Kusintha kwa Seventh Amend ku United States Constitution kumatsimikizira kuti anthu a m’dzikolo ali ndi ufulu woweruza milandu ina yachiŵeruzi. Kuteteza m’mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe. Kusintha kumeneku mu 1791, kumasunga mbali yaikulu ya lamulo la anthu wamba la ku England ndipo kumasonyeza kutsimikiza kwa Woyambitsayo kuteteza anthu kuti asachite zachinyengo ndipo kutsimikizira kuti anthu wamba ali ndi mbali yachindunji m’kuyang’anira chilungamo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri amaphimbidwa ndi mdani wawo, Sikisith Amendment, Demendment Refement idakali njira yofunika kwambiri yoyendera boma ndi mphamvu ya boma m’boma m’bwalo la boma.

Chiyambi ndi Kuzindikiridwa

Chilamulo Chofala cha Chingelezi ndi Zokumana Nazo za Atsamunda

Kuyenera kwa mlandu wa ajuli a boma ku America kunayambira kwambiri m'malamulo a ku England, kumbuyo kwa chitsimikizo cha Magna Carta cha kuweruza kwa anzawo. Pofika zaka za zana la 17, makhoti a ku England nthaŵi zonse anagwiritsira ntchito makhoti a milandu yachiŵeniŵeni yokhudza katundu, mapangano, ndi ma schter. Olamulira a ku America anayamikira ufulu umenewu ndipo anauona kukhala chitetezo chotetezera ku ulamuliro wachifumu wopondereza. Pamene akuluakulu a Britain anakhazikitsa malamulo osalungama ndi milandu ya a aupolupo ku khoti la konsiti, mkwiyo unakula. Chikalata cha Superlinecture chinatchula mwachindunji kulandidwa kwa mlandu ndi juli kwa Mfumu George III. Chokumana ndi mbiri yakalechi chinapangitsa kusungidwa kwa mlandu wa khoti lopanda lamulo lovomerezeka m'boma latsopano la boma.

Msonkhano wa Malamulo ndi Zofunika za Otsutsa Odwala

Malamulo oyambirira olembedwa mu 1787 sanatetezere mwachindunji ku milandu ya ajuli a boma. Otsutsa Anti-Fedalist . adatsutsa pa kusiya kumeneku, akumanena kuti jaji yamphamvu ya boma ingafooketse njira za khoti la boma ndi kuchotsa ufulu wa oweruza. Moyankha, Congress Yoyamba inalinganiza mpambo wa kukonza zinthu, kuphatikizapo zimene zidzakhala Sevental Amendment. Kutsutsana kwa pansi panthaka kunagogomezera kuti kuyenera kwa khoti m'milandu yachiŵeruza kunali kokhazikitsidwa kale m'boma ndi kuti kuyenera kusungidwa kwa lamulo lachitetezo m'dzikolo.

Kuikidwa Manja mu 1791

Msonkhano wa Virginia wogwetsa anthu udali wosonkhezera kwambiri, ukumafuna chitsimikizo cha ajuli. Pofika December 1791, chiŵerengero chofunikira cha maboma chinali chitavomerezedwa ndi Bill of Rights, ndipo Seventh Commerment inakhala mbali ya Lamulo. Mawu ake amasonyeza kulolera molakwa: pamene kuli kwakuti chisinthiko chimagwira ntchito ku makhoti a boma, chimasiya njira zenizeni . Zonga ngati ukulu wa ajuli ndi kumasuka kwa bungwe la ajuli.

Malemba ndi Zogaŵira

“ M’masuti a lamulo lachisawawa, kumene mtengo wa mkangano udzaposa madola makumi aŵiri, kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kwa oweruza kudzakhala kosungidwa, ndipo palibe chenicheni chozengedwa ndi oweruza, kudzapendedwanso m’Khoti lirilonse la United States, kuposa malinga ndi malamulo a lamulo wamba.”

