Chiyambi: Kubadwa kwa Ufulu wa America

Asayansi a ufulu wa anthu a ku America adawasintha kwambiri pa December 15, 1791. Malamulo khumi oyambirirawa anachokera ku mikangano yoopsa pakati pa Federalist ndi AntiFedalist. Anti-Federalist anaopa kuti malamulo atsopano apatsa mphamvu zambiri boma lalikulu, kusiyira nzika zamphamvu ku ulamuliro wa boma. Kuumirira kwawo ufulu wolembedwa kunatsogolera ku kutengera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira omwewo, kumvetsa zimenezi sikuli kokha phunziro la mbiri yakale imene ili yothandiza kuteteza ufulu wa anthu onse a ku America lerolino. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza ufulu uliwonse wokhudzana ndi kulongosola nkhani za mbiri yakale, kupereka mfundo zalamulo, ndi kulangiza mfundo zalamulo, kuthandizira inuyo ndi kuteteza ufulu umenewu.

Mbiri Yakale: Chifukwa Chake Mlanduwo Unali Wofunika

Malamulo oyambirira, omwe anasainidwa mu 1787, sanaphatikizepo lamulo la ufulu. Nthumwi zambiri, kuphatikizapo James Madison, poyamba anakhulupirira kuti zinali zosafunikira chifukwa chakuti boma linali limodzi la maulamuliro opereŵera, oŵerengedwa. Komabe, njira yoyanitsa inavumbula nkhaŵa yaikulu ya anthu. Maboma onga Virginia ndi New York anatsimikizira za malamulo a malamulo pambuyo polonjeza kuti lamulo la ufulu lidzawonjezeredwa nthaŵi yomweyo. Madison anakhazikitsa malamulowo, kuchokera ku Direclaration of Rights ndi English Bill of Rights of 1689. Mbiri imeneyi imasonyeza kuti Bill of Rights sinali yolingaliridwa koma kugamulapo kumene kunachititsa kuti chigwirizano chikhale chothekera. Mukhoza kuŵerenga zolembedwa zoyambirira pa [FL: 0] National [F:]

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kuyamba: Ufulu Usanu

Mosakaikira, First Amendment ndiyo ufulu waukulu koposa, wotetezera maufulu asanu amene amapanga maziko a demokrase ya America. ufulu umenewu suli wotheratu; makhoti alola ziletso zoyenerera, koma Bwalo Lapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri limagwiritsira ntchito miyezo yapamwamba lisanalole ziletso za boma.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula

Ufulu wa kulankhula umatetezera osati kokha mawu olankhulidwa komanso mawu ophiphiritsira, monga ngati kutentha mbendera (Texas v. Johnson, 1989). Imakhudza kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko, kalankhulidwe ka zojambula, ndipo ngakhale kudana, malinga ngati sikumasonkhezera kachitidwe kosayeruzika koyandikira (Brandenburg v. Ohio, 1969). Sukulu ziri ndi njira yoletsa kulankhula kwa ophunzira kumene kumasokoneza mchitidwe wa maphunziro (Tinker v. Des Moines, 1969).

Ufulu wa Manyuzipepala

Chitetezero chimenechi chimaletsa boma kuyang’anira zoulutsira nkhani pasadakhale (kuletsa kwa pa Intaneti). Nkhani zolemba chizindikiro monga New York Times Co. v. United States [1] inatsekereza boma kuletsa kufalitsidwa kwa Pentagon Papers. Ofalitsa sali otetezeka ku malamulo a kusungidwa kwa anthu onse, monga ngati malamulo, koma ali ndi chitetezo chachikulu kuti asungire akuluakulu a boma mlandu.

Ufulu wa Chipembedzo

First Amendment ili ndi ziganizo ziŵiri za chipembedzo: Kukhazikitsa Claus (kuvomereza boma lachipembedzo) ndi Free Execle Claus (kuchinjiriza kuyenera kwa munthu kwa kugwiritsira ntchito chikhulupiriro chake). Khoti Lalikulu lapereka chigamulo chakuti sukulu za boma sizingatsogolere mapemphero (Engel ndi Vitace, 1962) ndikuti sizingakhoze kutsogolera machitachita achipembedzo kaamba ka mitolo yapadera (Tchalitchi cha Lukumi Balu Aye n’v. Hialeah, 1993).

