Kumvetsa Zosintha: Maziko ndi Kusiyana kwa Zinthu

Kusintha kwa masinthidwe ndi masinthidwe a dongosolo la malamulo ndi a malamulo amene amalamulira mmene masankho amachitidwira. Masinthidwe ameneŵa angasinthenso kulowa kwa wovota, kuimira, ndi kudalirika kwa zonse za demokrase. Chifukwa chakuti malamulo a maseŵerowo akukhalamo ndi mmene mawu awo akuŵerengedwera, ngakhale kusintha pang'ono pa njira zovotera kungakhale ndi ziyambukiro zopitira ku pangano la boma. Kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi opanga malamulo, kumvetsetsa kusintha kwa masinthidwe ameneŵa nkofunika kupititsa patsogolo demokrase yauthomatiki.

Akatswiri amasintha masankhidwe osiyanasiyana m'mabwalo ambiri, chimodzi ndi chimodzi chikumaika mbali yapadera ya kayendedwe ka pulogalamu ya votor. Kusintha njira yosintha kusintha mmene nzika zimaikira mavoloti awo , monga chitsanzo, kuchoka ku njira yosavuta ya kusanthula kapena kuimira. [FLT:] Kusintha kulembetsa [[FLT:] kutsekera kulembetsa kusintha njira imene anthu amafunikira amafikira pa mipukutu, monga kugwiritsa ntchito kulembetsa kulembetsa kodzi kwaumwini kapena tsiku limodzi. [zipang'kamodzi], zopereka zosinthasinthasintha za ndalama. [masinthasinthasinthasintha ndi kuchotsa malire a m'chigawo chakusintha. [FFFG]

Zosonkhezera za kusintha kwa masankho kwenikweni nzozikidwa pa zolinga za chilungamo, kupezeka, ndi kuonekera. Komabe, matanthauzo a ndale amene amatengedwa . "partisan", maprogramu a mayanjano, kapena zigamulo za khoti [1] kaŵirikaŵiri amatsimikizira chiyambukiro chawo chenicheni cha dziko. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kochirikizidwa ndi gulu limodzi kungatsutsidwe ndi lina, ndipo kukwaniritsa zitokoso zingachepetse mapindu awo ofunidwa. Kumvetsetsa maluso ameneŵa kumathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake kugwirizana pakati pa masinthidwe ndi mapangano a boma sikuli kopepuka kapena kogwirizana pakati pa madera ena.

Kufunika kwa Kuloŵa M’chigwirizano ndi Chigwirizano cha Chidemokrase

Chipangano cha Covic chimaphatikizapo kupezeka pamisonkhano yapoyera, kugwirizana ndi magulu a abusa, kudzipereka pa mautumiki, kukumana ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa, ndi kutenga nawo mbali m’mabungwe. Kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa mapangano a boma ndiko chizindikiro cha ufumu wa demokrase wamphamvu chifukwa chakuti kumatsimikizira kuti mitundu yambiri ya mawu imathandiza kukhazikitsa malamulo a anthu. Nzika zokhala ndi chidziŵitso chowonjezereka, kukhulupirira kwambiri mabungwe a demokrase, ndi kufunitsitsa kuchititsa atsogoleri kuŵerengera. Ofufuza nthaŵi zonse amasonyeza kuti madera okhala ndi zigamu za boma akukumana ndi zipambano zabwino, kuchokera ku mautumiki ovomereza kwambiri kuti ziphuphu zikhale zotsika.

Kwa ophunzira, kuvomerezana ndi boma ndi chinthu choyamba chimene chingathandize kuti akhale nzika zokangalika. Sukulu zimathandiza kwambiri kukulitsa kachitidwe ka kugawanamo, monga kukambirana zochitika zamakono, kulimbikitsa ntchito za malamulo, ndi kulimbikitsa ntchito yongodzipereka. Ngati kusintha kwa masankho kumachititsa kuti kukhale kosavuta kutengamo mbali, angawonjezere mapindu a maphunziro a boma. Koma kusintha kumene kumalepheretsa kutenga nawo mbali kungafooketse ngakhale zoyesayesa zabwino kwambiri m’kalasi zopanga maluso a democracy.