“ Lamulo la Chikommona” Kusiyana

Chapakati pa kukonza ndi mawu akuti “Malamulo a Chikatolika pa lamulo la anthu onse.” Izi zikunena za milandu yakuti m'makhoti a ku England akanamveka m'mbuyomu paziŵalo za ndalama . Koma amatsutsa kubwezera ndalama , zimene zinamvedwa ndi oweruza opanda majaji ndi kuperekedwa ndi malamulo, kuchita zinthu, kapena mapempho ena osakhala audindo. Lerolino, makhoti a boma aphatikiza malamulo ndi njira zoyendetsera, koma nkhanizo zikadalipo. Ngati mlanduwo ufuna chithandizo chalamulo chalamulo (mafako), Pentekoso kaŵirikaŵiri imagwira ntchito. Ngati ikufuna chithandizo choyenera (m., lamulo), palibe lamulo ku khoti la lamulo. Nthaŵi zambiri khoti limagwiritsira ntchito mayeso auzi, kuyesa nkhani zosiyanasiyana, kuyesa kuyesa nkhani za m’dziko.

Msewu wa $20 ndi Kutha Kwake

Kukonzansoko kumaika ndalama zochepa pa mkangano wa $20 .a yomwe inali ndi phindu lalikulu mu 1791 koma siikuthandiza masiku ano. Nyumba ya malamulo sinasinthepo chiŵerengero chimenechi, koma malamulo a boma tsopano akukhazikitsa malamulo apamwamba kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, $75,000 kuti akhazikitse mitundu yosiyanasiyana). Monga nkhani yothandiza, malamulo a boma saitchula kuti afuna kuti pakhale mkangano weniweni pa mlingo wosakhala wapamwamba. Komabe, mawuwo adakalipo umboni wa mbiri yakale wodabwitsa umene wachititsa kukangana kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi zina ponena za mphamvu ya Nyumba za Ufumu kuti asinthe njira.

Kupulumutsidwa, Osati Chilengedwe

Chinenero cha andustry [1] “chidzasungidwa [1] chimasonyeza bwino kuti ufulu sunapangidwa chatsopano. Mmalomwake, Malamulo amatetezera mlandu wa oweruza monga momwe unalili pa lamulo la onse mu 1791. Kuŵerenga koyambirira kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti makhoti a boma ayenera kuyang'ana ku zochita za mbiri yakale za Angelezi posankha ngati mlandu wina uli wosatsutsika. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti kutha kwa mlanduwo kumachepetsanso mphamvu ya woweruzayo ya kuletsa zopezedwa ndi ajuli ya mfundo; chotero, woweruza wa boma sangapereke mlandu watsopano pa mfundo popanda kuweruza malamulo wamba.

Mbali ya Lamulo lachisanu ndi Chiŵiri

Milandu Imene Iyenera Kuweruzidwa

M’khoti la Seventh Amendment muli nkhani zambiri zonena za milandu ya boma, kuphatikizapo izi:

  • Kuvomereza mikangano – kukana pangano lofuna chiwopsezo cha ndalama.
  • Zochita [ – kuvulala kwaumwini, kuipitsa, kunyalanyaza, ndi zinthu.
  • Kutsutsana kwamphamvu [ – kulakwa, kutembenuka, ndi machitidwe aulemu (pamene chiwombolo chifunidwa).
  • Sta aphunzitsi anena kuti – malamulo ambiri a boma, monga ngati kuletsa kusagwirizana ndi malamulo a kusungitsa chuma, amapereka ufulu wogwirizana ndi mlandu wa ajuli umene umafunanso Peventence Amendment.

Komabe, kusintha sikumatsimikizira ajuli m’milandu imene ili yosalungamitsidwa kotheratu, monga ngati chisudzulo, kusunga ana, kapena kuchita pangano lapadera. Ndiponso, masuti otsutsana ndi boma pansi pa bungwe la Federal Tort Agities Act amayesedwa kwa woweruza, osati juli, chifukwa chakuti milandu imeneyo siiri “yoyenera lamulo lofala” monga momwe imadziŵikira m'mbiri yakale.

