Madokotala a mmene nzika zimapangira ndi kujambula mawonekedwe awo osati kokha amene amapambana komanso thanzi la demokrase. Kuchokera ku chizoloŵezi chakale cha Agiriki cha kutsutsa ndi makina ovota amakono, dongosolo lililonse la pulogalamu ya pulogalamu yapadera imasintha malingaliro onena za kuimira, chilungamo, ndi kuvota. Kusankha njira imodzi yosankha pa ina, kungawonjezere kapena kusalankhula mawu ena, kulimbikitsa kapena kuletsa kutengamo mbali, ndipo potsirizira pake kugamula ngati zotsatirapo zimasonyeza chifuniro cha anthu ambiri, kuchuluka, kapena kugwirizana kothekera kothekera. Nkhaniyi ikupenda njira zosonyezera zosankhidwa zofala kwambiri , , ndi kudalirana kulikonse, ndi kutsimikizira kwa chisankhoterero, ndi kutsimikizira kwa onse.

Kumvetsa Njira Zazikulu Zopangira Zinthu

Njira zolankhulira zimagwera m'mabanja aŵiri aakulu: madongosolo opambana oloŵa m’malo onse, amene amaloŵa m’mipando yapamwamba kwambiri yolandira voti m’chigawo, ndi madongosolo olinganiza, amene amaika mipando m'magulu ovuta kugaŵana mavoti kapena osankhidwa amene alandiridwa. M’banja lililonse muli kusintha kumene kumapangitsa kuti anthu asankhe zinthu zimene akufunazo zikhale zotsatidwa ndi kuŵerengedwa. Njira zimene zafotokozedwa pano zikuimira njira zofala kwambiri zogwiritsidwa ntchito m’dziko, boma, ndi masankhoti a kumaloko padziko lonse.

Kuyamba-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Mmene Umagwirira Ntchito

Woyamba ndi Past-the Post ndi njira yosavuta kwambiri yosankhira. Wovota aliyense amaponya pepala limodzi la wobatizidwa mmodzi m’chigawo chimodzi. Wosankha amene alandira mavoti ambiri . Ngakhale ngati ndi wochepa poyerekeza ndi ambiri, FPPP imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko monga United States (kusankha kwa boma), United Kingdom, Canada, ndi India.

Mapindu

  • Kufufuza: Ofufuza amvetsetsa mwamsanga njirayo, ndipo akuluakulu a masankho angapeze zotulukapo mofulumira.
  • Kufulumira kwa zotulukapo: Kuŵerengera kaŵirikaŵiri kumamaliza pa usiku wa chisankho, kupatsa ovota pafupi ndi [1] kutsekedwa.
  • Boma limodzi logaŵikana: FTP imapanga gulu lopambana, kaŵirikaŵiri gulu limodzi ndi nyumba ya malamulo. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kupanga malamulo otsimikizirika popanda kulolera molakwa kofunikira m'makonzedwe ogwirizana.
  • Zomangira za kumaloko: chifukwa chakuti chigawo chirichonse chimasankha woimira mmodzi, ovota kaŵirikaŵiri amadziŵa MP yawo ndipo angawaingire mlandu mwachindunji.

Zopinga

  • Zotsatirapo za puloportion: Chipani chingawine 40% ya voti ya dzikolo koma kusungidwa 60% ya mipando, pamene wina wa 15% wa voti apambana kamodzi kokha. Imeneyi imadziŵika monga “chipambano cha winner.”
  • Mavoti osankhidwa: Mavoti oikidwa kaamba ka wofunsira aliyense amene abwera m'chigawo chachiŵiri kapena chotsika samathandizira ku malo omalizira oikidwiratu. M'chigawo chotetezeka, ochirikiza chipani chotayikacho angamve kukhala opanda tanthauzo.
  • Lamulo la kuchuluka: Wosankha angapambane ndi ochepera pa 50% a voti ngati otsutsa ambiri agaŵanitsa chitsutso. Zimenezi nzofala m'mipikisano itatu 76 kapena inayi yapamtunda.
  • Chiyambukiro cha magetsi: Wotenga padera wachitatu popanda mpata wa kupambana angakoke mavoti kwa wofuna kupambana wamkulu, kusintha chotulukapo m’njira zimene sizimasonyeza chivomerezo cha ambiri.
  • Uyang'aniro wa aŵiri: FTP Imachititsa ovota kusiya zipani zazing'ono “kukana voti, kulimbikitsa kutchuka kwa ndale ndi kuchepetsa kusiyana.