Mmene Kusintha Zinthu Kumakhudzira Umodzi

Njira Zabwino Zokhalira ndi Mbali

Malamulo ambiri opanga masankho anapangidwa kuti awonjezere kulembetsa kwa boma. kulembera kwa kampani modzifunira (AVTR) [AVT:1] ndi limodzi la masinthidwe ogwira ntchito kwambiri. Maboma amene agwiritsira ntchito AVR, monga Oregon ndi Georgia, aona kulembetsa kukwera kwa kuŵirikiza. Ngati nzika sizifunikira kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito mapepala ovuta kapena masiku ake, n’zothekera kwambiri kuti zilembetsedwe ndi kuvota. Kulembetsa kwa tsiku limodzi, koperekedwa m'mayiko monga Minnesota ndi Wiscoen, komanso kuwonjezera kutumiza, makamaka achinyamata, amene mwina sangakhoze kulembetsa makalata.

[[FLT : 0] Kusankha kwachikale-choice [RCV] kungalimbikitse magawo owonjezereka ndi kuchepetsa ndawala yosalimbikitsa, imene imapangitsa masankho kukhala osangalatsa kwambiri kwa ovota. Matauni onga San Francisco ndi Minneapolis agwiritsira ntchito RCV kusanthula molongosoka akuluakulu amene amaonetsa bwino kusiyana kwa midzi yawo. Pamene ofufuza alingalira kuti bollot adzaŵerenga ngakhale ngati olembetsawo oyamba ataya [1] chifukwa chakuti iwo angakhoze kukhala ndi malo othandizira osakhala panyumba. Kufufuza kwina kumapereka lingaliro lakuti RCV colletable ndi mavoti owonjezereka m'masankhoma awo, ngakhale kuti chiyambukiro chachinga chakulongosola bwino ku gulu la anthu.

Makomiti odziimira okha osintha zinthu [[FLT: 1] angachepetse kupikisana kwa anthu ogaŵanitsa, kupanga zotulukapo zosankhidwa zowonjezereka. Maboma a bungwe apereka chosankha chatanthauzo, chimene chimawonjezera chisonkhezero cha kukhala ndi phande. Makampani a California a Redicorigieting Commission, okhazikitsidwa mu 2008, apatsidwa mlandu wa kuyambitsa mafuko ambiri opikisana ndi kuchepetsa kufunsira. Pamene nzika zawo ziwona kuti mavoti awo angapange masankhoti, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kuwonjezera nthaŵi ya kuphunzira ponena za ofunsira ndi kutembenuka.

Zotsatirapo Zoipa ndi Zopinga Zosayembekezeredwa

Si masinthidwe onse amene ali opindulitsa pa pangano la ukwati. Strict malamulo a ovota , ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maboma onga Indiana ndi Texas, amakhudza modabwitsa kwambiri mitundu ya anthu ochepa, ovota okalamba, ndi osalandira bwino kwambiri anthu omwe amasankha kukhala ndi ndale zapamwamba kwambiri. Mtolo wa kupeza boma lokhala ndi mavoti, kaŵirikaŵiri woloŵetsamo ulendo ku maofesi okhala ndi maola ochepa ndi mtengo wochirikiza mapepala, umachititsa chiyambukiro chochititsa kuchepetsa kutengamo mbali. Umboni kuchokera ku lamulo la chivoti cha North Carolina (lizidwa pambuyo pake monga desikitory) unasonyeza kutsika bwino pakati pa Odansi ya mavoti yoyamba.

Kusintha m'madongosolo ovota kungaletsenso kutengamo mbali. Pamene maulamuliro asintha njira zatsopano monga makina ovotera a electronic kapena kuvota popanda maphunziro okwanira, kusokonezeka kungatsogolere kukuwononga mabotolo kapena kuchepetsa chikhulupiriro. Mofananamo, kusintha kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kwa kusanthula malo kapena malire a chigawo kusokoneza chivoti chachizoloŵezi. Chisankho cha 2020 chinaona masinthidwe ambiri omalizira pa mliri wotsatira; pamene kuli kwakuti maiko ambiri anasintha bwino, ena anaona kuti asintha m'midzi imene inauzidwa bwino kwambiri ponena za njira zatsopano.