Nkhani Zosakondera

Kutsimikizira kaya chinenezocho nchovomerezeka kapena choyenera chingakhale chovuta. Makhoti amagwiritsa ntchito “kuyesa konyenga” mwa kufunsa ngati chinenezocho chikanakhala chobweretsedwa m'khoti la lamulo kapena chofanana mu 1791. Mu Markman v. Westview Institutions, Inc. (1996), Khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsa ntchito mayeso kuti lilembetse milandu ndi kunena kuti kumanga ndiko lamulo kwa woweruza. Malamulo ena amakono akuphatikizapo:

  • Zochitika za Bankiptic – zochitika zazikulu siziri za chinsinsi.
  • Chilolezo cha ulamuliro [ – ziweruzo zambiri sizimapereka machiweruzo, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba lachirikiza zimenezi malinga ngati mlanduwo uphatikizapo “kuyenera kwa anthu onse.”
  • imatchula makhoti aang'ono [ – maboma angayambitse magawo aang'ono odzifunira popanda makhoti.

Kaŵirikaŵiri zolephera zimenezi zimatsutsidwa chifukwa chakuti mapwando ofunafuna kupeŵa oweruza angayese kulinganiza zinenezo zawo kukhala zoyenerera kapena zoyenera za anthu onse.

Makhoti Olimbana ndi Boma

Motsutsana ndi zimenezi, Seventh Amendment “siinagwirizanitsidwepo" kutsutsa maboma kudzera m'Chimalamulo cha 14 . Izi zikutanthauza kuti makhoti a boma safunikira mwalamulo kupereka milandu ya ajuli yachiŵeniŵeni pansi pa miyezo imodzimodzi. Malamulo alionse kapena malamulo amasankha ufulu m’khoti. Maboma ena amakhazikitsa milandu ya ajuli ngakhale pa milandu yaing'ono ya mamembala, pamene ena amaletsa milandu ya milandu ina. Khoti Lapamwamba limakana nthaŵi zonse kupereka malamulo a boma, polingalira kuti ufuluwo si wofunika ku ufulu wa dziko la America. Monga chotulukapo chake, woweruza m’khoti wa khotilo sangakhoze kuweruza ngakhale ngati mlandu wofanana ndi umene wa khoti la boma likufuna.

Kuzenga Mlandu wa Jury

Kusankha Zochita za Jury (Kukonda Kudya Moŵa)

Ntchito yosankha ajuli opanda tsankho, odziŵika monga oweruza oopsa, amalola oweruza ndi maloya kufunsa oyembekezera kukhala oweruza za tsankho, kudziŵa mlanduwo, ndi kutha kutumikira. Cholinga ndicho kusonkhanitsa gulu limene lingasankhe bwino. Mbali iliyonse ingakhale ndi mavuto (kutsutsa juli popanda chifukwa) m'ziŵerengero zopereŵera, limodzinso ndi mavuto a zifukwa za zifukwa (zosaloledwa, koma ziyenera kulungamitsidwa). Makhoti ayenera kutsimikizira kuti chigawo cha ajuli chisonyezero cha chigawo cha chigawo cha , ngakhale kuti Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti chiyeso cha Chigamulo cha Chisanu ndi chimodzi chimodzi chimagwira ntchito m'nkhani zaungwe; jumbu zikhoza kukhala zoletsedwa m'nkhani zawo.

Ntchito ya Jury: Kupeza Zenizeni ndi Kuwonongeka

Pa mlandu wa oweruza alamulo, oweruza amasankha mafunso a zenizeni ndi kupenda ziwongolero. Woweruza amalangiza oweruza pa lamulo logwirizana ndi lamulo ndi kuyang'anira nkhani. Zopezedwa zenizeni za oweruzawo zili ndi ufulu wa kuchepetsa kwakukulu; woweruza angaponye chigamulo cha oweruza kokha ngati nchosatsimikizika ndi umboni kapena ngati chivulazocho nchopambanitsa kapena chosakwanira kwambiri kuposa kuchititsa chikumbumtima kuswa lamulo la oweruzawo. Commergament imaletsa makhoti a boma kutsutsanso mfundo zotsutsidwa ndi “mwambo winanso kuposa malamulo a lamulo wamba. [1] Woweruzayo sangangoloŵa mmalo mwa malingaliro ake a oweruzawo.