Kaamba ka kulembedwa kwatsatanetsatane kwa FPP ndi ziyambukiro zake pa kuimira, onani [[FLT: 0] Kusanthula kwa Chisinthiko cha Sosaite ya Kuyamba-Past- Post [FLT: 1].

Kutulutsa Malo Okongola

Mmene Umagwirira Ntchito

Ndiponso odziŵika monga kuvota kwa nthaŵi imodzi pamene agwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka mpikisano wa prowinner, RCV imalola ovota kusankha osankhidwa mogwirizana ndi kusankha (m'chizindikiro, 2rd, etc.). Ngati wosankhidwa salandira voti zambiri zoyambirira . Wosankha woyambirira ndi wochepa kwambiri pa mavoti ake a projects amachotsedwa. Maballot amaikidwa kwa wochotsedwayo kenaka amasamutsidwira ku chosankha cha wovota. Mchitidwe umenewu umabwereza kufikira pamene munthu mmodzi afikira ochuluka. M'mayiko ambiri . . . . . .[12] . . .G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mapindu

  • Opambana a mlingo wa kupambana: Womalizira alandira kuchokera ku osankhidwa oposa theka(kapena kwa awo amene mapepala awo amakhala kumbali yomalizira.
  • Mavoti otayika: Mavoti angafotokoze bwino lomwe chosankha cha munthu wamng'ono popanda kuwopa kuthandiza wofunsira amene samkonda kwambiri, chifukwa chakuti chivoti chawo chidzasintha ngati wofunsirayo wachotsedwa.
  • Kuletsa ndawala yoipa: Atsatiri ayenera kukopa kupyola maziko awo kunyamula mavoti achiŵiri, kulimbikitsa ndawala zachiŵeniŵeni, zoperekedwa ndi boma.
  • Kuchepetsa chiyambukiro chowononga: Wosankha wachitatu angathamanga popanda kugaŵitsa voti ya ochirikiza chipani chachikulu, monga momwe mavoti adzasamutsira pambuyo pake.

Zopinga

  • Kupitira: Osankha ena amapeza osokoneza apamwamba, kutsogolera ku ziŵerengero zapamwamba zophophonya (m., kudumpha malo apamwamba kapena malo apamwamba a wobatizidwa mmodzimodziyo kaŵiri).
  • Kuŵerengera kwautali: Ngakhale kuti ma blatt amaponyedwa kamodzi, madendensi amafunikira kutsekedwa kwa pakati kapena pulogalamu yocholoŵana, kuchedwa zotulukapo kwa masiku kapena milungu m’mafuko apafupi.
  • Kutopa kwa magetsi: Ngati onse osankhidwa a wovota achotsedwa asanachoke, wovotayo “aikidwa " ndipo saŵerengedwanso. Zimenezi zingagwedezetse chiŵerengero cha ovota okhoza kuikidwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Malo apamwamba a SSrategic: Mavoti angatembenukirebe ku “kukwirira". Mdani wamphamvu mwa kuwaika pansi pa malo otsika kusiyana ndi olondola, kapena “kulolerana kwa" mwa kuikidwa pamalo apamwamba kwa woloŵa ntchito choyamba kuti apeŵe kuchotsedwa.

Phunzirani zambiri ponena za kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ziyambukiro za RCV kuchokera ku kufufuza kwa FairVote pa Ranked Chourting [FLT: 1].

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Mitundu ya PR

Proportigational imabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ziwiri zofala kwambiri ndi zoŵerengera PR ndi [FLT ] [FLT]] mixxtradybimed versumeal (MMP)[[FLP:3]. Mndandanda wa PLT, ovota amasankha paphwando (kapena mpambo wa ofunsira) ndi mipando yaikidwa molingana ndi mavoti, ogwirizanitsidwa ku malo aang'ono (m., 5% mu Germany). MMP,vhosev sigani ziŵiri: chimodzi kaamba ka wofunsira pa wofunsira (kaŵiri kupyolera ku FPPPP) ndi umodzi. Gululo limagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwirizanitsa ndi gulu lonselo. Gululo limathandizanso kugaŵana ndi gulu lonselo.