Kuyenera Kusonkhana ndi Kupempha

Aamereka ali ndi kuyenera kwa kusonkhana mwamtendere kaamba ka zitsutso, magudumu, ndi misonkhano. Kuyenera kumeneku kuli nthaŵi, malo, ndi mkhalidwe woletsedwa, koma ziletso zozikidwa pa zolembedwa zikuyang’aniridwa mwamphamvu. Kuyenera kwa kupempha kulola anthu kupempha masinthidwe kuchokera ku boma, kuyambira ku kugawa kwa malo ndi kusintha kwa malamulo a dziko.

Kusintha kwa II: Ufulu Wonyamula Zida

Second Amendment imati: “Kusintha kumeneku kunafotokozedwa bwino kwambiri monga kuyenera kwa ntchito za asilikali. Komabe, [kuyenera kwa Boma laufulu, kwa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, sikudzadodometsedwa. Kwa mbiri yambiri ya America, kukonza kumeneku kunatengedwa kukhala kuyenera kwa gulu la asilikali. Komabe, mu [FLD] Diquality of Columbia v. Hellar [FLD] [FLT:] [2008] [], Khoti Lapamwamba linazindikira kuti munthu ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi mfuti ya kudziphera yekha panyumba. Zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake, [[FLT:] MDonald v. [FLT] [20] [20]) linachita chitetezero cha mawuwo kudzera m'mawu a kumbuyo kwa kupwiriganiga, lerolino, kumbuyo kwa malamulo a kumbuyo kwa malamulo otsende, ndi chitsutso, “kutsutsa chitsutso cha nkhondo.

Kusintha kwa III: Asilikali Otsogolera

Chikalata cha Third Amendment chimaletsa boma kukakamiza eninyumba kumanga asilikali a nyumba panthaŵi yamtendere popanda chilolezo chawo. Kusintha kumeneku kunali kuvomereza mwachindunji Machitidwe a ku Britain omwe atsamunda anakwiya. Ngakhale kuti sikwapafupi kutchulidwa, mzimu wa Third Amendment umalimbitsa lamulo lakuti nyumba ndi malo opatulika opanda oloŵetsedwamo asilikali. Pregital . Prejivate yachiŵiri yathandiza kuteteza kwa Gene Amendment jurisprudence.

Demetriyo IV: Kufunafuna ndi Kusuta

Demendment yachinayi imateteza nzika za dziko ku “kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Mwachisawawa, lamulo liyenera kupeza chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera asanafufuze nyumba kapena munthu. Chikalatacho chiyenera kulongosola mwapadera malo ofunikiridwira ndi zinthu zoti zigwire. Mkati mwa zaka mazana ambiri, makhoti alembapo zopatula: kuvomereza, kuyang'ana, kuona zinthu zooneka, ndi kufunsira zochitika kuti zigwiridwe. Lamulo la kutsendea, lokhazikitsidwa mu majeredi. Ohio [[FLT:] [1961] [191], amateteza umboni wopezeka kuti asagwiritsiridwe ntchito m'khoti. M'nyengo ya , Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi matelefoni, likufunikira chikalata cha chidziŵitso cha masamu (R.C.C.C.c.c.

Kusintha Malamulo V: Ufulu M’milanduwo ya Apandu

M’chikalata chachisanu cha Mpando wa Malamulo muli zinthu zambiri zotetezera anthu amene amaimbidwa mlandu wa upandu, aliyense wa iwo ali ndi maziko aakulu a malamulo a Chingelezi ndi zokumana nazo za atsamunda.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu Waukulu

Pamilandu yaikulu kapena yoipitsitsa, woweruza milandu wa boma ayenera kuyamba ndi mlandu waukulu wa ajuli pokhapo ngati alephera. maboma ambiri samafuna kuti aŵeruze milandu yaikulu ya boma, koma Khoti Lapamwambalo lanena kuti ufulu umenewu sunaloŵetsedwe m’manja mwa mabomawo.

Kudwala Matenda Oopsa

Komabe, chitetezo chimenechi sichiletsa munthu wina kuweruza mnzake payekha (m’njira yofanana ndi boma ndi boma) kuti atsutse mlandu womwewo, ndiponso sichimaletsa kuweruzanso mlandu wina pambuyo pa juli yopachikidwa.