Kusalabadira kwa . 2010 Bwalo Lalikulu mu lingatuluke pamene kusintha kukuonedwa kukhala kopanda pake kapena kosakwanira. Ngati nzika ziwona malamulo a zachuma akukhalabe ofooka mosasamala kanthu za kulira kwa anthu, zingagamule kuti dongosololi limachirikiza anthu olemera ndi kutaya ndalama. Chigamulo cha 2010 cha Bwalo Lapamwamba mu Chimapanganis United. FÉC Linatulutsa chiwonjezero cha ndalama zowonongedwa paokha popanda malire, ndipo zokonzanso zinasintha zinasintha zinasintha. Zimenezi zathandiza kuti anthu ena otsutsa, makamaka achinyamata, amene akuona kuti sangathe kuloŵerera m’makampani yaikulu.

Kufufuza za Kusintha kwa Zinthu m’Chigawo cha Depth ndi Kusintha Kwake

Phunziro Loyamba: Njira Yaikulu Yapamwamba - Iŵiri ya ku California (Procesition 14)

Proposition 14, yomwe inachitidwa mu 2010 ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2012, inalowa m'malo mwa chipani chachikulu ndi “pamwamba-2”: ofunsira ntchito atakhala pa kampani imodzi, mosasamala kanthu za gulu, ndi ana aŵiri apamwamba kwambiri ovota ku masankho. Ochirikiza anatsutsa kuti obatizidwawo akakhala oyenera, kuchepetsa kusungunuka kwa dziko, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ovota. Otsutsa anachenjeza kuti atha kutseka gawo lachitatu m'kapete ndi osankha okha pa chisankho cha onse.

Umboni wa pangano la boma umasanganizidwa. Kufufuza koyambirira kunapeza kuti njira yapamwamba yopanga mavoti inachititsa kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa ovota m'madera ena, koma zotsatira zake sizinafanane. M'madera ogaŵikana kwambiri, nthaŵi zambiri imathera pa kukhala mpikisano wopikisana, pamene masankho apamwamba ali ndi aŵiri oyembekezera kulowa pa gulu limodzi. Kwa aphunzitsi, zokumana nazo za California zimasonyeza kuti ngakhale kusinthako kukhoza kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu mogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe ya ndale.

Zogwirizanitsa zakunja: [[FLT: 0] Public Policy Institute of California statification ndi League of Women Voters polose California [.

Phunziro Lachiwiri: Kulemba Malo Oregon

Oregon anakhala boma loyamba m'dzikolo kukhazikitsa chikalata chovomerezeka cha ovota modzifunira (AVR) pamene chinayamba mu 2016. Pansi pa dongosolo lino, nzika zoyenerera zimene zikugwira ntchito ndi Oregon Department of Motor Vehicles zimalembetsedwa modzifunira kuvota, pokhapo ngati iwo anasankha . Lamulolo limaphatikizaponso kuyendetsa molimbika kwa makampani a bungwelo kuti atsimikizire kuti atsimikizire molondola. Zotsatira zake zakhala zodabwitsa: Oregon tsopano akudzitukumula limodzi la mavoti apamwamba ovomerezetsa m'dzikolo, ndi anthu oposa 90% a anthu oyenerera olembetsa. Turnout wawonjezekanso, makamaka pakati pa achinyamata a zaka 1824, amene anaona chiwiritsulo 7 pa kutenga nawo mbali m'ma 20182018, poyerekezera ndi pakati pa zaka za pakati pa chaka cha 2014.