Mapindu

  • Kuimira Fair: Nyumba ya malamulo imasonyeza kwambiri zimene wosankha akufuna. Magawo amene amapambana 10% ya voti amapeza 10% ya mipando, kulimbikitsa kuphatikizapo malingaliro osiyanasiyana.
  • Kugwirizanitsa zigawo zazing'ono: [ Nzika zingachirikize chipani chobiriŵira, chosamalira, kapena chigawo popanda kuwopa kutaya mavoti awo, kutsogolera ku malo a ndale zadziko okhupuka.
  • Wovota wamkulu: Kufufuza nthaŵi zonse kumasonyeza kuti madongosolo a PR amagwirizana ndi kugawana ndi wovota wamkulu, mbali ina chifukwa chakuti nkhani za voti iriyonse ndi mbali ina chifukwa chakuti madongosolo a mlingo wambiri amapatsa nzika zosankha zatanthauzo kwambiri.
  • Kutsutsana kwa lamulo la Braunder: Maboma a Chibalo ayenera kukambitsirana malamulo amene amakopa makampani ambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri kutulutsa masinthidwe ambiri ndi okhalitsa.

Zopinga

  • Maboma a zachuma: Oŵerengeka apambana unyinji , chotero nyumba yogwirizana imakhala yofunikira. Zimenezi zingachedwetse kupanga chosankha [1] ndipo nthaŵi zina zikhoza kupatsa zigawo zazing'ono zazikulu kwambiri zimene sizingavotedwe.
  • Kulamulira kwa m'zigawo: M'ndandanda PR, atsogoleri a chipani kaŵirikaŵiri amasankha malo apamwamba a obatizidwa pa mpambowo, amene angasumike mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa kuŵerengera kwa zigawo zakumaloko.
  • N’kugawanika ndi kugawanika: makoma apamwamba (mlongo, 5%) angatseke zipani zazing'ono ndi kutsogolera ku kuphonya mavoti. Koma, palibe njira iliyonse imene ingatulutse nyumba za malamulo zogaŵikana kwambiri kumene mipando ya tizilombo towopsa imakhala ndi mipando.
  • Kupimira chidziŵitso cha wovota: Osankha ena amapeza madongosolo otsekera opatula osakhala aumwini chifukwa satha kusankha ofunsira enieni, pamene kuli kwakuti madongosolo opanga zinthu ndi zigawo ndi maina ambiri angakhale osokoneza.

SECE Electoral Knowledge imapereka chithunzi chokwanira cha madongosolo a PR .

Kutsekereza

Mmene Umagwirira Ntchito

Boma limagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zigawo zambiri. Wovota aliyense angavote mavoti ambiri monga momwe alili mipando. Ofuna kuvota onse apamwamba adzaza mipando. Mwachitsanzo, m'chigawo cha 76, wovota aliyense ali ndi mavoti anayi ndipo angavote kwa anayi omwe akufuna kubatizidwa. Woposa 76ote6 amasankhidwa.

Mapindu

  • Kufufuza: [ Monga FPP, kuvota ndi kosavuta kufotokoza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito.
  • Ulemerero wokulira: Ngati phwando likhala ndi chikalata chokwanira cha oyembekezera ndipo onse ali otchuka, chipani chimenecho chingapambane mpando uliwonse m’chigawo, umene ena amatsutsa kuti uli ndi lamulo lomveka.
  • Kuŵerengera kofulumira: chifukwa zotsatirapo zimadziŵika ndi chiwonkhetso cha voti, kukhazikika kumafulumira.

Zopinga

  • SEVE transition : Chipani chimene chipambana 51% ya voti chingatenge 100% ya mipando, kusiya ochepa okhala ndi zilembo zoimira zero .a chotchedwa “kusesa kwamphamvu.”
  • Anapeza mavoti: Otchuka amene amathandiza gulu laling’ono kaŵirikaŵiri amaona mavoti awo onse akusoŵeka ofunsira.
  • Kusintha kwa pulojekiti yapadera: Madansi angayende bwino lomwe monga mipando yopeŵera kugaŵana mavoti awo, kuchepetsa chosankha cha wovota.
  • Mabungwe olinganiza magulu: magulu a mafuko kapena ogaŵanitsa amene angagwirizane ku “bululgǒvote” pakuti wosankha mmodzi ali ndi phindu, kuchepetsa zotulukapo zoyenerera.

