Maziko a Ulamuliro wa Boma

Maulamuliro a maboma sali achiŵiri ku ulamuliro wa boma; ali achibadwa ndi aunyinji. Pansi pa dongosolo la boma la U.S., maboma amasunga mphamvu zonse zosaperekedwa mwachindunji ku boma la boma ndi Malamulo a U.S. Lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limeneli laikidwa mu Demendment ya nambala 10 [Phinda malamulo], imene imasunga maulamuliro, kapena anthu, mphamvu zimene sizimaperekedwa ku boma la boma la boma.

Ulamuliro wa boma umenewu umatchedwa kuti "udindo wa boma . Ilo limavomereza kuti anthu ali ndi mphamvu yotha kukhazikitsa thanzi, chitetezo, makhalidwe, ndi moyo wabwino wa nzika zawo. Kuchokera ku mlengalenga, mukhoza kudutsa m’misewu imene mumayendetsa, malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa dongosolo la zochita zanu za tsiku ndi tsiku. Mosiyana ndi boma, limene limagwira ntchito pansi pa maulamuliro ongotchulidwa, malamulo a boma amapereka ulamuliro wa boma.

Mfundo ina yofunika kwambiri ndi yakuti mphamvu za pakati pa maboma ndi makampani awo. Pansi pa Ulamu wa Thupilo, maboma akwawo (zigawo ndi masamu) amaonedwa kukhala alamulo "kukhazikitsa boma. Izi zikutanthauza kuti iwo okha ali ndi mphamvu zimene boma limawapatsa. Komabe, mayiko ena amapereka ulamuliro waukulu "Kulamulira kwa Panyumba" ku mizinda yawo, kuwalola kukhala ndi ufulu waukulu pa nkhani zakomwe. Unansi umenewu pakati pa boma ndi holo ya mzinda ndi utsogoleri waukulu wa boma. [FLT:] Kudziwa zimenezi kupyolera m'malamulo amphamvu kudzera m'mabungwe opanga malamulo kumathandiza anthu kuzindikira kumene kuli mphamvu zenizeni pa nkhani zofanana ndi za m'dziko, ndi maphunziro, ndi ntchito yolamulira.


Nthambi Zitatu za Boma

Boma lililonse limakhala ndi nthambi zitatu zosiyanasiyana zopangidwa kuti liziyendera ndi kuchepetsa.

Nthambi Yotsogolera: Si Bwanamkubwa Wokha

Governor [[FLT :1] amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma, akumagwira ntchito yokwanira pa bajeti ya boma, vhato (kuphatikizapo ndandanda ya chigawo mu maiko ambiri), ndi kuikidwa kwa otsogolera a bungwe la boma. Bwanamkubwa amakhazikitsa mapulani a boma, kaŵirikaŵiri kupereka "Tream of State" maadiresi ndi maadiresi kapena ma bajeti a chaka ndi chaka.

Mosiyana ndi mkulu wa boma, malamulo ambiri a boma amapanga akuluakulu a boma osankhidwa okha. Lieutenant Bwanamkubwa , Attorney General [, [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [zinsinsi za boma zokhala ndi maulamuliro a boma [[[FLT:], ndi [[FLT]] za a Treasursss [malves ] kaŵirikaŵiri amasankhidwa ndi anthu, osati ndi Bwana. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti kazembe angagawiridwe ndi chiŵalo chachikulu m’ntchito zimenezi. Boma Attovertiveney, chitsanzo, chikalata chachikulu chotetezera, chigamulo cha boma, kapena chigamulo cha boma logwirizana ndi boma, kapena loletsa lamulo loletsa.

Nthambi Yolamulira: Kumene Malamulo Apangidwa

Malamulo a boma ali makampani enieni a kupanga malamulo a ku America. Kusiyapo Nebraska (yemwe ali ndi dongosolo la jambal), makhonsati onse a boma ndi mabimeral, opangidwa ndi Nyumba ya malamulo ya Staten ndi [[FLT] Nyumba ya Chigawo ya Oimira (kapena Msonkhano) [1]. Mabungwe ameneŵa ali ndi udindo wokonza ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a maphunziro, malamulo a misonkhozo, malamulo a zaumoyo, ndi malamulo a chilungamo.

Opanga malamulo a boma ndiwo kwenikweni nzika zanthaŵi imodzi, osati andale zadziko aluso, ndipo amagwira ntchito m'chigawo cha masiku ochepa chaka chilichonse. Zimenezi zimawapangitsa kukhala ofikirika kwambiri kwa anthu. Komiti ya boma ndi imodzi ya njira zabwino kwambiri zodziŵira mmene ntchito yeniyeni ya boma imagwirira ntchito. Bills amakanganirana, kukonzanso, ndi kupha kapena kupititsa patsogolo. Kutsatira lamulo kudzera m'magawo ake kuli imodzi ya njira zabwino kwambiri zodziŵira mmene boma limagwirira ntchito.