AVR amachotsa chopinga chapadera cha kukhazikitsa pangano la boma: kufunika kwa kulembetsa mokangalika pa nthaŵi yamapeto. Mwa kulembetsa, maboma angafikire anthu amene asiyapo m'mbuyomu, monga aja amene amasamuka mobwerezabwereza kapena kusoŵa njira za pa Intaneti. Kupambana kwa Oregon kwasonkhezera maboma ena 20 ndi Chigawo cha Columbia kutenga AVR m’njira ina. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito masinthidwe n’kovuta: malamulo oteteza kuti asaloŵetsedwe mwangozi (monga ngati njira zolowera zolowera) ndipo ayenera kutsimikizira kuti njira zolowerazo zilidi zodzifunira ndi zosasocheretsa. Nkhani ya Oregon imasonyeza mmene kusintha kwachidule kwa anthu olankhulana, makamaka pakati pa magulu ena kuli kovuta kugawana.

Chigwirizano chakunja: [[FLT: 0] Msonkhano wa m'dziko wa Legislatures za AVR [1].

Phunziro Lachitatu: Kusintha kwa New Zealand Kuimira Mixed-Member Proportigal

New Zealand inalandira chimodzi cha masinthidwe ochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'mbiri ya democracy yamakono pamene inasintha kuchoka ku dongosolo lapambuyo pa pepala loyamba kukhala dongosolo la chigawo chosanganizana (MMP) mu 1996. MMP ndi mtundu wa kuimira kogwirizana kumene ovota anavota anavota kaŵiri: imodzi ya wosankha ndipo imodzi ya chipani. Chotulukapo chakonzedwa kutsimikizira kuti kapangidwe ka chipani cha pa palamente kakugwirizana ndi chivoti cha dziko. Kusintha kumeneku kunasonkhezeredwa ndi kusakhutira ndi dongosolo lakale la maboma ambiri ndi ochepera pa 50% a voti yotchuka.

Chiyambukiro pa kugawana kwa nzika ku New Zealand chakhala chotsimikizirika kwambiri. Voter aspeed, amene adakhala akusintha kwa zaka makumi ambiri, ndipo kenaka modekha anawonjezeka pambuyo pa kusintha. Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, nzika zinasimba kuti mavoti awo anali ndi mphamvu yaikulu chifukwa chakuti zigawo zazing'ono zikhoza kupambana mipando, kutsogolera ku maboma omwe anafuna kulolera. Kusiyanasiyana kwa nyumba ya malamulo kunawonjezeka: akazi ndi timagulu tating'ono tinatenga zizindikiro zambiri. Kusinthako kunayambitsanso kukambitsirana kwakukulu kwa madongosolo apamwamba a magetsi okhudza mphamvu, kumene kwakhala ndi chidziŵitso cha ndale zadziko. Chokumana nacho cha New Zealand kaŵirikaŵiri chimatchulidwa monga chitsanzo cha mmene kusintha kwa kachitidwe ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka democracy. Ili yoyenerera makamaka aphunzitsi ponena za mafilimu osiyanasiyana ndi zotsatirapo awo enieni a dziko.

Chigwirizano chakunja: [[FLT: 0] Commission New Zealand mbiri ya MMP [1].

Mabungwe Othandiza Aphunzitsi Ophunzitsa Kukonza Zinthu Zosintha

Aphunzitsi ali patsogolo pothandiza kumvetsetsa mmene mbadwo wotsatira umadziŵira demokrase. Mwa kugwirizanitsa nkhani zosintha pulogalamu ku sukulu, aphunzitsi angathandize ophunzira kuona kuti malamulo a masewerawo sakhazikika n’kukhala othandiza kwambiri kwa anthu. Pansipa pali njira zogwirizana ndi miyezo ya maphunziro a boma ndi kulimbikitsa kuphunzira mwakhama.

Kulimbikitsa Kusintha Zinthu M’kalasi

Imodzi ya njira zogwira mtima kwambiri zophunzitsira za kusintha kwa voti ndiyo kuchititsa ophunzira kukumana ndi zimenezi. Aphunzitsi angapange masankho onyoza pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zovotera: yoyamba ya m'pale, kuvota, ndi kuimira. Pambuyo pa kujambula, ophunzira angafananitse zotsatira ndi kukambirana kuti ndi dongosolo liti limene limaoneka ngati labwino kwambiri kapena lophatikizidwa. Kuphunziraku kumasonyeza mmene zosankha zaluso zimakhudzira kuimira ndi kukhutiritsa kwa wovota. Kulimbikitsanso kulingalira motsutsana ndi kuti kusintha kungagwire ntchito bwino kwa chitaganya chawo.