Masankho osankha zinthu amachitidwa m’masankho ena a kumaloko ku United States, mu United Kingdom kaamba ka masankho a kazembe m’zipinda zambiri, ndipo m’mbiri m’maiko ambiri amene pambuyo pake anatengera dongosolo lolinganiza mokulira.

Maute Otumizidwa pa Okha (STV)

Mmene Umagwirira Ntchito

STV ndi njira yoikidwa m'zigawo zambiri. Ofuna kusankhidwa ndi anthu a m'zigawo zambiri. “" amawerengedwa kuti apeze chiŵerengero chochepa cha mavoti ofunika kukhazikitsa malo amodzi (kaŵirikaŵiri chigawo cha Droop: mavoti onse ovomerezeka ogawidwa ndi mipando imodzi, kuphatikizapo voti imodzi). Osankha amene afika pa magawo asankhidwa. Osankha asankhidwa kwa osankhidwa (osankhidwa pamwamba pa chiŵerengero) amasamu la osankhidwa. Ndiyeno ofooka kwambiri amachotsedwa ndi kusamutsidwa. Njira imeneyi imapitirizabe kufikira mipando yonse itadzaza. STV imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa masankhoti a dziko lonse ku Ireland ndi Melita, kaamba ka masankhoti, ndi mavoti ambiri a boma a Australian, ndi mavoti ambiri a boma a m’dziko kuzungulira dziko.

Mapindu

  • Kuimira kwapadera ndi chosankha cha wofuna kusankhidwa: [[FL:1] Mosiyana ndi chipani PR, STV imalola osankha kukhala ndi malo apamwamba osankhidwa pa zipani, kuwapatsa iwo ulamuliro wokulirapo kuposa m'madongosolo otsekera.
  • Mavoti otayidwa: Pafupifupi pepala lililonse potsirizira pake limathandiza kusanthula wovota wochilikizidwa kapena kusankhidwa kuposa ena.
  • Kukwaniritsa mumpikisano wa intrapartic: Atsamunda a gulu limodzimodzilo ayenera kupikisana ndi mavoti a gulu lawo, zimene zingachititse oimira kulabadira kwambiri nkhaŵa za kumaloko.
  • Kuimira kosintha: SV imasankha anthu osiyanasiyana opita ku sukulu, kuphatikizapo akazi ndi zigawo zina, chifukwa ovota angasankhe anthu enieni mmalo mwa kungosankha zikalata za pa chipani.

Zopinga

  • Kutsegulira ndi kubala: Mavota amayang'anizana ndi ndandanda yaitali ya oyembekezera ndipo ayenera kuwaika m'ndandanda watanthauzo. Kuŵerenga kumafuna madendesi ambiri a kusamutsidwa ndipo kungatenge masiku kapena milungu.
  • Muyeso wapamwamba wa ubongo: m'chigawo chokhala ndi mipando yambiri, ovota angaperekedwe ndi ambiri oyembekezera, kutsogolera ku malo apamwamba osapangidwa kapena osapangidwa bwino.
  • Zikalata zapamwamba za machenjera: Matola angakwire otsutsa mwamphamvu kapena kudula malo awo apamwamba kuletsa wofunsira amene safuna kupambana.
  • Zigawo zazikulu: [[FLT ] Kupanga STV , zigawo ziyenera kukhala ndi mipando itatu kapena isanu, imene ingafooketse kugwirizana kwa malo pakati pa woimira ndi woimira ndi woimira chigawo chimodzi .

Electoral Reform Society imafotokoza makampani ndi mapindu a STV mwatsatanetsatane .

