Kutulutsa ndi malo otchuka a ulamuliro wa demokalase, komabe njira imene mavoti amatembenuzidwira ku mipando kapena maofesi kuwongolera kwambiri zotsatira za ndale zadziko. Dongosolo lofala kwambiri padziko lonse, loyamba lapambuyo pa pepala (FPTP), kaŵirikaŵiri limatulutsa opambana ndi ocheperapo pothandiza, amasiya osankha ambiri akuona kuti akutaya zosankha zawo, ndipo amasanthula zolamulira ziŵiri. Poyankha, gulu lomakula la madongosolo ena osankha amene amakopa bwino osankha ndi kutulutsa zotsatirapo zambiri. Nkhaniyi imafufuza madongosolo angapo otero, ndi kuyang'ana kwambiri pa Zosankha (RCV), ndi kupenda mayeso, mapindu awo, zitokoso, ndi ziyezero zenizeni.

Kumvetsetsa Ntchito Yosankha

Chosankha Chosankhidwa Cholembedwa ndi Msanganizo wa Osankhidwa — wotchedwanso kuti voti yamwamsanga ya mundulo (IRV) pamene igwiritsiridwa ntchito pa chisankho chimodzi — imalola ovota kusankha osankha m'njira yotsatizana: choyamba, chachitatu, ndi zina zotero. Mosiyana ndi FPTPP, kumene kuika chizindikiro mmodzi yekha amapanga chosankha china chilichonse chosafunikira, RCV imalola ovota kutulutsa mbali zonse zimene amakonda. Cholinga ndicho kusankha wosankha amene amalamula ovota ambiri ogwira ntchitoyo atachotsa, kutsimikizira kuti akuchirikizidwa kwambiri kuposa mmene kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba kungaperekere.

Mmene Ntchito Zosankha Zinakhalira Zothandiza

RCV imagwira ntchito m'mavoti. Pausiku wa chisankho, mavoti onse oyamba akuŵerengedwa. Ngati wobatizidwa alandira oposa 50% ya mavoti oyambirira a chikole, amapambana. Ngati palibe amene afika pakhomopo, wofunsirayo ndi voti yoyamba yochepa kwambiri yachotsedwa. Wosankha aliyense amene anali ndi wochotsedwa monga woyamba amasamutsidwira kwa wosankha wotsatira wa ballot woikidwanso pakati pa amene adakali m'liŵiro. Kachitidweka kamabwerezanso — kuchotsa chivoti choyambirira ndi chofiira kwambiri — kufikira pamene mmodzi wa olembetsawo ambiri a m'malo omalizira.

Taganizirani chitsanzo chosavuta: Oyembekezera atatu — Alice, Bob, ndi Carol — akuthamangira meya. 10,000 amavota. M'chaka cha 1 Alice ali ndi 4200 (42%), Bob ali ndi 3,500 (35%), Carol ali ndi 2,500 (23%). Carol alibe . Carol wachotsedwa. Pa mavoti 2,200 a Carol, 1,200 Bob monga chosankha chachiŵiri ndi 1,100 Alice. Amenewo amawonjezeredwa pa mavoti onse a oyembekezera kubatizidwa: Alice tsopano ali ndi 5,300%) ndipo Bob ali ndi 4,700 (47%) (. Alice apambana ndi unyinji wofanana. M'voti ya FPPPPPP, Alice akanapambana ndi 42% okha a voti, koma pansi pa RCV adatsimikizidwa kukhala ndi mbali yaikulu ya zokonda za Carolsvotesito.