Kupenda Malamulo Amakono

Maboma ambiri amalingalira mafaindi a masankho a malamulo alionse. Aphunzitsi angapereke ophunzira kuti alembe lamulo lapadera . monga loti alembetse tsiku limodzi kapena lodziimira lokha. Ophunzira angalembe makalata kwa oimira awo, kukonzekera, kapena kuchititsa komiti kumveka. Ntchito imeneyi imakulitsa maluso ofufuza, kumvetsa malamulo, ndi kugwirizanitsa mabungwe a boma. Imagwirizanitsanso kusintha kodabwitsa kwa kachitidwe keni ka ndale zadziko.

Kugwirizana ndi Akuluakulu a Chisankho

Kuitana kalaliki wa m'chigawo kapena bungwe la chisankho kuti alankhule ndi kalasi kungachotse mbali ya kuvota. Akuluakulu angafotokoze mmene kusintha kukugwiritsidwira ntchito, mavuto amene amayang'anizana nawo (monga ngati ndalama kapena kusokonezeka kwa anthu), ndi mmene nzika zingaloŵetsedwere monga antchito ofufuza kapena ochirikiza. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumasintha dongosolo la osankha ndi kusonyeza ophunzira kuti anthu ambiri amagwira ntchito m’mbuyo kuti apange demokrase. Iwo amaperekanso malo otsika oloŵera ophunzirawo kufunsa mafunso okhudza zopinga kapena mabanja awo.

Kutengamo Mbali Kwa achichepere Kolimbikitsa m’Kulamulira Kwa kumaloko

Aphunzitsi angapite kupyola pa kusintha kwa masankho ndi kulimbikitsa ophunzira kutengamo mbali mwachindunji m'kupanga zosankha za anthu. Matauni ambiri ali ndi ntchito za achichepere kapena mabungwe osonkhezera. Ngakhale kupezeka pa msonkhano wa bungwe la sukulu kapena kumvetsera kwa bungwe la m'mizinda kumapangitsa ophunzira kuzindikira mmene malamulo a anthu amasinthira. Pamene ophunzira aona kuti mawu awo angakhudze zinthu . Ngakhale ngati sanakule kwambiri moti angavote, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kukhalabe odzipereka pamene afika msinkhu wosankha. Kuyesa kukumana ndi zokumana zimenezi kumbuyo kwa masinthidwe a gulu la osankhidwa kumathandiza ophunzira kuzindikira kuti pangano ndilo la kuwonjezera, osati kachitidwe kamodzi.

Kumaliza

Kusintha kwa Electoral masinthidwe ndi masinthidwe a boma; ndi mfundo zimene zingatsegule zitseko za kuthandizira anthu kukhala ndi phande kapena kulimbikitsa kusalingana komwe kulipo. Umboni wa ku California, Oregon, New Zealand, ndi mayiko ena ambiri umasonyeza kuti kusintha zinthu koganizira kwambiri ndi kuja kumene kumachepetsa malire olembetsa, kumachititsa kujambula, ndi kupeputsa njira yopangira kutomera. Kusintha kochitidwa ndi zolinga za anthu zimene zimasonkhezera zopinga zatsopano kukhoza kugwedeza ndi kuwononga chidaliro chathu. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kugwirizanitsa zimenezi sikuli kokha kuyesayesa kwa maphunziro. Ndi njira yothandiza kumvetsetsa kusintha kwa demokrase ndi kuchirikiza dongosolo limene nzika iliyonse ingachite ndi kuchitamo mbali. Monga momwe chidziŵitsocho chimapitiriza, maphunzirowo chimayendera bwino: maluso aungwe athu aungwe a zaumoyo.