Ukulu Wauve ndi Woipa

Seventh Amendment sifuna chigamulo chimodzi kapena ukulu wa ajuli. M'mbiri, zigamulo zachiŵeniŵeni za lamulo la anthu onse kaŵirikaŵiri zinali ndi ziŵalo khumi ndi ziŵiri ndipo zinafunikira kusagwirizana. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza malamulo a boma olola zigamulo zosagwirizana ndi boma (m., Apodaca v. Oregon [[FLT]]] anali mlandu waupandu; m'nkhani yake, khoti silinagwiritsire ntchito malamulo osagwirizana ndi lamulo). Malamulo a boma a pulogalamu asanu ndi mmodzi kwa magawo khumi ndi aŵiri kusiyapo ngati zigawetozo. Kulamulira 48 kwa Federal Revil Revil Revial Revial Revition Revirence pa zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi za anthu asanu ndi chimodzi osagwirizana ndi chimodzi.

Chiyambukiro pa Malamulo a ku America

Kuŵerengera ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Makhoti a boma amayang'anira ntchito yosuliza, makamaka ndi milandu ya makampani ndi mabungwe a boma. Mwa kupatsa nzika wamba mphamvu ya kugamula mlandu ndi kukhazikitsa zitayiko, makhoti a juli otsekera m'malamulo. Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri majuli amatulutsa zotulukapo zimene zimatsimikizirika ndi zosasintha kuposa ziyeso za ma ben kumadera ena, ndipo iwo angatumikire monga kupenda za kukondera kapena chiphuphu. Kuyenera kwa oweruza milandu kumakhalanso ndi magulu a opereka umboni wa onse, woonekera bwino kwa mbali yaikulu ya ulamuliro wa democracy.

Umboni wa Mmene Chikole Chimagwirira Ntchito

Kufufuza kwa milandu yachiŵeniŵeni kumapereka lingaliro lakuti iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amatsatira lamulo ndi kupenda mosamalitsa umboni, mosasamala kanthu za kupenda malingaliro kapena zilango zosayenera. Kufufuza kwa 2006 kofalitsidwa mu Law Review Dipaul] Dip [Dip] Leach Review kunapeza kuti oweruza amavomerezana ndi zigamulo za ajuli m'nkhani zambiri. Komabe, nkhaŵa za kutha kwa majaji ndi kubwezera kopambanitsa kwachititsa kukonza malamulo, monga zitseko zowonongeka ndi miyezo yowonjezereka ya kupenda. Chigamu chachikulu cha bwalo lamilandu mu BM ya ku North America. Golct:3] (19696) inakhazikitsa njira yoyenerera pa kuwonongeka kwa ziwongoletso, koma yotetezerabetsa malonda a oweruza.

Kusuliza ndi Kufuna Kusintha

Otsutsa amanena kuti majuli a boma angakhale odula, ogwirizana ndi nthaŵi, ndi osadziŵika. Milandu ina ya malonda njovuta kwambiri kwakuti oweruza amavutika kumvetsetsa umboni wa luso. Ena amawona kuti kuyenera kwa kuweruza kumachotsedwa kwambiri kupyolera m'maganizo asanafike pa kugamulapo ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito. Kusinthaku kumaphatikizapo juk juk juk jumb jumble kapena pulogalamu yomakula, koma kuchepetsako kwa lamulo la bungwe lachimogule.