Mapindu a Kusankha Koyenera

Kufufuza ndi zokumana nazo zasonyeza mapindu angapo aakulu a RCV:

  • Kukhutiritsa kwakukulu kwa wovota ndi zotsatira zochepetsa. Mavoter angachirikize chokondedwa chawo chenicheni popanda kudera nkhaŵa kuti voti yawo idzathandiza kusanthula munthu wongobatizidwa pang'ono. Zimenezi makamaka n’zokhudza kwambiri m'mafuko ambiri kumene wofuna kuvota wamng'ono angachotseremo mavoti kuchokera kwa wopikisana wamkulu pa FPTP — wodziŵika kukhala “siler".
  • Kusintha kwa ndawala yabwino kwambiri. Chifukwa chakuti oyembekezera kubatizidwa amafunikira mavoti achiŵiri ndi achitatu kuchokera kwa ogwirizana a ena oyembekezera kubatizidwa, iwo amasonkhezeredwa kuyendetsa ndawala zozikidwa pa nkhani mmalo mwa adani. Njira zosamveka zimaika pangozi kusiyanitsa osankhidwa achiŵiri.
  • Zotsatirapo zambiri. Opambana pa masankho a RCV kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi chichirikizo kuchokera kwa ovota ambiri m'mphindi yomaliza, osati kungochuluka. Zimenezi zingawonjezere kuyenera ndi ulamuliro wa akuluakulu osankhidwa.
  • Wovota wowonjezereka. Kufufuza kwina kwapeza kuti RCV correcters ndi chivoti chapamwamba, makamaka m'masankho osakhala apartisan, monga momwe ovota amaonera bwino lomwe zimene amakonda.

Ngati mudziŵa mozama za phindu la RCV, gulu la osakhala apartistan Fairvote imafalitsa malipoti a chaka ndi chaka onena za kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa RCV ndi chivoti chokhutiritsa.

Njira Zina Zothandiza

Madongosolo ena angapo amathandiza kwambiri kuletsa wovotayo zimene amakonda.

Kulandira Chilolezo

Mu Voice Voting, ovota angasankhe (“kutsimikizira za”) chiŵerengero chilichonse cha obatizidwa — mmodzi, mmodzi, kapena onse — ndi wobatizidwa wokhala ndi chivomerezo chopambana. Nkwapafupi kumvetsetsa ndi kuŵerengera; maboloti angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi manja. Dongolowera limalimbikitsa ovota kuchirikiza gulu la ofunsira, limene lingasankhire andale zadziko ogwirizana ndi mfundo. Kuyambira kulera kwawo Fargo, North Dakota mu 2018, Malorence Voting agwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito ntchito ya bungwe la mizinda ndi masankhoti a sukulu. Kuphunzira 2020 ndi EFL:] Centreast ya Reformtion [FFLT:1] kupezedwa kuti mu Fargo, vocto adachitira lipoti ndi njira yochepetsetsa ndi kukhulira kwa mafuko a maiko osagwirizana.

Kutulutsa Mfundo

Fonso ifunsa ovota onse pamlingo — mwachitsanzo, 0 mpaka 5 kapena 0 mpaka 10 — mmalo mosankha imodzi. Wosankha wokhala ndi chiwonkhetso chapamwamba koposa (kapena avereji) amapambana. Njira imeneyi imalola ovota kusonyeza kulimba kwa zimene akufuna, osati kokha dongosolo. Osuliza amazindikira kuti osankha angawonjezereretu ndalama zawo zokondedwa ndi kutsitsa ena, koma amatsutsa kuti ndi imodzi ya madongosolo otchuka kwambiri. Maprogramu ena andale apereka kuti Scouting atulutse zotulukapo ndi chikhutiro chachikulu. Imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'ka gawo losankhidwa ndi masankhoti angapo ndipo amalingaliridwa m'mizinda ina ya U.

Njira Zopinga

Njira za Condorcet ndizo njira za banja zimene zimasumika maganizo pa kuyerekezera kwanzeru. “Wopambana wa bungwe la Condorcet ali woyembekezera kugonjetsa aliyense wobatizidwa pa kupikisana mutu ndi mutu. Pansi pa njira ya Condorcet, ngati alipo, amapambana. Ngati palibe wopambana Condorcet (chipambano cha corcet chotchedwa“ Compertet”), malamulo osiyanasiyana opasula agwiritsidwa ntchito — monga Rhanded Joennes kapena Schulze . Njira zimenezi zimatamandidwa kwambiri ndi osankhidwa ndi opambana kuti wopambanayo ngwolandirika; zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi chiŵerengero cha mabungwe, kuphatikizapo Wikidia Foundation.