Kudziimba Mlandu ndi Kuyenera kwa Ufulu wa Kudzisunga

Palibe munthu “adzakakamizidwa m'nkhani iliyonse yaupandu kukhala mboni yodzitsutsa.” Izi zimapereka machenjezo otchuka a Miranda (kuchokera ku Miranda v. Arizona, 1966), kufuna apolisi kudziŵitsa okayikira ufulu wawo wa kukhala chete ndi kukhala ndi loya. Ndemanga zopezedwa popanda machenjezo oyenerera kaŵirikaŵiri sizingamveke.

Kukonzekera ndi Kutenga Zinthu

Demendulo lachisanu la Accomplity’s Access Claus ikufuna kuti boma litsatire njira zolungama lisanamane aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Kutenga Claus kumalamula “kubwezera mwapadera” pamene boma litenga katundu wa anthu onse kuti agwiritse ntchito m’malo otchuka. Nkhani yotsutsana Kelo v. City of New London [[FLT:] [200] [2005] (kuwonjezera] “kuthandiza kwa anthu onse" kuphatikizapo kutukuka kwa chuma, koma mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo okhwima kwambiri.

Kusintha kwa Mfundo Yachiwiri: Kuyenera Kuzengedwa Mlandu Wabwino

Pa Sixth Amendment pamapereka chitsimikizo cha mlandu wa apandu wozengedwa mlandu mofulumira ndi wapoyera ndi ajuli, kuyenera kwa kudziŵitsidwa mlanduwo, kuyenera kwa kuyang'anira ndi mboni zapansipa, ndi kuyenera kwa kuthandiza uphungu wa kudzitetezera kwake. Ufulu wa kupereka uphungu unafotokozedwa motchuka mu [[FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainwr [[FL:1] [1963] [i]), kulamula kuti boma lipereke loimira loya wa oimbidwa mlandu m’milandu ya mabwinja m’milandu yachikole. Pambuyo pake, kuyenera kuperekedwa kwa anthu ambiri olakwa kumene kuyang’anizana ndi kumangidwa kwenikweni (Argisterer v. Hamlin, 1972). Mlandulo wa mlanduwo amaimira ku kulakwa kulikonse kochitidwa ndi kumangidwa kwa mlandu kwa pabwalo lapoyera.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo: Mayesero a nzika

Seventh Amend Amend Reformation imasunga ufulu wa kuweruza milandu ya ajuli “palamulo lachiŵeniŵeni” kumene phindu la mkangano limaposa madola makumi aŵiri (chiwonkhetso chachikulu mu 1791). Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti kakonzedwe kameneka kamagwira ntchito m’khoti la boma lokha, osati kukhazikitsa machitidwe (pokha ngati malamulo a boma apereka). Kukonzanso kutsimikizira kuti palibe chigamulo cha khoti la a milandu chingapendedwenso ndi khoti lina kusiyapo malamulo a lamulo wamba. M’kachitidwe, malamulo ameneŵa amaletsa makhoti kuchotsapo zopezedwa zaumboni za jambulo. Kuyenera kwa lamulo la boma kuli kofunika kwambiri kuti anthu akhalebe okhulupirika m’dongosolo la chiweruzo, monga momwe kumalola nzikazo kugawa, mapangano, kuwonjezera mapangano, ndi katundu.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu VIII: Chilango Chankhanza ndi Chachilendo

Chikalata cha Edzi chinkaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri, kulipira ndalama zambiri, ndi chilango chankhanza ndiponso chachilendo. Khoti Lalikulu laona kuti “kuphwanya malamulo ndi zachilendo” kusinthiratu ndi miyezo ya anthu ya ulemu. Mwachitsanzo, chilango cha imfa ya munthu wamkulu wogwiriridwa chigololo (Coker V. Georgia, 1977) ndi maupandu ochitidwa ndi achinyamata (Rhoperv. Smons, 2005) zakhala zopanda lamulo. Chilango cha kubwezera chilango chopanda malire, monga moyo wa ana osamvera lamulo (Gramb. Florida, 2010).

Mpumulo: Ufulu Wopanda Kuperekedwa

Ninth Amendment imati: “Kuŵerengera m'Malamulo, ufulu wina, sikudzalingaliridwa kukana kapena kuchotsa ena amene anthu akusunga.” Kusintha kumeneku kunawonjezeredwa ku mantha akuti kulinganiza ufulu wachindunji kukanatanthauza kuti ufulu wonse unaperekedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti kukhazikitsanso malamulo a bungwe lapamwamba la Konsati sikunakhale maziko aakulu a lamulo, kumalimbikitsa kuvomereza zoyenera za anthu, monga kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi (Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965) ndi kuyenera kwa kukwatira (Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015). Lamulolo limatikumbutsa kuti malamulowo si chikalata chatsatanetsatane; ndiko kutetezera anthu.

