerengerapo kapena lotsendereza kwambiri.
  • Pansi pa zochitika za dziko lonse: Mbiri yonena za kusakhazikika kwa ndale zadziko, masankho, kapena kuposedwa kwa ufulu wa anthu imakhala yatanthauzo kwambiri pamene mudziŵa kapangidwe kolamulira koyambirira kwa dzikolo kokambidwa.
  • Partiplate mu nkhani ya ndale zadziko: M'kutsutsana kotsimikizirika ponena za lamulo [1] monga ngati kusintha kwa ndawala, kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, kapena kumasulira kwa lamulo-lamulo / chidziŵitso cha madongosolo a ndale zadziko.
  • chinjirizani kudyerera: [[FLT :1] Maboma aunitortial ndi oligarchy kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito chinenero cha "democracy" kubisa mkhalidwe wawo weniweni. Nzika zimene zimazindikira zizindikiro za republic yeniyeni zingapeŵe bwinopo mabodza otero.

Kufufuza za kuyerekezera boma kulinso kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse nkhani zazikulu za chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuphatikizapo kulemera, malamulo, ndi kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, maiko okhala ndi mabungwe amphamvu a demokalase amakhala ndi mlingo wokulirapo wa kukula kwa anthu, pamene maboma ankhanza kaŵirikaŵiri amapondereza magulu a anthu ochepa ndi kuyang’anizana ndi ngozi za kuukirana.

Kumaliza: Kukwerabe kwa Boma Loyerekezera

Chiphunzitso cha kusavuta cha demokrase, republic, monarchy, demokalase, opondereza, olamulira, ndi teokrase chimapereka poyambira chothandiza kumasulira dziko landale locholoŵana. Komabe, magulu ameneŵa sali mabokosi ovuta . Magulu ameneŵa ndi zida zowafufuzira. Thanzi la dongosolo la ndale zadziko lirilonse limadalira osati kokha pa kapangidwe kake kalamulo komanso pa mmene kapangidweko kamachitidwira, mlingo wa pangano la nzika, ndi mphamvu ya mayeso ake pa mphamvu.

Pamene zaka za zana la 21 zikutseguka, tikuwona masinthidwe amphamvu: kubuka kwa magulu a opatulist m'mademokrase akale okhazikitsidwa, kukhazikitsa maulamuliro a a authoritarianism m'maiko onga China ndi Russia, ndi kupitirizabe kwa miyambo yateokratiki ndi ya monarchy. Ntchito ya kumvetsetsa madongosolo ameneŵa njofunika kwambiri kuposa ndi kale lonse. Mwa kuphunzira kuzindikira zizindikiro zobisika (ndi osati zamphamvu) za maulamuliro osiyanasiyana, nzika kulikonse zingachirikize bwino madongosolo amene amatumikira mowonadi zabwino ndi zochirikiza ulemu wa anthu, kusungitsa malamulo abwino, ndi kukhalabe oŵerengera anthu amene akulamulira.