Nthambi ya Chiweruzo: Mawu Omalizira pa Lamulo la Boma

Makhoti a boma ndiwo mahatchi a dongosolo la zamalamulo la America. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba la United States limapereka milandu yosakwanira 100 pachaka, makhoti aakulu akumva zikwi. Makhoti ameneŵa amamasulira malamulo ndi malamulo a boma, ndipo ndiwo omalizira oweruza a lamulo la boma. Kusankha oweruza a boma kumasiyana mofala, kuyambira pa masankho a oweruza mpaka kuyenerera madongosolo oikidwiratu (Plan ya Missouri).

Chifukwa chakuti makhoti aakulu kwambiri ndiwo ulamuliro waukulu pa malamulo a boma lawo, angapereke zitetezero za ufulu zimene zimaposa zimene ziperekedwa ndi Malamulo a U.S. Zimenezi zakhala mbali yaikulu ya malamulo amakono pankhani za ufulu waumwini ndi za ndalama za sukulu. Zotsogolera zopitidwa ku mabungwe a boma, kuphatikizapo kusankha kwachiweruzo, zingapezeke ku Ballotpedia.


Mmene Mphamvu za Boma Zimakhudzira Umoyo Wanu, Thanzi, ndi Nyumba Yanu

Kumvetsa bwino mphamvu zimenezi kumavumbula chifukwa chake kumenyana kwa boma kaŵirikaŵiri kuli kotsatirapo kusiyana ndi nkhondo za boma.

Maphunziro ndi Misonkho Yanu

Maphunziro ndiwo ndalama zazikulu koposa za pafupifupi boma lirilonse, zophatikiza pafupifupi chigawo chimodzi mwa zitatu cha ndalama za boma. maboma amasankha njira yopezera ndalama m’masukulu a boma, zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimadalira pa misonkho ya katundu ya kumaloko. Zimenezi zimatsogolera ku kusiyana kwakukulu m'zandalama za sukulu pakati pa zigawo zachuma ndi zaumphaŵi, magwero a kuperekedwa kwa nthaŵi zonse m’makhoti a boma.

Maboma amakhazikitsa miyezo ya zamaphunziro (monga ngati Common Core), kuyesa, ndi kulamula aphunzitsi kuti apereke zikalata. Amavomereza ndi kulamulira masukulu a tchata ndi maprogramu otsimikizira. Maphunziro apamwamba, amasungitsa ma yunivesite a anthu onse (monga UC, SUNY, kapena UT) ndi kuika malamulo a zapamwamba.

Kupeza Njira Zosamalira Thanzi Ndiponso Kugwiritsa Ntchito Medicaid

Maboma ndiwo oyendetsa kwambiri makampani a inshuwalansi ya zachipatala. Affordble Care Act (ACA) adapereka chosankha cha kufutukula [[FLT: 0] Madedi [1] kuphimba achikulire ochepera opezedwa. Monga chotulukapo, kusiyana kwakukulu kwabuka pakati pa maiko ofutukuka ndi maboma osasintha, kuyambukira mwachindunji inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri.

Maboma amayang'aniranso Inshuwalansi ya Masitolo [1], kuyang'anira ndalama za inshuwalansi, ndi kuyang'anira ntchito ya madokotala, manesi, ndi akatswiri ena a zaumoyo. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo amayang'anira zonse kuyambira pa maseŵero oyendera zakudya mpaka m'maseŵero a katemera. Mliri wa Covid . Mliri wa Chovid unagogomezera mphamvu yaikulu ya olamulira a boma kuti apereke malamulo a akuluakulu okhudza kubisa, mabizinesi, ndi masukulu.

Zoyendera Ndiponso Zinthu Zowonongeka

Mkhalidwe wa misewu ndi milatho imene mumagwiritsira ntchito tsiku lililonse uli chotulukapo cha lamulo la boma. Boma Malo a Zoyendera (DOTS) limayang'anira kumanga misewu, kukonza, ndi kutetezeka kwa magalimoto. Magwero aakulu a ndalama za ntchito zimenezi ndi boma la msonkho wa mabomba [[FLT:]. Maboma amasankha ngati angakweze msonkho umenewu, umene kaŵirikaŵiri umasankha kukongola kwa nyumba ndi mlingo wa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto.

Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) ndi chitsanzo cha boma la boma lokhudza nzika mwachindunji. Maboma amayang'anira laisensi ya madalaivala, kulembetsa galimoto, ndi makhadi odziŵira. Iwo amakhazikitsanso malamulo a galimoto, malire a liŵiro, ndi malamulo oyendetsa galimoto osokonezeka.

