Buku la Bill of Rights si umboni wa mbiri yakale chabe; ndi maziko a ufulu wa ku America, pepala limene limalongosola ubale pakati pa munthu ndi boma. Linagwiritsidwa ntchito pa December 15, 1791, kukonzanso khumi oyambirira ku Malamulo, kukonza kuti achepetse mphamvu za boma ndi kuteteza ufulu waukulu. Kwa nzika za ku America, Bill of Rights idakali chitetezero chachikulu pa boma lopanda kulakwa ndi maziko a nkhondo yaikulu iliyonse ya ufulu wa anthu. Kumvetsa malamulo ake, kutsutsana kumene kunawaumba, ndi matanthauzo awo amakono nkofunika kwa nzika iliyonse yoikiridwa.

Mbiri Yambiri ya Mlanduwo

Kupangidwa kwa Bill of Rights kunachitika chifukwa cha mkangano waukulu wa ndale zadziko. Mkati mwa mkangano wogaŵanitsa wa 1787-1788, Antifederalist , Antifederalist monga Patrick Henry ndi George Mason anachenjeza kuti Malamulo atsopano anapanga boma lamphamvu zolamulira, lopanda zitsimikizo zenizeni za ufulu wa munthu. Iwo anatsutsa kuti popanda lamulo la ufulu, nzika zinali zosavuta kukakamizika kuchita nkhanza.

Ofufuza, kuphatikizapo James Madison ndi Alexander Hamilton, poyamba anakhulupirira lamulo la ufulu kukhala losafunikira, akumanena kuti boma la boma linali limodzi la maulamuliro oŵerengedwa ndipo silingachitepo kanthu kupyola malirewo. Hamilton motchuka analemba mu Federalist No. 84 kuti "Malamulo ndi enieniwo, m’lingaliro lirilonse, ndi ku chifuno chilichonse chopindulitsa, lamulo la ufulu. Komabe, kusungitsa kusungidwa kwa maufumu aakulu monga Virginia ndi New York, Federalists lonjeza kuwonjezera mapangano mwamsanga pambuyo pa boma latsopano.

James Madison, poyamba wokayikira, anatsogolera kukonzanso malamulo. Anafufuza mosamalitsa mapangano oposa 200 kuchokera ku misonkhano ya boma yogwirizanitsa ndi kuichotsa kumbuyo kwa zosintha khumi zoyambirira. Cholinga chake chinali kufotokoza nkhaŵa zazikulu kwambiri popanda kusokoneza kapangidwe ka malamulo. Zotsatirapozo zinavomerezedwa ndi magawo atatu - anayi mu 1791. Kuyang'ana mozama pa zolembedwa zoyambirira, chezerani Mabuku a Malo a Malamulo a Malamulo patsamba la Bill of Rights .

Kupenda Malamulo Khumi Oyamba Osintha Zinthu

Ngakhale kuti zina n’zachidule ndiponso zolunjika, zina zachititsa kuti pakhale matanthauzo ndi matanthauzo a mawu osiyanasiyana.

Kusintha Koyamba: Magwero a Kulankhula kwa Ufulu

First Amendment imaletsa kukhazikitsa lamulo lililonse lokhudza kukhazikitsa chipembedzo, kuletsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kusokoneza ufulu wa kulankhula, kusokoneza ufulu wa ofalitsa nkhani, kusokoneza ufulu wa kusonkhanitsa mwamtendere, kapena kuletsa kupempha kuti boma libweze zidandaulo. Kukonza kumeneku kumateteza njira za demokrase zokambirana, kusuliza, ndi kulambira. Nkhani ngati New York Times. Co. Sullivan [[FLT:] (1964])) anakhazikitsa chikalata chachikulu cha masuti a masamu ophatikizapo zithunzi za anthu, pamene kuli kwakuti Virginia Boma la Education. [FLD] ndi BartevP. [FT.FT.[3] [193] [193]

Kusintha kwachiŵiri: Ufulu Wosunga ndi Kunyamula Zida

Kukonzanso kochepa kwambiri kuyambitsa mkangano. Mpambo wachiŵiri wa Malamulo umaŵerenga kuti: "Kusintha kolinganizidwa bwino ndi ntchito ya boma. Komabe, mu [FLT:] Diver of Columbia v. Heller (2008), Khoti linagamula kuti Second Reformation iteteze ku ufulu wa munthu aliyense wokhala ndi mfuti ya kulowa m'zifuno zololedwa mwalamulo, monga ngati kuti iye mwini wadziimira yekha m’nyumba. Chigamulochi chinawonjezeredwa ku [[FLT] [MFLT] [2001] [2001] [ka], khoti linagamula kuti Secosert Reformation Reformation itetezerectivetion ya chifuno cha munthu aliyense kaamba ka zifuno zololedwa mwalamulo, monga ngati kuti munthu wodzilamulira yekha m’nyumba. Chigamu chinawonjezera chigamulo cha Chiku