Chiyambukiro Choyerekezera pa Zotulukapo za Chisankho

Kuimira ndi Kuchita Zabwino

Umboni umasonyeza kuti madongosolo a kulinganiza (PR ndi STV) amapereka makampani alamulo amene kupanga kwawo kwapafupi kwambiri kuli ngati chivoti chotchuka. FPTP ndi Blocking mwadongosolo kuyang'anira gulu lalikulu ndi kubwezera laling'ono, kaŵirikaŵiri amatulutsa “makampani aakulu. mwachitsanzo, m'chosankha cha UK chachigamulo, Conservative Party inapambana 36.9% ya voti koma 50.8% ya mipando, pamene UKIP analandira 12.6% ya mavoti ndi 0.2% yokha ya mipando. Kusiyanitsa, chisankho cha mu 2017 cha MMP inatulutsa nyumba ya malamulo kumene mpando uliwonse unaloŵa m’mbali zochepa za kugawa kwake. Kusinthako kupambana ndi kuimira kapena kuchuluka kwa anthu ochepa.

Kuloŵa M’pangano la Zovala

Kutumiza njira zimene zimachepetsa mavoti otayidwa ndi kupatsa ovota zosankha zatanthauzo kwambiri . RCV, STV, ndi ndandanda ya PR . Kufufuza 2020 kochitidwa ndi Center for Ecomficiation Science kunapeza kuti maiko ogwiritsira ntchito madongosolo olinganiza apeza malo oonera 5-10% pamwamba pa avareji ya FPTP, pambuyo pa kulamulira kaamba ka zinthu zina. Pamene otolawo akhulupirira kuti amakhudzadi malowo, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kufufuza ndi kusonyeza pa mavoti oyenera. Mosiyana, m'masewera FTPPPP amatulukira mipando yotetezeka kumene mapeto ake, kubwerera pansi pa 3040%.

Kukhulupirira ndi Kuweruza

Chisankho chimakhala ndi zotsatirapo zooneka ngati kuwonjezera kudalira kwa anthu m'mabungwe a democracy. FPTP ikhoza kutulutsa “wopambana wolakwika [1] . Pamene gulu la anthu ambiri silipambana mipando yochuluka . Happen mobwerezabwereza koma kungawononge kwambiri. Chisankho cha pulezidenti ndi kusankha kwa 2001 kwa boma la Canada (kumene bungwe la Liberal Party linapata mipando yocheperapo poyerekezera ndi kupambana voti yotchuka) kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa. RCV ndi PR system zimachepetsa kutsegulidwa. Komabe, kudabwitsa kungachepetse kukhulupirira m’njira yosiyana: Fhostssss amene samvetsa mmene magawo awo amatembenuzidwira m'mapando. Kuvota ndi kofunika kuwona.

Kukhazikika kwa Zinthu.

FPTP ochirikiza akusonyeza kuti maboma amodzi okha amene angachitepo kanthu motsimikiza. PR amatsutsa kuti mgwirizano umachititsa kukhazikika, akuvomereza mfundo yakuti mapangano achizindikiro amasanganizidwa. Cholembedwa cha PR chasanganizidwa: maiko ena monga Germany ali ndi maboma ogwirizana kwambiri, pamene ena monga Israyeli akhala ndi masankho obwerezabwereza. Kusintha kwakukulu ndiko kugaŵanitsidwa kwa gulu ndi chikhalidwe cha gulu. STV, chifukwa chakuti kumalimbikitsa mpikisano wa Strasparty, kungayambitsenso nyumba ya malamulo ndi magulu ambiri pakati pa gulu lililonse, kukhoza kuchititsa chigwirizano.

Kumaliza

Kusankha njira yovota si tsatanetsatane wapamwamba; ndi chosankha chimene mawu amene amamvedwa, amene amaikidwa kukhala lamulo, ndi ngati nzika zimakhulupirira dongosololo. Choyamba Pastǒ the Post imapereka kupepuka ndi kukhazikika pa mtengo wa chilungamo ndi kuphatikizidwa. Chosankha Chosankha Chopanga Chowongolera zotulukapo zambiri ndi kuchepetsa kulinganiza koipa koma kumawonjezera kucholoŵana. Kuimira kwamphamvu kumatsimikizira kuwonekera kokulira ndi kulinganiza kokulira koma kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna kuyang'anira pamodzi. Kutsendereza kupindula kwa wopambana ndi kutsendereza mawu ang'ono. Choyang'anira Vote yosagamulidwa imaphatikiza kulinganiza ndi kusankha kwa munthu aliyense koma imafuna kuti wovota wotchukayo akhale wotchuka kwambiri. Monga momwe malamulo amalingalira kuti kuwongolera koyenera, kuzindikira kuwongolera, kuyang'anira njira zapadera kwa chivoti.