Kunyadira ndi Mavuto Amakono

Kuwonjezeka kwa Kachitidwe ka Kusintha Magulu ndi Kagulu ka Opasa

M’zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, makampani aika mapangano ogwirizanitsa mawu m'mapangano apadera ophatikiza zinthu zonse kuyambira pa makadi a ngongole mpaka kuntchito. Malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amaletsa ntchito za kalasi ndipo amafuna mikangano kuthetsedwa ndi woweruza mmodzi, kuchotsa bwino kuyenera kwa ajuli. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza kwambiri mfundo zimenezi pansi pa bungwe la Federal Arbitation Active Act, polingalira kuti kuvomereza ndiko pangano ndipo osati kusoŵa malamulo. Otsutsa atsutsa kuti kuvomereza kuli kofulumira ndi kotsika; otsutsa kuti limatsutsa kuchepetsa Kukonzanso Kolamulira ndi kukana kuloŵa m'gulu la anthu. Mkambiranowo ukupitiriza m’makhoti, ndi makhoti angapo akuyambitsa kuletsa ntchito ndi kutsendensi pa mabanki.

Kuletsa Oyang’anira

Malamulo ambiri a boma amapanga mabungwe a boma amene amalimbana popanda makomiti a komiti. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Social Security Administration likumva zikalata zopempha kupunduka, Environmental Protection Agency imakhazikitsa malamulo, ndi malamulo audindo amatsatiridwa kupyolera mwa oweruza a boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti Seventh Commerment siigwira ntchito pamene boma likuchita ntchito yake ya ulamuliro kukakamiza “ufulu wa anthu... Zoyenera kukhazikitsa malamulo ogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma ogwirizana ndi lamulo la boma. Komabe, ngati bungwe lifuna ndalama zimene zingachitike mwalamulo, lingakhale loyenera kuweruza milandu. Malamulo ameneŵa amalephera, makamaka pambuyo pa [FLD: 0] V. V. [FLD: 23]

Luso la Zaluso ndi Mapwando Odalirika

Mliri wa Covid-19 unasonkhezera kuyesa milandu ya ajuli a kudziko, kuchitidwa kudzera m'mavidiyo oweruza. Zotsatirapo zoyambirira zikusonyeza kuti milandu yeniyeni ikhoza kuchitidwa bwino, ngakhale kuti nkhaŵa zikupitirizabe ponena za kuyang'aniridwa ndi khoti, kukhoza kutsimikizira kuti umboni ulipo, ndi makhoti ena atengera kuchuluka kwa mabodza. Pamene njira zamakono zikukula, zimene Seventhern Amendment ikufuna za bungwe la ajuli “mayeso. Makhotiwo sanena za mlandu, chotero makhoti ayenera kusankha ngati njira za pulogalamu ya pakompyuta zikukwaniritsa chitsimikizo cha lamulo la pepalalo.

Kumaliza

Seventh Amend Amendment idakali chinjirizo lofunika kwa nzika zimene zimafunafuna chilungamo m'makhoti a boma. Mbiri yake m'malamulo a Chingelezi ndi kulimbana kwa ulamuliro wodzilamulira kumatsimikizira kufunika kwake monga kuyang'anira mphamvu yachiweruzo ndi ya boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti kukonza sikutsimikizira kuti milandu ya ajuli ikhala ndi mlandu, chisonkhezero chake chakhudza chikhalidwe cha Amereka ndi kukonzanso chigamulo. M'nyengo yokwera mpikisano, malamulo ocholoŵana, ndi kusintha kwa luso la zopangapangapanga, kusungidwa kwa mlandu wa ajuli yachiŵeruzo n’kofunika kwambiri kuposa kale lonse. Kumvetsa malire ake, ziletso, ndi mavuto amakono n’kofunika kwa aliyense amene amaŵerengera mlandu wawo kuti asankhe. Pakuti, poŵerenganso, poŵerenga [FLD] Active Informations Institutes , [F1] [FFotlective, ndi zogwirizana ndi zosankha zogwirizana ndi: [F]: [F]