Kuulutsa Malo

STAR (Score Ndiyeno Mozemba) ndi msanganizo wa Secovoff ndi Kamodzi-kamodzi. Ofunsira aŵiri omwe ali ndi chiwonkhetso chapamwamba koposa cha kuthamanga mobwerezabwereza; m’kuzungulira, wofunsira aliyense wosankhidwa woposa pakati pa aŵiriwo amapeza chivoti cha oseŵera. Wosankha ndi osankha ambiri mu kuthamanga kwa star amaphatikiza kuonekera kwa ziŵerengero za mitu ya mpikisano ndi chitsimikizo cha kuthamanga. Iye wagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'kasankho lakwani yoŵerengeka ya kumaloko ndipo amavomerezedwa ndi mabungwe onga [FL:] Voctal Coctive. [F:]

Malo Otchedwa Borda

Mu Borda Count system, osankha ofunsira ku maoda, ndi mfundo amapatsidwa motsatira udindo — monga, chosankha chimodzi chimapezedwa n n mfundo (kumene ] n'n ndi chiŵerengero cha oyembekezera kubatizidwa, 2 [amene amasankha] n'kamodzi [[FLT]], ndi zina. Wotengapo mfundo zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'masankhoti ena a papalalamu (m., Nauru, Slovenia) ndi masankhoti a makampani ambiri a za za za zamaphunziro. Komabe, nkosavuta kukonza kumene kukumana ndi mavuto ofooka, kulephera kwake kofanana ndi kulera ana ena.

Maute Otumizidwa pa Okha (STV)

STV yakonzedwa kaamba ka zigawo zambiri. Ofuna kukhala ndi mpambo wa oyenerera, ndipo gawo loŵerengeka (chiŵerengero chochepera cha mavoti ofunikira kupambana mpando) laŵerengedwa. Okhoza kupitirira chigawo cha kusankhidwa, ndipo mavoti ochuluka amasamutsidwira ku zikondwerero zina. Njira imeneyi ikupitiriza, ndi kuchotsa, kufikira mipando yonse yadzazidwa. Gulu limene limapanga kuimira kwa mlingo woyenerera — kunena kuti, 30% ya ovota (ndizokonda zoyenerera) amasankhidwa ndi pafupifupi 30% ya mipando. Imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankhoti a dziko lonse kaamba ka Nyumba ya malamulo ya Australia ndi masankhoti a ku Ireland ndi New Zealand. [[FLT:]

Kufufuza za Matenda: Njira Zina Zogwirira Ntchito

Kusankha Zochita ku United States

San Francisco wagwiritsira ntchito RCV kaamba ka maofesi a mzinda chiyambire 2004, ndipo ovota mosalekeza akusimba kumvetsetsa ndi chikhutiro. Mu 2022, ovota a San Francisco anavomereza njira yofutukulira RCV ku chisankho cha bungwe la sukulu. Minneapolis ndi St Paul, Minnesota, adagwiritsira ntchito RCV pa chisankho cha kampanizi kuyambira mu 2009 ndi 2011, ndipo . Yunivesite ya Minnesota inapeza kuti RCV inawonjezera mitundu ya ofunsira ndi kuchepetsa kusatsa malonda koipa. Maine anakhala boma loyamba kuvomereza RCV kaamba ka chisankho cha boma mu 201818 (kuphatikizapo pulezidenti ndi masankho aakulu). M'sankhoti 2020 ya pulezidenti, Maine chigawo chachiŵiri cha Revice adagwiritsira ntchito kujambula voti yake, nthaŵi yoyamba yojambula RV CC inagwiritsidwa ntchito m'chisankhoti.