Chilungamo cha Anthu Onse ndi Chiwawa

Maboma amayang'anira apolisi, makhoti, ndi ndende. Pamene madipatimenti a apolisi akumeneko akugwira ntchito zoyendera tsiku ndi tsiku, mabungwe apolisi amapereka malamulo apadera ndi kulondera m’misewu. Malamulo a boma amafotokoza milandu yambiri ya upandu, kuyambira kuba ndi kuukira anthu ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Makhoti a m'Chikhalidwe njira za milandu mamiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse, kugamula zotsatira za oimbidwa mlandu.

Maboma anaika zitsogozo zoperekera chilango, kuyang'anira mabungwe, ndi kuyendetsa madongosolo a ndende. Zosankha za malamulo zopangidwa ndi opanga malamulo a boma zimayendetsa mwachindunji kumangidwa. “Kuchokera m'ma 1990 malamulo a upandu” anatsogolera ku kufutukuka kwakukulu kwa ndende za boma. Lerolino, chiweruzo cha apandu chimasintha zinthu (kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa belo, kuchepetsa chilango, ndi maprogramu ochotsera zinthu. State General akuchitanso mbali yaikulu m'kulimbana ndi upandu wolinganizidwa ndi katangale wa anthu onse.

Kupereka Msonkho ndi Lamulo la Zachuma

Lamulo la msonkho la boma ndilo dalaivala wamphamvu wa mkhalidwe wa zachuma ndi ubwino wa zachuma. Maboma amalandira misonkho, misonkho ya malonda, misonkho ya katundu, ndi kutsatsa msonkho pa zinthu zonga petulo, zakumwa zoledzeretsa, ndi fodya. Chigamulo cha boma cha kukhazikitsa msonkho wa ndalama zowonjezereka (monga California) kapena kusapereka msonkho wa ndalama zonse (monga Texas kapena Florida) chili ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu pa kumene makampani amasankha kukhala ndi kumene anthu asankha kukhala.

Maboma amakhazikitsanso malipiro apamwamba kwambiri , amene angakhale aakulu kwambiri kuposa malipiro a boma. Iwo amayang'anira inshuwalansi ya ulova ndi maprogramu a olemba ntchito obwezera. Boma limagwiritsira ntchito ngongole za msonkho ndi zisonkhezero kukopa mabizinesi, kutsogolera ku mpikisano waukulu pakati pa maiko pa zoikizira za makampani aakulu, monga ngati mafakitale atsopano kapena malikulu. Kupikisana kwapamwamba kwa boma kumeneku kumaumba malo amwaŵiro ku America.

Kusintha kwa Malo ndi Zachilengedwe

Maboma amakhazikitsa malamulo aakulu a malo okhala amene amatetezera mpweya ndi madzi a America. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imakhazikitsa miyezo ya boma, koma maboma amapatsidwa ulamuliro wa kuigwiritsira ntchito ndi kuikakamiza. Mayiko ena amapitirira miyezo ya boma. Caliliyofornia’s Air Resources Board (CARB) [1] Amakhazikitsa miyezo ya galimoto imene ili yokhudza kwambiri moti amakhazikitsa muyezo wa dziko lonselo. Mayiko ena angasankhe kutengera malamulo a kulimba kwa mchira wa California m’malo mwa malamulo a boma.

Maboma amathandiza kwambiri boma pa ntchito yoyang’anira zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Zosankha ndi Kupatsa Ufulu

Malamulo a United States amasiya kuyang'anira chisankho pafupifupi ku maboma. Ili ndi limodzi la mphamvu zamphamvu zimene zatsatirapo kwambiri boma likugwira. Maboma amagamula njira zovomerezera ovota, malo ndi maola ofunsira, mitundu ya makina ovotera ogwiritsiridwa ntchito, ndi malamulo a kuphonya ndi kuvota makalata.

Malamulo a boma amaika malire a maufumu ndi zigawo za malamulo kupyolera m'zochitika za kugamula , zimene zimachitika zaka khumi zilizonse pambuyo pa kuŵerengera. Njira imene mizera imeneyi imakokedwa ingathe kutsekera m'mphamvu ya ndale kwa zaka khumi, kupanga ulamuliro wa boma wa kukhazikitsa nkhani ya mkangano waukulu. Maboma amakhazikitsanso malamulo okhudza zosankha maauti, nyengo zoyambirira zovota, ndi kutulutsa mavoti. Zosankha zimenezi zili ndi chiyambukiro chachinduko chachinduko pa voti ndi umphumphu wa masankhoti.