Kusintha kwachitatu: Kutsogolera Asilikali

Kusintha kumeneku kumangoletsa boma kukakamiza eninyumba kumanga asilikali m'nthaŵi yamtendere popanda chilolezo. Pamene kuli kwakuti sikunayanjidwe, kumasonyeza mkwiyo wa Oyambitsawo pa Machitidwe a Briteni. Third Amendment idakali chizindikiro cha lamulo lamakhalidwe lakuti nyumba za nzika zili zosatsutsika.

Kusintha kwachinayi: Kutetezera Kukufufuza Kopanda Nzeru ndi Kuunika

Chikalata cha Opaleshoni chachinayi chimateteza "kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezeka mu anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, ndi kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda . Chimafuna kuti lamulo la lamulo lipeze chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera, makamaka pofufuza nyumba. Lamulo lapansi, lokhazikitsidwa mu Mapp v. Ohio [1961]] [1961]), kuletsa umboni wopezeka woswa Kombo yachinayi kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'khoti. Mavuto amakono amaphatikizapo kulowa kwa apolisi pa foni, GPPS, ndi mapulogalamu ofufuza. Khoti Lapamwamba linalamulira mu [FLT:] United States .

Kusintha kwachisanu: Kuyenera Kuchitika, Kudziimba Mlandu, ndi Kuika Maupandu Kaŵiri

First Amendment ndi woyang'anira ufulu wa apandu. Ilo limatsimikizira kuweruza kwa ajuli aakulu pa milandu yaikulu, limaletsa ngozi yoŵirikiza (kuyesedwa kaŵiri kaamba ka mlandu umodzimodzi), ndi kutetezera ku kudzipatula (kuyenera kwa kukhala chete). "Kutenga mawu" kumafuna kuti boma lipereke malipiro a kungolipira pamene lalanda katundu waumwini kuti ligwiritsire ntchito. Chikalata choyenerera chatembenuzidwa kuphatikiza Bill of Rights zitetezero zotetezera ku maboma. Mawu akuti "Kutsogolera a Fin 5" akhala maziko a mwambo.

Kusintha Zinthu Kwachisanu ndi chimodzi: Ufulu Woweruzidwa Bwino

Kukonza kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuzenga mlandu kwapoyera ndi kwapoyera kwa ajuli opanda tsankho, kuyenera kwa kudziŵitsidwa milandu, kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi kuitana mboni, ndi kuyenera kwa uphungu walamulo. Mlandu wapadera Gedeon v. Wainwright (1963) unafunidwa kupereka maloya kwa oimbidwa mlandu amene sangawapatse, kutembenuza dongosolo la chiweruzo chaupandu.

Kusintha kwa Sevenite: Mayeso a Chiŵeniŵeni

Saventy Amendment imasunga kuyenera kwa mlandu wa oweruza m’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni kumene ndalama za mkangano zimaposa $20. Pamene kuli kwakuti siiri magwero a mkangano wamakono, ilo limagogomezera chidaliro cha Oyambitsawo mwa nzika wamba kuthetsa mikangano.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Nkhanza ndi Chilango Chachilendo

Kusintha kwa 88 kumaletsa belo lopambanitsa, kulipira ndalama zambiri, ndi "kubwezera ndi chilango chachilendo". Mawu ameneŵa akhala maziko a mkangano pa chilango cha imfa. Furman v. Georgia [77]], Bwalo Lapamwamba linakantha malamulo onse ophera imfa kwa kanthaŵi kochepa monga chilango chopanda lamulo ndi kuphwanya lamulo. Pambuyo pake chiweruzo chinabwezeretsa chilango cha imfa ndi chitetezo chatsopano, koma Khoti laletsa kuphedwa kwa achichepere ndi anthu opunduka ndi ochenjera.

Mpumulo Wachinayi: Ufulu Woyenerera Unalandiridwa ndi Anthu

Ninth Amendment ikunena kuti kuŵerengeredwa kwa zoyenera zina m'Bungwe Sizidzalingaliridwa kukhala kukana kapena kunyoza ena amene anthu asunga. Chinatengedwa kuchepetsa mantha akuti kundandalika zoyenera zapadera kungatanthauze kuti ufulu wosaikiridwa sunatetezedwe. Ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'nkhani zachinsinsi, Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Ninth kumakhala maziko aakulu a chigamulo cha chiweruzo. Komabe kumachirikiza lamulo lakuti nzika zili ndi ufulu woloŵa m’malo kuposa wolembedwa.