Ntchito Yolandira Chilolezo ku Fargo

Fango, North Dakota , adavomerezedwa Kuvomerezedwa mu 2018 chifukwa cha mapulatifomu ndi masankho a kampani ya mzinda ndi sukulu. Malinga ndi lipoti la 2022 kuchokera kwa wofufuza wa mzinda, wovota ku sankho la mzinda wa Fargo anawonjezera mfundo 10 poyerekezera ndi dongosolo lakale. Chiŵerengero cha oyembekezera kubatizidwa chinawonjezeka, ndipo mafuko onse anasankhidwa ndi chivoti chochuluka — panalibe chisankho chofunikira, kupulumutsa ndalama zoyendetsera mzinda. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi ofufuza pa yunivesite ya Duke kunapeza chichirikizo chachikulu pakati pa Fargo Flavio.

Kuyenda Mozungulira M’dera la Eugene, ku Oregon

Mu 2021, mzinda wa Eugene, Oregon, unakhala ndi star Voting kuti utengere star Voting kaamba ka chisankho cha mzinda. Ngakhale kuti muyesowo unalephera, unachirikiza 48%, kusonyeza chikondwerero chomakulakula. Ochirikiza STAR Vongs amaloza ku mphamvu ya dongosolo la kupambana ndi chichirikizo chachikulu pamene akupeŵa kuchuluka kwa mavoti ambiri. Panthaŵiyi, mzinda wa # CoralGables, Florida, walingalira za kupenda kwake kotsatira.

Mavuto a Njira Zina Zopezera Ntchito

Ngakhale kuti pali ubwino wake, njira zina zovota zimakumana ndi mavuto aakulu olepheretsa kulera ana ndi kuwagwiritsa ntchito.

Kucholoŵana ndi Kumvetsetsa

Makampani ozoloŵera kujambula munthu mmodzi angapeze obatizidwa apamwamba kapena kuwapima pamlingo wosokoneza. Zophophonya — monga kudula mitu, kukweza wobatizidwa mmodzi kaŵiri, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zikwangwani zoposa chimodzi pa mndandanda umodzi — zingachotse zigawo za wolemba . M'chosankha choyamba cha San Francisco, pafupifupi 5% ya maboloti okhala ndi maboloti opitirira kapena masitepe amene sangasinthidwe. Masewera a maphunziro ndi mafomu omveka bwino angachepetse nkhani zimenezi, koma a Maine a boma anachititsa programu yothamanga bwino isanafike chisankhomo choyamba cha RCVV, kuphatikizapo mavidiyo, mavidiyo, ndi misonkhano ya m'matauni, zimene zinathandiza kuchepetsapotoza kulakwa.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Nzeru ndi Njira Zaluso

Malo ovomerezeka amafunika pulogalamu ndi zipangizo zimene zingagwire ntchito pulogalamu yobwezera pepala. Makampani ambiri opanga mavoti amapereka madongosolo a RCV a kukwaniritsa, koma maulamuliro angafunikire kukonza zipangizo kapena mapangano. Maboma aang'ono angapeze ndalama zoletsa. Kuwonjezera apo, kukongola kwa malamulo ena a majereta oswa thayi ya mavoti (m'mphindi, m’njira za Condorcet) kungawonjezere nkhaŵa za kuonekera kwa zinthu. Malo oika pa malo a masankhoti aakulu n’ngosathandiza, choncho kudalira luso la zopanga zinthu kungawonjezere kufunika kwa malamulo opimira kuyang'ana monga kuyang'ana.