Kusintha kwa X: Kulimbana ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma

Demendment ya khumi imasungidwa ku maiko (kapena kwa anthu) maulamuliro onse osagaŵiridwa ku boma la boma ndi Malamulo, kapena oletsedwa ku maboma. Kukonza kumeneku ndiko maziko a ulamuliro wa Amereka. Kumachepetsa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kutsimikizira kuti lamulo lawo lakusunga ulamuliro woletsa mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu, kuyendetsa malamulo a boma, ndi malonda a boma. United States v. Lopez . (1955]), Khoti linamenya lamulo la boma loletsa mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu, kuchititsa kuti lipambane mphamvu ya zoyendetsa malonda ndi kuukira boma. Momwemonso, [FLD] Nationalideast of Inteccidentiction of Busity. [FULC] [195]

Kuvomereza: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Chikalata cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ku United States

Poyambirira, Bill of Rights inagwira ntchito kokha ku boma la boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lomwe linasungidwa mu Barron v. Baltimore (1833) kuti maboma sanamangidwe ndi kukonzedwa kumeneku. Linasintha pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni ndi kusokonezeka kwa Demende la 1450, limene limaphatikizapo Programmes Claus yomwe imateteza “malamulo kapena mathithithithithidwe a U.S. Kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, Bwalo “li linaloŵetsamonso mapangano ambiri a ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu kumaiko kudzera ku Demeterramya. Lerolino, chitetezo chonse cha kutetezera kwa kumanja, kutetezera zida zankhondo, kutetezera dziko losalolera, kutetezera dziko lonse. Malamulo a Chigawo a Chigawo cha Chigawo cha Chigawo cha Chigawo cha Chigawo cha Ching’ono ndi Ching’ono, Chikulu cha Chithandizo cha Chipulumu cha Chipulumu cha Chipulumu cha Chipulumu. Chipulumuchiku

Kuphunzitsa Mpukutu wa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe: Ziphunzitso za Kalasi

Kwa aphunzitsi, kubweretsa Bill of Rights ku moyo kumafuna zambiri kuposa kungolinganiza kukonzanso. Akhale ndi ophunzira nkhani za mbiri pakati pa Federal Lists ndi Anti-Federalist . Gwiritsani ntchito kuyerekezera mlandu wa Supreme Court kupenda mmene ufulu wa kulinganiza ndi zikondwerero zopikisana. Irani loya kapena woweruza wa kumaloko kuti afotokoze mfundo zenizeni za dziko. Kulimbikitsa ophunzira kupeza nkhani za masiku ano zokhudza malamulo a boma, monga kulankhula mwaufulu pa makolichi, makamera a polisi, kapena malamulo a mfuti. Ndalama za magetsi kuchokera ku Constitution Center [FLT:] ndi [FL:] Projective] Projects [FFFOL:3] projective] yopereka nkhani ndi kumvetsera kwa anthu olankhula ndi kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwa anthu. Mwakudziŵitsa kwa ufulu, mwa kuyendetsa ufulu wa anthu odziŵa kuyendetsa za ufulu wa ku

Mapeto ake: Cholowa Chosatha cha Ufulu

Bill of Rights si chigawo cha zinthu zakale; ndi chikalata cha moyo chimene chikupitiriza kuumba moyo wa Amereka. Kuyambira pa mikangano yachinsinsi ya makompyuta mpaka pa malire a chitsutso, zikalata khumi zimenezi zimapereka maziko otetezera munthu aliyense pa boma pochenjerera. Komabe Bill of Rights ili ndi mphamvu yokha ngati nzika zimene zimaimvetsetsa ndi kuiteteza. Pamene muphunzitsa kapena kuphunzira zokonza, kumbukirani kuti mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kulimbana ndi tanthauzo lake ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake. [[FLT: 0] Malemba a Bill of Rights alipo mwaufulu, ndipo malamulo ake amakhalidwe adakalipobe kuti achemere. Mwakudziŵa zoyenera zanu, mukusunga lonjezo la kuyesa kwa ku America.