Chigonjetso: Kulimbana kwa Mphamvu Pakati pa Boma ndi Malamulo a M’malowo

Imodzi ya mbali zazikulu kwambiri za ulamuliro wa boma ndiyo kugwiritsira ntchito kupulumutsira. Izi zimachitika pamene boma litsekereza kapena kulanda ulamuliro wa maboma akwawo (zifukwa ndi masamu) kupitirira malamulo awo. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, maboma agwiritsira ntchito kwambiri kuchotsa malamulo a kumaloko kuti awononge malamulo a m'mitundu yambiri ya nkhani, kuphatikizapo:

  • Malo Otsika: Madziko atsekereza mizinda kukhazikitsa malipiro awoawo, ocheperapo.
  • Ziletso za Plastic : Madziko aletsa mizinda ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja kuletsa mapulasitiki ogwiritsa ntchito limodzi.
  • [[FLT :0] Forarm : Madziko akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa njira zolamulira mfuti za kumaloko, kupanga miyezo ya dziko lonse.
  • Apolisi a polisi: State atsutsa "mzinda wa " malamulo amene amachepetsa kugwirizana ndi kusungitsa anthu kulowa m'dziko la boma.

Kulimbana kumeneku pakati pa boma ndi holo ya mzinda ndiko mbali yochititsa chidwi ya ulamuliro wamakono. kumabutsa mafunso ofunika kwambiri okhudza demokrase ndi ulamuliro wa kumaloko. Nzika zimene zimafuna kuona kusintha kwa zinthu kaŵirikaŵiri zimaona kuti zikudutsa m’malo ovuta ameneŵa.


Kuteteza ndi Kufutukula Ufulu wa Anthu Chifukwa cha Malamulo a Boma

Makhoti aakulu a boma angafotokoze malamulo awo kuti ateteze malamulo awo kuti munthu adzibisala, alankhule, ndi kuti akhale ofanana, mosasamala kanthu za mmene Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States limamasulira malamulo a boma.

Mwachitsanzo, makhoti aakulu ambiri a boma alamula kuti malamulo awo a boma achinjiriza kuyenera kwa maphunziro okwanira, kukakamiza maboma kusakaza kwambiri njira za ndalama za sukulu. Makhoti a boma akhalanso patsogolo kuvomereza zoyenera zachinsinsi m’nyengo ya makompyuta, kuweruza za kugwiritsira ntchito malembo a malo a telefoni ndi makamera a bungwe. Mphamvu ya makhoti a boma yofutukula ufulu, yodziimira paokha pa bungwe la American.


Kugwirizana ndi Boma Lanu

Mosiyana ndi boma, limene lili ndi mawu amodzi amene angasowe, okhazikitsa malamulo nthaŵi zambiri amangoimba telefoni kapena kukumana panja.

Kuti muchite zinthu mogwira mtima:

  • Pezani Malamulo Anu: Muli ndi Mtsogoleri wa Boma ndi Woimira Boma. Pitirizani kuyang'ana chidziŵitso chawo cha ainjini ndi zovota.
  • Landirani Malamulo: Mawebusaiti a boma alamulo amakulolani kulondola ngongole mwa mutu. Ikani machenjezo a ngongole pa maphunziro, zaumoyo, kapena misonkho.
  • Mapepala a Attend Public Justice Arect: amaumbidwa m'makomiti omvetsera. Kutsimikizira kapena kungopezeka pa mlandu umene uli ndi nkhani kwa inu ungakhale wosonkhezera kwambiri.
  • Kuvota m'Chisankho cha Boma: Turnout kaamba ka boma ndipo masankho a kumaloko ngodziŵika kukhala otsika, kutanthauza voti yanu imakhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu koposa m'masankho a pulezidenti.
  • Boma logwirizana: Ngati bungwe la boma (monga DMV kapena Department of Inshuwalansi) likulephera kutumikira anthu, kufikira wopanga malamulo wanu kungayambitse uyang'aniro wa mwamsanga.

Mapeto ake: Chifukwa Chake Mphamvu ya Boma Ili Yofunika kwa Nzika Zonse

Maboma saali oyang'anira; iwo ali maziko oyamba a malamulo a boma mu United States. Zosankha zopangidwa m'boma zimagamula za mkhalidwe wa sukulu, kutetezereka kwa misewu, udongo wa mpweya, mtengo wa zaumoyo, ndi kukondera kwa masankho. Kumvetsetsa maulamuliro a boma ndi si sitepe loyamba la kukhala nzika yogwira mtima. Mwa kuloŵa m'ndale zadziko, nzika zingatsogoze ziŵiya zamphamvu ndi za ulamuliro wa democracy, kuwongolera madera amene akukhalamo ndi ufulu wawo. " Kusamalira demokrase" kumatsegulidwa, ndipo nzika iriyonse imaitanidwa kutengamo mbali m'kufufuza kumene kumasulira moyo wa Amereka.