Kutsutsa Ndale Zadziko

Anthu otchuka ndi okhazikitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amakana kusintha mavoti chifukwa chakuti FPTP imasunga ubwino wawo. Amene amapindula ndi mipando yotetezereka kapena magawo aŵiri a duopoly angaone kusintha kulikonse monga chiwopsezo. Ku United Kingdom, 2011 seminamu ya kulandira Altervative Vote (AV) — mtundu wa RCV — anagonjetsedwa chifukwa chakuti lamulo la Conservative Partive linatsutsana kwambiri ndi iyo. Momwemonso, m'maumboni wa United States, a Servetics adatsutsa RCV m'maiko onga Alaska ndi Maine, ngakhale kuti zoyesayesa zake za kuibweza pambuyo pa kulera ana kaŵirikaŵiri zalephera.

Masewera Osiyanasiyana

Palibe njira yovota imene singathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwaluso. Pansi pa RCV, ovota angasankhe “kuika munthu wosankhidwa wachiŵiri pansi pomuika pansi pa munthu wotchuka kuti awathandize kujambula koyamba. Mu Scour Voting, ovota angapereke ziŵerengero zopambanitsa kuti awonjezere chisonkhezero. Njira zokokera zikhoza kukhala zosavuta ku“kusintha kwa ubwamuna” . Kuwonjezera ofunsira ofooka angapange mphindi zimene zikusintha zotsatira. Pamene kuli kwakuti maumboni apamwamba ameneŵa a za kutsogolo akusonyeza kuti, osankhidwa ambiri amavota mowona mtima, makamaka pamene madongosolo afotokozedwa bwino.

Mtsogolo mwa Madongosolo Otulutsa Zovala Zochuluka

Kusintha kwa njira zovota n’kovuta kwambiri kuposa kale lonse. Kuyambira 2025, mizinda ndi magawo 50 ku United States amagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wa RCV pa masankho a kumaloko, ndipo mayiko oposa khumi ndi limodzi akulingalira kuti apereke kapena kukhazikitsa RCV kapena kusintha kwina. Kuwonjezeka kwa magulu a anthu osintha zinthu ndi magulu a nzika — monga ngati “Voter Choice Act " m'mayiko angapo — kumasonyeza kufunitsitsa kwa anthu onse kaamba ka masankhoti ambiri a democracy.

Luso la zopangapanga limathandizanso. Kutsegulira pulogalamu yovota ndiponso luso logwiritsa ntchito ndalama zopimira kupima zinthu kumapeputsa njira zovuta kwambiri popanda kudalira pa ogulitsa zinthu. Kupita patsogolo kwa maphunziro a pa Intaneti (m' lekuatiso, mafilimu a mavoti otsatsana) kumathandiza ovotawo kuchita ntchito yapamwamba ndi kuwonjezera asanakafufuze.

Padziko lonse, maiko onga Australia (amene amagwiritsira ntchito SV pa Nyumba yake ndi RCV kaamba ka Nyumba) ndi Ireland (SSTV ya chisankho cha Dáil) ali ndi chidziŵitso cha zaka makumi ambiri cha madongosolo ena, kupereka chidziŵitso cha nthaŵi yaitali pa ziyambukiro zawo pa kuimira, wovota, ndi kukhazikika kwa boma. Zitsanzo zimenezi zimapereka maphunziro kwa United States ndi maiko ena amene akuganiza za kusintha.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo osankha ena — kuchokera ku Ranked Chount to Stand to Star — ali ndi kuthekera kwa kupanga masankho kukhala abwinopo, omveka bwino, ndi osonyeza kwambiri zokonda zenizeni za osankhi. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto a kucholoŵana, mtengo, ndi kukanikira ndale zikutsala, maumboni omakula kuchokera ku zokwaniritsa zenizeni za dziko amasonyeza kuti madongosolo ameneŵa angawonjezere chikhutiro cha wovota ndi kutengamo mbali, kuchepetsa kupambana, ndi kupanga machipambano ndi chichirikizo chowona. Monga momwe nzika padziko lonse zimafunira kuwongolera kowonjezereka kwa demokrase, kuyang'anira ndi kutengera njira zatsopano zimenezi sikuli kuwongolera kokha kwauka kwauka kwa sayansi koma kuwongolera kwa moyo wa demokrase.