Kusintha kwa Khumi: Mphamvu Zodalira ku Maboma Kapena Anthu

Tenth Amendment imatsimikizira kuti maulamuliro osaperekedwa ku boma la boma kapena oletsedwa ku maboma amasungidwa ku maboma, kapena kwa anthu. Kusintha kumeneku kuli maziko a boma, kuchepetsa ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma. Kwatchulidwa m'milandu yokhazikitsira ulamuliro wa boma pa maboma, monga ngati [FLT] Prentz v. United States (1997), imene inagonjetsa ziyeneretso za boma za kugulitsa mfuti.

Chiphunzitso Chogwirizanitsa: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Chikalata cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ku United States

Kwa mbiri yaikulu ya Amereka, Bill of Rights inagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha ku boma la boma. Maboma anali ndi malamulo awoawo ndipo analetsa kulankhula, kufufuza, ndi ufulu wina monga momwe anaonera. Izi zinasintha pang’onopang’ono pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni. Malamulo a 144th Demendment's Redumented Readstem Clausse amaletsa kukana "munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma, popanda njira yalamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba "liphatikiza" chitetezo chachikulu cha ufulu pa milandu yokhudzana ndi malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, kutetezera kwaufulu wa kulankhulana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malamulo [FL:] mu [FLFF:0] tsopano. [12]

Mlandu wa Ufulu wa Anthu Masiku Ano

M’malo mokhala chikalata chosasintha, buku la ufulu wachibadwidwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku lililonse m’makhoti, m’mabungwe, m’mabungwe a malamulo, ndiponso m’makambitsirano a anthu.

Kudziimira pa Wekha pa Makompyuta ndi Kusintha kwa Kachinayi

Kukwera kwa mafoni, kusungira mazira, ndi Intaneti zakakamiza makhoti kumasuliranso zimene zili "search" kapena "ufitire". Mu Riley . California [1] (2014, Khoti Lalikulu linakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti apolisi ayenera kupeza chilolezo chofufuza foni kuti agwire. Khotilo linazindikira kuti zipangizo zamakono zili ndi chidziŵitso chachinsinsi, chochuluka kwambiri kuposa chikwama chakuthupi. Lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito drons, Picture, ndi zipangizo zodziŵira nkhope zidzapitiriza kudzutsa mafunso a Opansi.

Kulankhula Mwaufulu m’Nthaŵi ya Kuulutsa Nkhani

First Amendment imateteza osati kokha mawu olembedwa komanso mawu ophiphiritsira, kusatsatsa malonda, ndi ndawala. Mapulatifomu a zaunyinji akhala malo atsopano a anthu. Masewera monga Pickham v. North Carolina [1] (2017]) imawononga lamulo limene linaletsa opalamula za kugonana ovomerezeka pa kugwiritsa ntchito manyuzi, kulamulira kuti mapulatifomu ameneŵa ngofunika kuti alankhulane ndi anthu amakono. Komabe, makampani ena monga Facebook ndi Twitter sangakhale otsatsa malonda a boma ndipo akhoza kukwaniritsa zinthu mosapitirira malire a pulatifomu ndi mawu aufulu. Kulimbana pakati pa mapulatifomu ndi nkhani zalamulo otsatsatitsa malonda ndi nkhani khumi.

Ufulu wa Mfuti ndi Chitetezo cha Anthu

Pambuyo pa Heller ndi [FLT :2] [FLT] , makhoti aang'ono ayesayesa kulongosola ukulu wa Demendment Yachiŵiri. Ziletso za "zida zankhondo," ndi zobisika zakhala ndi zilolezo zophatikiza. M'dziko la New York Rifle & Lamp; Pistol Association. Bruen . [FLT:] [202] [202], Khoti Lapamwambalo linalandira mayeso atsopano a kuyang'anira malamulo, likufunikira boma kusonyeza lamulolo logwirizana ndi lamulo lakale la kuukira lamulo. Chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamulo cha chigamulo cha chija cha chigamulo cha chika kutsutsana ndi chigamulo cha nkhondo chachiŵiri cha nkhondo, bwalo lachiŵiri lamilandu lamilandu lakunja lachiŵiri.

Maphunziro Ophunzitsa Ufulu wa Kuyenera kwa Anthu

Kwa aphunzitsi, Bill of Rights imapereka mwaŵi wochuluka wa kuloŵetsa ophunzira mu unzika wokangalika. Kuloŵeza pamtima zobwezedwa, aphunzitsi angagwiritsire ntchito zigomeko zoyerekezera za Khoti Lapamwamba, kumene ophunzira amachirikiza mbali zonse ziŵiri m'nkhani zonga Mandanda v. Arizona kapena [FLT:] [[FLT]] [v. Des Moines [1]. Magwero aakulu a mapepala oyambirira a National Archives amathandiza kumvetsetsa nkhani za m'mbiri. Nkhani zamakono. Makambitsirano monga ngati ngati malamulo oyambirira amatetezera mawu audani pa Intaneti kapena kaya ngati Secondation imalola kupenda kwa dziko lonse lapansi. [FLT:] Programme project: [FFOF]

Mavuto ndi Kuvuta

Buku lakuti Bill of Rights (Bungwe la ufulu wachibadwidwe) ndi limene linakhazikitsidwa panthawi imene anthu anali akapolo, panthawi imene malo anali oyenera kuvota, ndiponso panthawi imene akazi ndi anthu a mitundu ina anali ndi ufulu wosankha.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Kudana ndi Mawu

Bungwe la Suprement la Court limateteza ngakhale ku nkhani yokhumudwitsa kwambiri. Khoti Lalikulu lanena kuti boma silingaletse kulankhula chifukwa chakuti n’kwaudani, ngakhale kuti pali mitundu ina ya mawu monga kusonkhezera chiwawa, ziwopsezo zenizeni, ndi mawu olimbana ndi zida zotero. Kuwonjezeka kwa utundu wa azungu, kuvuta kwa pa Intaneti, ndi kutha kwa mawu oletsa kutero. Mayiko ambiri ali ndi malamulo okhwima kwambiri oletsa kulankhula, koma United States adakalibe ku mfundo yakuti njira yabwino yothetsera kulankhula mawu oipa ndiyo kulankhulana moyenera, osati kutsutsa.

Kusintha kwachiŵiri ndi Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse

Kutsutsana pa zoyenera za mfuti ndi kuletsa mfuti kukukhalabe imodzi ya nkhani zogaŵanitsa kwambiri ku America. Ochirikiza malamulo aakulu akusonyeza kukwera kwa chiwawa cha mfuti ndi kuwombera anthu ambirimbiri, kutsutsana za kumbuyo kwa chilengedwe chonse, nyengo zoyembekezera, ndi zoletsa zida zina. Ochirikiza ufulu wa mfuti amalimbikitsa kudzitsutsa okha, kutsutsa ulamuliro wankhanza, ndipo malemba a Lamulo lachiŵiri. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLT: 0] [FLT] chasintha malo alamulo, kufuna umboni wa m'mbiri wa lamulo la mfuti iliyonse. Zimenezi zachepetsa malamulo ambiri ndi kuletsa mfuti, monga New York ndi California, ndipo nkhondo ikupitirizabe m'makhoti.

Kupeza Zinthu Zofunika pa Moyo Wanu Ndiponso Kuchuluka kwa Boma

Pambuyo pa kuukira kwa September 11, boma linawonjezera mphamvu zoyang’anira pansi pa USA PARITOTTT Act . Maprogramu osonkhanitsa mametaimu ochuluka analetsedwa pambali zina. Kusintha kwa Four Empumendment kumafuna kuti ukacheze, koma kuti "kulolera" ndi luso la zopangapanga. Mantha achinsinsi amafikira pa chidziŵitso chosonkhanitsidwa ndi makampani a anthu, kumene Chiphunzitso cha Third Party chimaloleza boma kupeza chidziŵitso chogawana modzifunira ndi magulu achitatu (monga makampani a telefoni kapena ISBS). Akatswiri ena amatsutsa chiphunzitso chimenechi ndi kuti kutha kwa zaka zinayi zowonjezera za pulogalamu ya kampani ya magetsi ayenera kuteteza kwambiri anthu amakono.

Kumaliza

Bill of Rights siinakhaleko mu 1791. Ndi dongosolo lamphamvu limene limaumba moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa munthu aliyense wa ku America. Kuchokera ku kuyenera kwa kulankhula ku ufulu wa munthu ku kumasuka ku kufunafuna kosayenera, kutumiza mayeso khumi kumeneku kumapereka maluso alamulo ovomerezeka. Pamene chitaganya chikusintha, makhoti adzapitirizabe kumasulira ufulu umenewu m'nkhani zatsopano. Kwa anthu a ku America, kumvetsa ufulu wa ufulu wa munthu si njira yongophunzitsa maphunziro chabe, ndipo ndi chida chotetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi kuchititsa kuti boma likhale ndi mlandu. Nkhani za panja, mfuti, zachinsinsi, ndi njira yoyenerera sizidzathetsedwa konse, koma kuti ndi mkhalidwe wa malamulo a moyo. Kugwirizana ndi zimenezi sikuli, kaya m’kalasi, kapena m’bwalo la kholi, kapena m’kaidi, ndi mlandu wa chikalata.